D. Mohanavelu Mudaliar and anr. Vs. Indian Insurance and Banking Corporation Ltd., Salem and anr.

Decided On : Jul-16-1956

Court : Chennai

Notice (8): Undefined index: topics [APP/View/Case/meta.ctp, line 36]
Code Context


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			(int) 46 => '27',
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			(int) 6 => 'Foster',
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			(int) 8 => 'Gordon Watts v. Rationalist',
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			(int) 12 => 'Parcq L. J.',
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			(int) 14 => 'Rankin C. J. and',
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			(int) 19 => 'Rama Rao v. Kristnamma',
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			(int) 23 => 'Lalithambal Ammal v. Guardian',
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			(int) 45 => 'Petty v. Wilson',
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			(int) 53 => 'K. B. Venkoba Rao - The Law',
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			(int) 64 => 'Mangles V. DixOn',
			(int) 65 => 'Lakshmikutty Kettilamma v.',
			(int) 66 => 'Vishnu Nambissen'
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			(int) 1 => 'the Policies of Life Assurance Act',
			(int) 2 => 'Cleaver v. Mutual Reserve Fund Life Assocn',
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			(int) 7 => 'Barclays Bank Ltd.',
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			(int) 28 => 'India Insurance Co.',
			(int) 29 => 'PB',
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			(int) 31 => 'the Married Women's Property Act',
			(int) 32 => 'Dhana-kodi Mudaliar',
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			(int) 34 => 'This Dhanakoti Mudaliar',
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			(int) 53 => 'Selwyn L.J.',
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			(int) 69 => 'Digest',
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			(int) 81 => 'Bishan Nath - The Law of Insurance',
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			(int) 85 => 'Conip',
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			(int) 94 => 'AIR 1922',
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			(int) 96 => 'ILR',
			(int) 97 => 'British Equitable Assurance Co v.',
			(int) 98 => 'HLC',
			(int) 99 => 'Z18',
			(int) 100 => 'AIR 1937 Sind 181'
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			(int) 1 => '1867',
			(int) 2 => '1925',
			(int) 3 => '1873',
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			(int) 5 => '1892-1',
			(int) 6 => '6402',
			(int) 7 => '1902-1',
			(int) 8 => '1915-113',
			(int) 9 => '1938',
			(int) 10 => '1938-54',
			(int) 11 => '1941',
			(int) 12 => '1943',
			(int) 13 => '1870',
			(int) 14 => '1882',
			(int) 15 => '1880',
			(int) 16 => '1943-Ch 366',
			(int) 17 => '1392-1',
			(int) 18 => '1874',
			(int) 19 => '1940',
			(int) 20 => '1937',
			(int) 21 => '1938',
			(int) 22 => '1938',
			(int) 23 => '1938',
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			(int) 25 => '1948',
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			(int) 28 => '1749',
			(int) 29 => '93',
			(int) 30 => '1839',
			(int) 31 => '1859',
			(int) 32 => '1867',
			(int) 33 => '1873',
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			(int) 36 => '1883',
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			(int) 41 => '1861',
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			(int) 44 => '1882',
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			(int) 49 => '1880',
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			(int) 52 => '1938',
			(int) 53 => '1937',
			(int) 54 => '1862',
			(int) 55 => '32',
			(int) 56 => '1882',
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			(int) 58 => '1902',
			(int) 59 => '1915-85',
			(int) 60 => '1933-3',
			(int) 61 => '1933-3',
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			(int) 66 => '1038',
			(int) 67 => '1925',
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			(int) 69 => '1950',
			(int) 70 => '1940',
			(int) 71 => '1874',
			(int) 72 => '1874',
			(int) 73 => '1874',
			(int) 74 => '1874',
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			(int) 76 => '1874',
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			(int) 81 => '1947',
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			(int) 83 => '1926',
			(int) 84 => '1941',
			(int) 85 => '1543',
			(int) 86 => '1937',
			(int) 87 => '1937',
			(int) 88 => '1910',
			(int) 89 => '1026',
			(int) 90 => '1868',
			(int) 91 => '1852'
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			(int) 2 => 'English',
			(int) 3 => 'English',
			(int) 4 => 'English',
			(int) 5 => 'English',
			(int) 6 => 'English'
		),
		'GPE' => array(
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			(int) 2 => 'Justify',
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			(int) 23 => 'India',
			(int) 24 => 'India',
			(int) 25 => 'Dinbai',
			(int) 26 => 'Indicates'
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			(int) 4 => 'Indian',
			(int) 5 => 'American',
			(int) 6 => 'American',
			(int) 7 => 'Indian',
			(int) 8 => 'Z6).30',
			(int) 9 => 'Hormasji',
			(int) 10 => 'Hindu'
		),
		'PRODUCT' => array(
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			(int) 1 => 'Calcutta',
			(int) 2 => '7 Cal 594',
			(int) 3 => 'Z14',
			(int) 4 => 'LJ Ch 132'
		),
		'FAC' => array(
			(int) 0 => 'Monselur Jourdain'
		),
		'LOC' => array(
			(int) 0 => 'Madras',
			(int) 1 => 'Madras'
		),
		'WORK_OF_ART' => array(
			(int) 0 => '1929 Mad 825)(N',
			(int) 1 => 'Executors, Administrators',
			(int) 2 => 'Policy of Assurance',
			(int) 3 => '2 All ER',
			(int) 4 => 'Z11',
			(int) 5 => 'Collector of Etawah',
			(int) 6 => 'Subordinate'
		),
		'TIME' => array(
			(int) 0 => '8-11-1848'
		)
	),
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '783005',
			'acts' => '<a href="/act/51461/insurance-act-1938-4-of-1938-complete-act">Insurance Act, 1938</a> - Sections 38 and 39; Married Women's Property Act, 1874 - Sections 6',
			'appealno' => 'Appeal No. 186 of 1952',
			'appellant' => 'D. Mohanavelu Mudaliar and anr.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'D. Mohanavelu Mudaliar and anr. Vs. Indian Insurance and Banking Corporation Ltd., Salem and anr.',
			'casenote' => ' Indian Insurance Act (IV of 1938), Sections 38 and 39--Assignmetn of life
policy and nomination--Difference--Scope and import of dispositions
of life-policies--Distinction between nominations under
Insurance Act and Married Women's Property Act ; Dispositions of life-insurance policies can be classed under three
heads: (i) assignment; (ii) nomination; and (iii) statutory creation
of a trust by reason of the provisions of the Married Women's Property
Act (III of 1874).; The legal scope in regard to nomination and the assignments
covered by Section 38 and 39 of the Indian Insurance Act (IV
of 1938) are the same under the English, American and Indian Law.; An assignment of a life-policy passes to the assignee the right to
the insurance money, even though the assignor's interest in life has
ceased before the date of the assignment. The life policy forms part
of the estate of the assured and may be dealt with at his absolute
discretion sold, charged, settled and, etc. Once an assignment is
made it cannot be cancelled at the option of the assignor. It creates
a vested right in the assignee who no doubt takes it subject to the
equities in the case of the assignor, because the assignee cannot have
a better title than the assignor. On the other hand, a nomination,
unless there is a special clause inserted to make it irrevocable, does
not deprive the policy holder of his rights, privileges, options and
benefits under the policy including the right to alter the beneficiary.
There is no statutory trust created by Section 39 of the Insurance
Act in favour of the nominee.; Where a noination is purported to be made in favour of the
wife, etc., under Section 39 of the Insurance Act, Section 6 of the
Married Women's Rights to Property Act has no application and no
trust in favour of the wife, etc., is created. In other cases Section 6
of the Married Women's Right to Propety Act is attracted provided
the policy on the face of it is expressed to be for the benefit of the
wife, etc. Even the proposal is a 'policy' and can be taken into
account in premising whether a trust in favour of the wife is created.
No set form of words is necessary provided the intention of the assured
can be inferred.; Case-law discussed. -  - ',
			'caseanalysis' => '',
			'casesref' => 'Lakshmikutty Kettilamma v. Vishnu Nambissen;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => 'C.S. Swaminathan, Adv.',
			'counseldef' => 'R.K. Nambiar, ;C.F. Louis and ;K. Kalyanasundaram, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Chennai',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1956-07-16',
			'deposition' => 'Appeal dismissed',
			'favorof' => '',
			'findings' => '',
			'judge' => 'Govinda Menon and ;Ramaswami, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '1. I have had the advantage of reading the Judgment which my learned brother is about to deliver and in view of the Importance of the question of law raised I wish to add a few words of my own.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. What are the scope and import of the dispositions of life insurance policies; (a) by assignment and (b) by nomination seem to be the chief points for consideration.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. That a policy of life Insurance is a security for money payable at a date uncertain, but calculable is well established for the sum insured is certain, the premium or consideration for its payment is also cetain and the time when the money is payable is also certain where the date is fixed but uncertain on death. As per Porter's Laws of Insurance (8th edn. p. 305) a life insurance policy is "Nihil Certius morte, nihil incertius hora mortis,"</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Such being the case a life insurance policy has to be construed as a contract to pay a certain eum in a certain event depending on the duration of human life. Such a policy always forms part of the estate of the assured and may be dealt with at his absolute discretion such as sale, charge, settlement or bequest or made the subject at 'donatio mortis causa.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Dispositions of life insurance policies can be classed under three heads: (1) assignment, (2) nomination and (3) statutory creation of a trust by reason of the provisions of the Married Women's Property Act, 1882. So far as the English law is concerned legal title to the policy can be obtained by assignment as laid down in the Policies of Life Assurance Act, 1867 or Section 136 of the Law of Property Act, 1925 which replaced Section 25 Sub-section (6) of the Judicature Act of 1873. In India such an assignment is payable by virtue of Section 38 of the Indian Insurance Act IV of 1938. Except adverting to the fact that in America also the law is practically the same no further discussion of the effect of an assignment is necessary in this connection,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Under the general law, an assignment is understood as a transfer by an individual of his right or interest in the property to another resting upon a contract between them. That being the case if a policy is assigned it operates so as to completely divest the assignor of any right under it, for the essence of assignment is complete divesting. The assignee is, therefore, clothed with all the rights and liabilities which the insured occupied before the transfer; that is, there is a substitution for the assured so far as the benefits are concerned by the assignee.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ordinarily love and affection are considered sufficient consideration for the assignment of a policy. Therefore when the formalities which I have to be observed in the case of a transfer or assignment coming under Section 38 of the <a href="/act/51461/insurance-act-1938-4-of-1938-complete-act">Insurance Act, 1938</a> are complied with the insurer shall from the date of the receipt of the notice referred to in sub-sec. (2) of Section 38 recognise the transferee or the assignee named in the notice as the only person entitled to the benefit named under the policy and such a person shall be subject to all the liabilities and equities to which the transferor or assignor was subject at the time of the transfer or assignment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The assignee may institute any proceedings in relation to the policy without obtaining the consent of the assignor or making him a party to the proceedings. The only limitation so far as the assignee is concerned is that he cannot be in a better position than the person Who effected the assignment. .</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. So far as nomination is concerned we do not see any appreciable difference between the English and American law on the one hand, and what obtains in our country. According to the English law the payee or the nominee is nothing more than an agent to receive the money, which money remains as the property of the assured and at his disposal during his life time and on his death forms part of the estate. The result is that the payee or the nominee takes no beneficial interest in it.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In Cleaver v. Mutual Reserve Fund Life Assocn., 1892-1 QB 147 (A), Lord Esher, M. R. has laid down the law in the above form. The principle underlying that decision is that a nominee not being a party to the contract cannot sue on the policy but that the right to sue vested in her husband's legal representatives. This decision has been subsequently considered and commented upon in re A policy No. 6402 of the Scottish Equitable Ligt Assurance Society, 1902-1 Ch. 282 (B), In re-Burgess's policy, 1915-113 LT 443 (C), In re, Engel-bach's Estate; 1924-2 Ch 348 (D), In re Sinclair's Life policy, 1938-1 Ch 799 (E), In re, Foster; Hudson v. Poster, 1938-54 TLR 993 (F), In re, Gordon Watts v. Rationalist Press Assocn., Ltd., 1940 Ch 769 (G); In re, Webb; Barclays Bank Ltd. v. Webb, 1941 Ch 225 (H) and In re, Schebsman, 1943 Ch 366 CD. The principle deducible from a consideration of the above cases is that if from the form of words used it could not be inferred that a statutory trust has been created under Section 10 of the Married Women's Property Act, 1870 and Section 11 of the Married Women's Property Act, 1882 or the. Married Women's Policies of Assurance Scotland Act of 1880, the assured amount would be payable to the personal representatives of the assured. In short very much will depend upon the words used in the policy whether the language has to be construed as creating a trust or not within the meaning of the Married Women's Property Act. In Macgillivray's Insurance Law (3rd edition pages 674-675) we find the following:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"There Is a distinction between the creation of a trust and a simple contract between two persons for the benefit of a third. This distinction was emphatically insisted on by the Judges in the Court of Appeal in the case of 1943-Ch 366 (I) which will be considered in greater detail further on. Lord Greene, M. R. said 'An Examination of the decided cases does, it is true, show that the Courts have on occasions adopted what may be called a liberal view on questions of this character but in the present case I cannot find in the contract anything to Justify the conclusion that a trust was intended.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is not legitimate to import into the contract the idea of a trust when the parties have given no indication that such was their intention. To interpret this contract as creating a trust would, in my judgment, be to disregard the dividing line between the case of a trust and the simple case of a contract made between two persons for the benefit of a third. That dividing line exists although it may not always be easy to determine where it is to be drawn.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Du Parcq L. J. said: 'It is true that by the use possibly of unguarded language a person may create a trust, as Monselur Jourdain talked prose, without knowing it, but unless an intention to create a trust is clearly to be collected from the language used and the circumstances of the case, I think that the Court ought not be astute to discover any indication of such art intention'."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. In another decision, Modern Woodmen of America v. Headh, 90 Atl 892 (J) the Court said as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"While the interest of the beneficiary designat ed in the original certificate is during the lifetime of the insured member, a contingent interest a mere espectancy liable at any time to be defeated by the designation of a new beneficiary, it does not follow that such beneficiary has no interest in the certificate. He has an expectancy in the nature of an inchoate interest, which, it is held in some jurisdiction, gives him the right to insist that change of beneficiary be made, if attempted in substantial conformity with the stipulations of the contract."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. The Indian law is practically on the same line as in England. The decision in 1392-1 QB 147 (A) was followed by Rankin C. J. and C. C. GhoSe J. in Krishna Lal v. Promila Bala Dasi. 32 Gal WN 634: (AIR 1928 Cal 518) (K) and the learned Judges considered that the Married Women's Property Act III of 1874 did not apply to the particular case in question and, therefore, Section 6 of the Act was in-applicable. Holding that mere nomination of a wife as the payee under a policy of life insurance did not of itself create a trust in her favour the plaintiff was non-suited.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. The same view has been taken by the Bombay High Court in shankar Vishvanath v. Umabai Sadashiv, ILR 37 Bom 471 (L). The Madras High Court has adopted a similar line as is seen from the judgment of my learned brother. As pointed out by Baiwell in his Law of Insurance, (1940 Edn. p. 439) the earlier decisions have now become academic because of the provisions of Section 39 of the Insurance Act of 1938,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. If by nomination, a trust is created then the nominee becomes the beneficiary but the difficulty is to find out from the exact words used what the intention was, because the terms nomination and nominee are not strictly speaking terms of art. "Nominated" means only to name and it is in every instance a question of mixed law and fact as to what the intention is. Thus by the expressions used it has to be found out whether the nomination merely creates a payee or a beneficiary for whose protection a trust is thereby created.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. Barewell in his Law of Insurance in India (1940) at page 440 observes,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"It is part of the history of life insurance that husbands insuring their own lives often do go with the sincere intention that the policy moneys should be enjoyed by their wives but are seen to have failed in many instances to express that idea in unambiguous language on the face of the instrument or even in the proposal form.'' Thus, difficulty arises not on account of the law on the subject which is clear, but only on account of the construction to be placed on the language of the declaration made in the face of the document by the assured. Declarations which at first sight might appear to be a nomination of no more than a payee or agent to receive may on a proper construction be found intended to create a trust, thee case-law in Madras has turned upon the Interpretation to be placed on the words "A policy of insurance effected by any married, man on his own life and expressed on the face of it to be for the benefit of - shall enure and be deemed to be a trust for the benefit of...."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Reference has been made in this connection to Pokkunuri Balamba v. Krishnayya, ILR 37 Mad 483 : (AIB 1914 Mad 595) (FB) (M), Rama Rao v. Kristnamma, ILR 52 Mad 936 : (AIR 1929 Mad 825)(N), Abhiramavalli Animal v. Official Trustee, Madras, 62 Mad LJ 111 : (AIR 1932 Mad 220) (O), Lalithambal Ammal v. Guardian of India Insurance Co., 1937 Com Cas 157 : (AIR 1937 Mad 645)(P), Krishnan Chettiar v. Velayee Ammal 1938 Com Cas (Ins) 101: (AIR 1938 Mad 604) (PB) (Q) and Venkatasubramania Sarma v. United Planters' Association, 1938 Com Cas (Ins) 17 : (AIR 1938 Mad 234) (R) and Kannayalal v. Subbaraya Chetti, 1938 Com Cas (Ins) 62 ; (AIB 1938 Mad 413) (S). All these cases are concerned mainly with the construction of the words used.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The result of the above discussion seems to me to be this:- If the construction placed Upon the declaration is that a trust has been created under the provisions of the Married Women's Property Act, the beneficiary would take the assured amount free of all the liabilities of the insured and if it is construed as a mere nomination, the nominee would have no more right than to receive the amount, subject to all the liabilities as if the disposition was by means of a testamentary instrument.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. In the case now in question I agree with my learned brother that nomination can only be construed as a testament which would be subject to all the liabilities which the assured has to discharge. That being the case the decision of the lower court is correct and the appeal must be dismissed. RAMASWAMI, J.:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. This is an appeal directed against the decree and judgment of the learned subordinate Judge of Salem in O. Section 229 of 1949.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. The facts are:- The deceased Dhana-kodi Mudaliar had taken out two life insurance policies for Rs. 5000 each in the National Insurance Company Limited, Calcutta. This Dhanakoti Mudaliar had become indebted to the Indian Insurance and Banking Corporation Limited, Salem. The Bank instituted O. S. No. 131 of 1948 and obtained a decree on 8-11-1848. This Dhana-kiti Mudaliar died on 23-7-1949. The policies were attached 'before judgment on 11-9-1948. This Dhanakoti Mudaliar had nominated his wife Sidda lakshmi Ammal as the person entitled to receive the moneys due under the policies in the event of his death and Siddalakshmi Animal surviving him.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This siddalakshmi Ammal died on 26-7-1949. The daughters of this couple viz., the second defendant and a minor girl by name Saroja who had died after the filing of the suit, filed a claim petition that the moneys due under the policies had become the assets of Siddalakshmi Ammal on the death of Dhanakoti Mudaliar and they were not liable to satisfy the decree debt of Dhanakoti Mudaliar. This claim was allowed and the Indian insurance and Banking Corporation has filed a suit for, the setting aside of that claim order. The learned Subordinate Judge of Salem has negatived the contention of the claim petitioners and set aside the order in I. A. No. 779 of 1948. Hence this appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. The point for determination is the scope of a nomination under Section 39 of the Indian Insurance Act IV of 1938.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. In order to understand the scope Of the nomination by the policy-holder under Section 39, we must also construe the assignment under Section 38 of the Indian Insurance Act of 1938.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The legal scope in regard to nominations and the assignments covered by Sections 38 and 39 of the Indian Insuance Act are the same under the English, American and Indian Law.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In England the old common law rule was that things in action, such as a debt due under a contract, could not be assigned to another without the assent of the debtor. A novation of the debt by the consent of all three parties was necessary. Assignments were always valid, however, in equity and Courts of equity enabled the assignee even of a legal thing in actions to bring an action at law against the debtor in the assignor's name, toy restraining the assignor from objecting to his use of it on being given a proper indemnity against costs: Row v. Dawson, (1749) 1 White & Tud LC 93 (T); Ashley v, Ashley, (1839) 3 Sim 149 (U); Pearson v. Amicable Assurance, (1859) 27 Beav 229 (V).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This was altered by the Policies of Assurance Act, 1867, whereunder an assignment of a life policies were recognised at law. This Act provided that an assignee can sue in his own name If he had complied with the Act and had obtained on assignment either by endorsement on the policy or by separate instrument, in the words or to the effect set forth in the Schedule to the Act as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"I, A. B. of etc., In consideration of, etc., do hereby assign unto C. D. of, etc., his Executors, Administrators, and Assigns, the (within) Policy of Assurance granted etc. In Witness, etc."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Section 25(6) of the Judicature Act, 1873, made all debts and other things in action assignable. Section 136 of the Law of Property Act, 1925, now replaces this general provision and covers absolute ' assignments in writing of things in action. Thus policies of insurance which are legal things in action and the assured can grant a valid assignment of the right to recover under any policy of Insurance without the assent of the Insurers: See Jessal M. R. Ex. parte Ibbetson; Re. Moore (1878) 8 Ch. D. 519 (W); Brett L.J. in Castellan v. Preston, (1883) II QBD 380 at p. 388 (X).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">If it complies with the Acts, the assignment will be valid in law, and the assignee may sue the company alone. But if it does not, it will only be effective in equity, and the assignee may only sue the company in his own name if the assignor has been joined in the action, as plaintiff if he con- sents or otherwise as defendant: Performing Right Society v. London Theatre of Varieties Ltd., (1924) AC 1 (Y), c.f. William Brandt's Sons & Co. v. Dun. lop Rubber Co, Ltd., (1905) AC 454 (Z). In addition to assignment, a person taking out a life policy tin his own life and who is to be considered as the owner of the reversionary sum which will become payable, cannot only assign but also sell, mortgage or settle it or even give it away as a gift.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">He may leave it by will or. make it, without anything in writing, the subject of death-bed gift: Witt v. Amis, (1861) 1 B & S 109 (21). If the insurance is upon his own life, the right to the same will devolve on his personal representatives on his death who will be bound to treat it as money owing to him and forming part of his estate which is as much as money due to him under a promissory note: Petty v. Wilson, (1869) 4 Ch A 674 (Z2) per Selwyn L.J. Therefore, the assured's creditors would be entitled to take his life policy like other property in execution: Stokoe v. Cowan, (1861) 29 Beav 637 (Z3).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In addition to these ways of disposing of the ownership of the life policy by the insured, 'there are other dispositions of lire policies under English Law. (For a lucid exposition see Preston & Colinvaux (1950 Edn). The Law of Insurance (Sweet & Maxwell) Ch 80 p. 183 and follows; Houseman - The Law of Life Assurance - Fourth Edition (1954) (Butterworth's Ch. VI p. 74 and follows).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. Equitable interests in the policy may arise under a trust declared by the assured either expressly or by virtue of Section 11 of the Married Women's Property Act, 1882 or by virtue of an equitable assignment or from the relationship of debtor and creditor. In the last case the creditor may have an equitable charge on the policy of his debtor or the debtor may have an equity of redemption on the policy of his creditor. In such cases on the death of the assured who has taken out a life policy, the assets will devolve on the person in whose favour there has been a resultant trust and the assured's creditors may not be entitled to take his life policy like other property in execution.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. The reason is twofold viz., either on account of the fact that the assignment with notice to the company means novation and the coming into existence of a new contract with a third party or as a result of a trust created by statute as under Section 11 of the Married Women's Property Act, 1882, which as amended by the Law Reform (Married Women and Tortfeasors) Act, 1935, which reads as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"A married woman may effect a policy upon her own life or the life of her husband for her own benefit; and the same and all benefit thereof shall enure accordingly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"A policy of assurance effected by any man on his own life, and expressed to be for toe benefit of his wife, or of his children, or of his wife and children, or any of them, or by any woman on her own life, and expressed to be for the benefit of her husband, or of her children, or of her husband and children, or any of them, shall create a trust in favour of the objects therein named, and the moneys payable under any such policy shall not, so long as any object of the trust remains unperformed, form part of the estate of the insured, or be subject to his or her debts; Provided, that if it shall be proved that the policy was effected and the premiums paid with intent to defraud the creditors of the insured, they shall be entitled to receive, out of the moneys payable under the policy, a sum equal to the premiums so paid. The insured may by the policy, or by any memorandum under his or her hand, appoint a trustee or trustees of the moneys payable under the policy, and from time to time appoint a new trustee or new trustees thereof, and may make provision for the appointment of a new trustee or new trustees thereof, and for the investment of the moneys payable under any such policy. In default of any such appoint, ment of a trustee, such policy, immediately on its being effected, shall vest in the insured and his or her legal personal representatives, in trust for the purposes aforesaid. If, at the time of the death of the insured, or at any time afterwards, there shall be no trustee, or it shall be expedient to appoint a new trustee or new trustees a trustee or trustees or a new trustee or new trustees may be appointed by any court having jurisdiction under the provisions of the Trustee Act, 1850, or the Acts amending and extending the same. The receipt of a trustee or trustees duly appointed, or, Jn default of any such appointment, or in default of notice to the insurance office, the receipt of the legal personal representative of the insured shall be a discharge to the office for the sum secured by the policy, or for the value thereof, in whole or in part."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This section replaced Section. 10 of the Married Women's Property Act, 1870, the terms of which Were similar, though there are Important differences, which are not relevant for our purpose.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. The corresponding Scottish Act is the Married Women's Policies of Assurance (Scotland) Act, 1880, which extended to Scotland facilities available in England under the English Act of 1870. Section 2 of the Scottish Act opens as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"A policy of assurance effected by any married man on his own life, & expressed upon the face of it to be for the benefit of his wife, or of his children, or of his wife and children, shall, together with all benefit thereof, be deemed a trust for the benefit of his wife for her separate use, or for the benefit of his children, or for the benefit of his wife and children."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In addition to assignments and creation of trusts, in England also it is common in the case of insurances on the assured's own life, for the assured to nominate a beneficiary at the time of taking out a policy. Such a nomination does not, however, by itself, constitute the assured a trustee, nor, since the person nominated is a stranger to the contract, has he any remedy at law. The property in such a policy will therefore pass, not-withstanding the nomination, to the personal representatives of the assured on his death and the nominee has no rights whatsoever, unless:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(i) the nomination amounts to a declaration of trust, or the person taking out the policy is merely the agent of the nominee, or</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(ii) the nomination is made under Section 11 of the Married Women's Property Act, 1882, or</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(iii) it is made under Section 56 of the Friendly Societies Act, 1896.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. This rule as has been pointed out in Preston and Colinvaux Law of Insurance at page 338 sometimes works considerable injustice, as where a person took out an endowment policy expressly for the benefit of his godson, but died before the policy matured, and it was held that the policy formed part of his general estate and that the godson had no title to it: (1938) 1 Ch. 779 (E); see also Re: Clay's Policy, (1937) 3 All ER 548 (Z4). Since the policy-holder, in such a case, does not generally wish to create a trust binding upon Himself during his lifetime, it is important that he should provide by will that the policy should pass on his death to the nominee. He may, on the other hand, create a trust subject to his keeping up the policy: Pedder V. Moseley, (1862) 31 Beav 159 (Z5).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">26. The law Revision Committee (Sixth Interim Report 32) has proposed that Section 11 of , the Married Women's Property Act, 1882, should be extended to education policies, to which it does not at present apply. Such a reform would render a welcome amelioration of the rule that a nominee has no right in a life insurance policy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">27. These principles are embodied in the oft-repeated decisions of the Court of Appeal in 1892-1 QB 147 (A); (1902) 1 Ch 282 (B); 1915-85 LJ Ch 273 (C); 1924-2 Ch 348 (D); 1933-3 All ER 124: 1938-1 Ch 799 (E); 1933-3 All ER 357 (F); Hals-bury's Laws of England (Hailsham Edn) Vol. 18, P. 531, para 842; and Digest, Vol. 20, p. 422, NOB. 3288, 3289.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">28. The American law on the subject which is practically identical with the English law, will be found set one in May, Law of Insurance, 4th Edition (Little Brown & Co., Kbstan) (1900) Ch. XIX "Assignment of Policies" page 838 and follows 29 American Jurisprudence, Section 492 (page 401 and following) and Richards on the Law of Insurance, 5th Edition (1952), Volume I, Chapter 5 (page 406 and following).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">29. The Indian law as to assignment of life policies before Act IV of 1938 was contained in Sections 130 to 132 and 135 of the Transfer of Property Act. The transfer of an actionable claim could be effected only by an instrument in writing signed by the transferor or by his duly authorised agent and thereupon all rights and remedies of the transferor vest in the transferee whether Police of transfer had been given or not. Every dealing with the debt by the debtor was valid as against such transfer unless the debtor was a party to the transfer or had received notice to it: see Section 130.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Notice of transfer was prescribed by Section 131, Section 132 provided that the transferee of an actionable claim took it subject to equities available against the transferor. Then, in the case of life policies an assignee could not sue in his own name and if the assignor died, his personal representative would be a necessary party to a suit by the assignee: Rajnarain Bose v. Universal Life Assurance Co. ILR 7 Cal 594 (Z6).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">30. Now by Act IV of 1938, Section 38, an assignment of life policy can be made either by endorsement upon the policy or by a separate instrument signed by the assignor and attested by at least one witness. The transferee cannot sue until notice of assignment is given to the insurer in writing together with the endorsement certified to be correct fay the transferor and the transferee.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Upon receipt of the notice the insurer has to record the fact of such transfer etc., and the transferee takes subject to the equities to which the transferor was subject at the date of the transfer. Thus, the assignment of life policies is now governed by Section 38 of the Insurance Act and not by Section 130 of the Transfer of Property Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">31. Section 39 of the Insurance Act of 1038 confers upon the holder of the policy of life assurance Issued upon his own life the right to nominate a person or persons to whom the policy moneys may be paid in the event of his death. We are not concerned here with proviso to Sub-section (1) dealing with minor nominees. Sub-section (2) prescribes that nominations may be effected in two-ways viz., (a) by incorporation in the text of the policy as Issued by the insurer or (b) by endorsement by the policy-holder on the policy and notified to the Insurer and registered in his books.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">There is no time limit given for an endorsement on the policy constituting the nomination, to be got registered. If, therefore, a policy-holder endorses his policy to nominate a person, there is nothing in the section to bar its registration in the books of the company even after the death of the assured. A nomination may be cancelled or altered by an endorsement or by a will.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nomination therefore effected by incorporation in the text of the policy Or by endorsement may be cancelled or changed by a subsequent endorsement. A will has the effect of abrogating a nomination altogether, but in order to have that effect, the will should purport to beqeath the policy,' It would seem, however, that where a will be-qeathing the policy is followed by nomination, the nomination will have the effect of making the will ineffectual to that extent.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Besides as provided in Sub-section (2) a nomination will also be automatically cancelled by a subsequent transfer or assignment. On the nominee dying, the sum assured becomes, in accordance with the terms of the section, payable to the po-licy-holder or his heirs or legal representatives or the holder of a succession certificate as the case may be. Policies coming under the Married Women's Property Act are not affected by this section except as stated in the proviso.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">32. There are thus important differences between a nomination and an assignment which can be summed up as follows: An assignment of a life policy passes to the assignee the right to the insurance money, even though the assignor's interest in the life has ceased before the date of the assignment. The life policy forms part of the estate of the assured and may be dealt with at his absolute discretion, sold, charged, settled etc. Once an assignment is made it cannot be cancelled at the option of the assignor.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It creates a vested right in the assignee who no doubt takes it subject to the equities in the case of the assignor, because the assignee cannot have a better title than his assignor. On the other hand, a nomination unless there is a special clause inserted to make it irrevocable, does not deprive the policy holder of his rights, privileges, options and benefits under the policy including the right to alter the beneficiary.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The latter is entitled to receive policy moneys only. There is no statutory trust created by the Section (39) in favour of the nominee; nor is he conferred as the nominee under s. 5 of the Provident Funds Act, 1925, with the right to receive the moneys absolutely.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The nominee being only given the right to receive money after the death of the assured, he can neither surrender the policy nor have it converted to be paid up. It has already been pointed out how a nomination will get automatically cancelled by a subsequent transfer or assignment, whereas an assignment when followed by a nomination will not be cancelled thereby. Similarly, whereas a will has the effect of abrogating the nomination altogether, an aslsgnment cannot at the option of the assignor be cancelled by a will.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">On account of these fundamental differences between an assignment and a nomination where under vested rights accrue under the former, to the assignee, and only a mere right to receive moneys under the policy contingent on the nominee surviving the assured and the assured not changing his mind and altering his nomination accrues in the latter case the liability of the assured amount to satisfy the liabilities of the as- sured is different in either case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In the former case it is not open to a creditor to treat the life policy as being the property of his debtor viz., the assured. In the case of the latter the nominee receives the policy amount subject to the same liabilities as in the case of beneficiaries under a disposition by a will. (For discussion of the differences between assignment and nomination under Sections 38 and 39 see Dutt Commentaries on the Insurance Act, 3rd Edition, page 101 and foll; P. A. S. Mani Life Assurance in India (1950) page 229; K. B. Venkoba Rao - The Law of insurance in India (1950) page 332 and foll; N. D. Basu Principles of Insurance in India (1940) page 725 and foll; Bishan Nath - The Law of Insurance (1939) page 52 and foll.)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">33. Quite different would be the case if the nominations in favour of the wife and children are made as under Section 6 of Act III of 1874 which runs as follows;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"A policy of insurance effected by any married man on his own life, and expressed on the face of it to be for the benefit of his wife, or of his wife and children, or any of them, shall ensure and be deemed to be a trust for the benefit of his wife, or of his wife and children, or any of them, according to the interests so expressed, and shall not, so long as any object of the trust remains, be subject to the control of the husband or to his creditors, or form part of his estate".</p><p style="text-align: justify;">34. The law in regard to nominations under Section 39 of the Insurance Act and under Section 6 of Act in of 1874, can be thus summed up: (i) where the nomination is purported to be made in favour of the wife etc., under Section 39 of the Insurance Act, Section 6 of Act in of 1874 has no application and no trust in favour of the wife etc., is created, (ii) In other cases, Section 6 of Act III of 1874 is attracted provided the policy on the face of it is expressed to be for the benefit of the wife etc. Even the proposal is a 'policy and can be taken into account in premising whether a trust in favour of the wife is created: 1938 Com Cas (Ins) 101 : (AIR 1938 Mad 604) (FB) (Q). (iii) No set form of words is necessary provided the intention of the assured can be inferred.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The words 'payable to my wife' are enough and it is not necessary that it should be expressly stated that the policy is 'for the benefit of the wife' and to reproduce the phraseology of Section 6 of the Act III of 1874. This distinction is important because, as pointed out before, in the case of a nomination, the nominee takes it as under a testamentary disposition as property bequeathed by the testator subject to the liabilities which that legacy has to satisfy of the testator, whereas in the case of a nomination under the Married Women's Property Act which results in the creation of a trust in the language of ILR (1938) Mad 867 : (AIR 1938 Mad 413) (S).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The benefit which accrues to the nominee though subject to the other conditions in the policy, gets impressed as a trust from the very moment of its birth and cannot be looked upon therefore as available to creditors regardless of the trust imposed on it. - ILR 1938 Mad 867 : (AIR 1938 Mad 413) CS) was approved in Bharat Insurance Co., Ltd. v. Lakshmidevi, (1947) 17 Conip. Cas (Ins) l : (AIR 1948 Lah 21) (Z7-8); ILB 55 Mad 171 ; (AIR 1932 Mad, 220) (O) also is a decision taking the same view. '</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Madras view is in the line of English decisions of Section 11 of the English Married Women's Property Act, 1882 (as in Re: Pleetwood's Policy, (1926) 1 Ch 48 (Z9), (1941) 1 All ER 321 .(H); Re: Schebsman, (1543) 2 All ER 768 (Z10); though the Bombay High Court on Dinbai Hormasji v. Bamansha Janiasji, 58 Bom 513 : (AIR 1934 Bom 296) (Z11), (1937) 7 Com Cas 157 : (AIR 1937 Mad 645) (P), Shamdas v. Savitri, (1937) 7 Com Cas 267 : (AIR 1937 Sind 181) (Z13) takes the view that no trust is created in favour of the wife until the death of the assured and the assured in his lifetime can freely assign the benefit of the policy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">35. These principles are clearly brought out in two decisions of the. Calcutta High court to which our attention has been invited by the learned advocate Mr. Nambiar. The first decision is AIR 1928 cal 518 (K). In that case a Hindu assured directed an insurance company to pay money due under his policy effected in 1910 to his wife as the nominee of the assured. But the nomination could not be construed as one made under Section 6 of Act III of 1874.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Therefore, the Calcutta High Court held that the wife was not entitled to the money as the Women's Property Act did not apply and there was no trust in her favour by virtue of Section 6 and that a person who is nominated by an assured fn his policy of life assurance for receiving money due under it upon his death is not entitled to enforce his claim against the company as he, though a nominee, is no party to the contract and no interest passes to him merely by reason of his being earned in the policy and the money forms part of the assets of the deceased and is liable for his debts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The second case which is the latest decision of the Calcutta High Court, is Ramballav v. Gangadhar, wherein it was</p><p style="text-align: justify;">held:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"Where the nomination in the endowment insurance policy of the deceased judgment-debtor stated: 'I nominate my wife and my son-in-law, the survivor or survivors, as the persons to receive the moneys under the above policy in the event of my prior death', the nominee under these terms does not become the owner of the money payable to him under the policy. Such nomination only Indicates the person who should receive the money should the owner die.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">All that Sub-section (6) of Section 39, Insurance Act does is to confer on the nominee the right to receive the insurance money as between such nominee and the insurance Company, but it does not provide for the title or ownership of that money in general.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The terms of nomination do not show that the policy was expressed on the face of it to be for the benefit of the wife within the 'meaning of Section 6 Married Women's Property Act. The terms of nomination make the nomination simpliciter -which comes under Sub-s. (6) of 8. 39, Insurance Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The proviso to Section 39, Insurance Act makes it quite clear that the policy-holder can elect to come either under nomination under Sub-section (6) of Section 39 or under trust under Sub-section (7) of that section but if he does elect to nominate, then such nomination takes it out of the trust under Section 6, Married Women's Property Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In this view, attachment of the moneys payable under the Insurance policy by the decree-holder of the deceased judgment-debtor is not illegal". (See also Matin v. Mahomed Matin, AIR 1922 Lah 145 (Z14): Gresham Life Insurance Society Ltd. v. Collector of Etawah, AIR 1933 All 1: ILR 54 All 1026 (Z15); British Equitable Assurance Co v. Great Western Ry., (1868) 38 LJ Ch 132 (Z16); Mangles V. DixOn, (1852) 3 HLC 702 (217); Lakshmikutty Kettilamma v. Vishnu Nambissen, AIR 1939 Mad 411 (Z18); AIR 1937 Sind 181 (Zl2)."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">36. In the result, the findings of the learned Subordinate Judge are unassailable and we there-fore confirm them and dismiss this appeal without costs.',
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		(int) 28 => '1749',
		(int) 29 => '93',
		(int) 30 => '1839',
		(int) 31 => '1859',
		(int) 32 => '1867',
		(int) 33 => '1873',
		(int) 34 => '1925',
		(int) 35 => '1878',
		(int) 36 => '1883',
		(int) 37 => '1924',
		(int) 38 => '1905',
		(int) 39 => '1861',
		(int) 40 => '1869',
		(int) 41 => '1861',
		(int) 42 => '1950',
		(int) 43 => '1954',
		(int) 44 => '1882',
		(int) 45 => '1882',
		(int) 46 => '1935',
		(int) 47 => '1850',
		(int) 48 => '1870',
		(int) 49 => '1880',
		(int) 50 => '1870',
		(int) 51 => '1882',
		(int) 52 => '1938',
		(int) 53 => '1937',
		(int) 54 => '1862',
		(int) 55 => '32',
		(int) 56 => '1882',
		(int) 57 => '1892-1',
		(int) 58 => '1902',
		(int) 59 => '1915-85',
		(int) 60 => '1933-3',
		(int) 61 => '1933-3',
		(int) 62 => '3288',
		(int) 63 => 'May',
		(int) 64 => '1900',
		(int) 65 => '1952',
		(int) 66 => '1038',
		(int) 67 => '1925',
		(int) 68 => '1950',
		(int) 69 => '1950',
		(int) 70 => '1940',
		(int) 71 => '1874',
		(int) 72 => '1874',
		(int) 73 => '1874',
		(int) 74 => '1874',
		(int) 75 => '1938',
		(int) 76 => '1874',
		(int) 77 => '1938',
		(int) 78 => '1938',
		(int) 79 => '1938',
		(int) 80 => '1938',
		(int) 81 => '1947',
		(int) 82 => '1882',
		(int) 83 => '1926',
		(int) 84 => '1941',
		(int) 85 => '1543',
		(int) 86 => '1937',
		(int) 87 => '1937',
		(int) 88 => '1910',
		(int) 89 => '1026',
		(int) 90 => '1868',
		(int) 91 => '1852'
	),
	'LANGUAGE' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'English',
		(int) 1 => 'English',
		(int) 2 => 'English',
		(int) 3 => 'English',
		(int) 4 => 'English',
		(int) 5 => 'English',
		(int) 6 => 'English'
	),
	'GPE' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'India',
		(int) 1 => 'America',
		(int) 2 => 'Justify',
		(int) 3 => 'America',
		(int) 4 => 'Headh',
		(int) 5 => 'England',
		(int) 6 => 'created.12',
		(int) 7 => 'India',
		(int) 8 => 'Krishnan',
		(int) 9 => 'Subbaraya Chetti',
		(int) 10 => 'Salem',
		(int) 11 => 'Salem',
		(int) 12 => 'Dhana',
		(int) 13 => 'Subordinate',
		(int) 14 => 'Salem',
		(int) 15 => 'England',
		(int) 16 => 'Butterworth',
		(int) 17 => 'Scotland',
		(int) 18 => 'England',
		(int) 19 => 'England',
		(int) 20 => 'Preston',
		(int) 21 => 'Hals',
		(int) 22 => 'India',
		(int) 23 => 'India',
		(int) 24 => 'India',
		(int) 25 => 'Dinbai',
		(int) 26 => 'Indicates'
	),
	'NORP' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'American',
		(int) 1 => 'Indian',
		(int) 2 => 'Indian',
		(int) 3 => 'American',
		(int) 4 => 'Indian',
		(int) 5 => 'American',
		(int) 6 => 'American',
		(int) 7 => 'Indian',
		(int) 8 => 'Z6).30',
		(int) 9 => 'Hormasji',
		(int) 10 => 'Hindu'
	),
	'PRODUCT' => array(
		(int) 0 => '993 (F',
		(int) 1 => 'Calcutta',
		(int) 2 => '7 Cal 594',
		(int) 3 => 'Z14',
		(int) 4 => 'LJ Ch 132'
	),
	'FAC' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'Monselur Jourdain'
	),
	'LOC' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'Madras',
		(int) 1 => 'Madras'
	),
	'WORK_OF_ART' => array(
		(int) 0 => '1929 Mad 825)(N',
		(int) 1 => 'Executors, Administrators',
		(int) 2 => 'Policy of Assurance',
		(int) 3 => '2 All ER',
		(int) 4 => 'Z11',
		(int) 5 => 'Collector of Etawah',
		(int) 6 => 'Subordinate'
	),
	'TIME' => array(
		(int) 0 => '8-11-1848'
	)
)
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '783005',
		'acts' => '<a href="/act/51461/insurance-act-1938-4-of-1938-complete-act">Insurance Act, 1938</a> - Sections 38 and 39; Married Women's Property Act, 1874 - Sections 6',
		'appealno' => 'Appeal No. 186 of 1952',
		'appellant' => 'D. Mohanavelu Mudaliar and anr.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'D. Mohanavelu Mudaliar and anr. Vs. Indian Insurance and Banking Corporation Ltd., Salem and anr.',
		'casenote' => ' Indian Insurance Act (IV of 1938), Sections 38 and 39--Assignmetn of life
policy and nomination--Difference--Scope and import of dispositions
of life-policies--Distinction between nominations under
Insurance Act and Married Women's Property Act ; Dispositions of life-insurance policies can be classed under three
heads: (i) assignment; (ii) nomination; and (iii) statutory creation
of a trust by reason of the provisions of the Married Women's Property
Act (III of 1874).; The legal scope in regard to nomination and the assignments
covered by Section 38 and 39 of the Indian Insurance Act (IV
of 1938) are the same under the English, American and Indian Law.; An assignment of a life-policy passes to the assignee the right to
the insurance money, even though the assignor's interest in life has
ceased before the date of the assignment. The life policy forms part
of the estate of the assured and may be dealt with at his absolute
discretion sold, charged, settled and, etc. Once an assignment is
made it cannot be cancelled at the option of the assignor. It creates
a vested right in the assignee who no doubt takes it subject to the
equities in the case of the assignor, because the assignee cannot have
a better title than the assignor. On the other hand, a nomination,
unless there is a special clause inserted to make it irrevocable, does
not deprive the policy holder of his rights, privileges, options and
benefits under the policy including the right to alter the beneficiary.
There is no statutory trust created by Section 39 of the Insurance
Act in favour of the nominee.; Where a noination is purported to be made in favour of the
wife, etc., under Section 39 of the Insurance Act, Section 6 of the
Married Women's Rights to Property Act has no application and no
trust in favour of the wife, etc., is created. In other cases Section 6
of the Married Women's Right to Propety Act is attracted provided
the policy on the face of it is expressed to be for the benefit of the
wife, etc. Even the proposal is a 'policy' and can be taken into
account in premising whether a trust in favour of the wife is created.
No set form of words is necessary provided the intention of the assured
can be inferred.; Case-law discussed. -  - ',
		'caseanalysis' => '',
		'casesref' => 'Lakshmikutty Kettilamma v. Vishnu Nambissen;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => 'C.S. Swaminathan, Adv.',
		'counseldef' => 'R.K. Nambiar, ;C.F. Louis and ;K. Kalyanasundaram, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Chennai',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1956-07-16',
		'deposition' => 'Appeal dismissed',
		'favorof' => '',
		'findings' => '',
		'judge' => 'Govinda Menon and ;Ramaswami, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '1. I have had the advantage of reading the Judgment which my learned brother is about to deliver and in view of the Importance of the question of law raised I wish to add a few words of my own.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. What are the scope and import of the dispositions of life insurance policies; (a) by assignment and (b) by nomination seem to be the chief points for consideration.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. That a policy of life Insurance is a security for money payable at a date uncertain, but calculable is well established for the sum insured is certain, the premium or consideration for its payment is also cetain and the time when the money is payable is also certain where the date is fixed but uncertain on death. As per Porter's Laws of Insurance (8th edn. p. 305) a life insurance policy is "Nihil Certius morte, nihil incertius hora mortis,"</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Such being the case a life insurance policy has to be construed as a contract to pay a certain eum in a certain event depending on the duration of human life. Such a policy always forms part of the estate of the assured and may be dealt with at his absolute discretion such as sale, charge, settlement or bequest or made the subject at 'donatio mortis causa.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Dispositions of life insurance policies can be classed under three heads: (1) assignment, (2) nomination and (3) statutory creation of a trust by reason of the provisions of the Married Women's Property Act, 1882. So far as the English law is concerned legal title to the policy can be obtained by assignment as laid down in the Policies of Life Assurance Act, 1867 or Section 136 of the Law of Property Act, 1925 which replaced Section 25 Sub-section (6) of the Judicature Act of 1873. In India such an assignment is payable by virtue of Section 38 of the Indian Insurance Act IV of 1938. Except adverting to the fact that in America also the law is practically the same no further discussion of the effect of an assignment is necessary in this connection,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Under the general law, an assignment is understood as a transfer by an individual of his right or interest in the property to another resting upon a contract between them. That being the case if a policy is assigned it operates so as to completely divest the assignor of any right under it, for the essence of assignment is complete divesting. The assignee is, therefore, clothed with all the rights and liabilities which the insured occupied before the transfer; that is, there is a substitution for the assured so far as the benefits are concerned by the assignee.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ordinarily love and affection are considered sufficient consideration for the assignment of a policy. Therefore when the formalities which I have to be observed in the case of a transfer or assignment coming under Section 38 of the <a href="/act/51461/insurance-act-1938-4-of-1938-complete-act">Insurance Act, 1938</a> are complied with the insurer shall from the date of the receipt of the notice referred to in sub-sec. (2) of Section 38 recognise the transferee or the assignee named in the notice as the only person entitled to the benefit named under the policy and such a person shall be subject to all the liabilities and equities to which the transferor or assignor was subject at the time of the transfer or assignment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The assignee may institute any proceedings in relation to the policy without obtaining the consent of the assignor or making him a party to the proceedings. The only limitation so far as the assignee is concerned is that he cannot be in a better position than the person Who effected the assignment. .</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. So far as nomination is concerned we do not see any appreciable difference between the English and American law on the one hand, and what obtains in our country. According to the English law the payee or the nominee is nothing more than an agent to receive the money, which money remains as the property of the assured and at his disposal during his life time and on his death forms part of the estate. The result is that the payee or the nominee takes no beneficial interest in it.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In Cleaver v. Mutual Reserve Fund Life Assocn., 1892-1 QB 147 (A), Lord Esher, M. R. has laid down the law in the above form. The principle underlying that decision is that a nominee not being a party to the contract cannot sue on the policy but that the right to sue vested in her husband's legal representatives. This decision has been subsequently considered and commented upon in re A policy No. 6402 of the Scottish Equitable Ligt Assurance Society, 1902-1 Ch. 282 (B), In re-Burgess's policy, 1915-113 LT 443 (C), In re, Engel-bach's Estate; 1924-2 Ch 348 (D), In re Sinclair's Life policy, 1938-1 Ch 799 (E), In re, Foster; Hudson v. Poster, 1938-54 TLR 993 (F), In re, Gordon Watts v. Rationalist Press Assocn., Ltd., 1940 Ch 769 (G); In re, Webb; Barclays Bank Ltd. v. Webb, 1941 Ch 225 (H) and In re, Schebsman, 1943 Ch 366 CD. The principle deducible from a consideration of the above cases is that if from the form of words used it could not be inferred that a statutory trust has been created under Section 10 of the Married Women's Property Act, 1870 and Section 11 of the Married Women's Property Act, 1882 or the. Married Women's Policies of Assurance Scotland Act of 1880, the assured amount would be payable to the personal representatives of the assured. In short very much will depend upon the words used in the policy whether the language has to be construed as creating a trust or not within the meaning of the Married Women's Property Act. In Macgillivray's Insurance Law (3rd edition pages 674-675) we find the following:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"There Is a distinction between the creation of a trust and a simple contract between two persons for the benefit of a third. This distinction was emphatically insisted on by the Judges in the Court of Appeal in the case of 1943-Ch 366 (I) which will be considered in greater detail further on. Lord Greene, M. R. said 'An Examination of the decided cases does, it is true, show that the Courts have on occasions adopted what may be called a liberal view on questions of this character but in the present case I cannot find in the contract anything to Justify the conclusion that a trust was intended.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is not legitimate to import into the contract the idea of a trust when the parties have given no indication that such was their intention. To interpret this contract as creating a trust would, in my judgment, be to disregard the dividing line between the case of a trust and the simple case of a contract made between two persons for the benefit of a third. That dividing line exists although it may not always be easy to determine where it is to be drawn.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Du Parcq L. J. said: 'It is true that by the use possibly of unguarded language a person may create a trust, as Monselur Jourdain talked prose, without knowing it, but unless an intention to create a trust is clearly to be collected from the language used and the circumstances of the case, I think that the Court ought not be astute to discover any indication of such art intention'."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. In another decision, Modern Woodmen of America v. Headh, 90 Atl 892 (J) the Court said as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"While the interest of the beneficiary designat ed in the original certificate is during the lifetime of the insured member, a contingent interest a mere espectancy liable at any time to be defeated by the designation of a new beneficiary, it does not follow that such beneficiary has no interest in the certificate. He has an expectancy in the nature of an inchoate interest, which, it is held in some jurisdiction, gives him the right to insist that change of beneficiary be made, if attempted in substantial conformity with the stipulations of the contract."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. The Indian law is practically on the same line as in England. The decision in 1392-1 QB 147 (A) was followed by Rankin C. J. and C. C. GhoSe J. in Krishna Lal v. Promila Bala Dasi. 32 Gal WN 634: (AIR 1928 Cal 518) (K) and the learned Judges considered that the Married Women's Property Act III of 1874 did not apply to the particular case in question and, therefore, Section 6 of the Act was in-applicable. Holding that mere nomination of a wife as the payee under a policy of life insurance did not of itself create a trust in her favour the plaintiff was non-suited.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. The same view has been taken by the Bombay High Court in shankar Vishvanath v. Umabai Sadashiv, ILR 37 Bom 471 (L). The Madras High Court has adopted a similar line as is seen from the judgment of my learned brother. As pointed out by Baiwell in his Law of Insurance, (1940 Edn. p. 439) the earlier decisions have now become academic because of the provisions of Section 39 of the Insurance Act of 1938,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. If by nomination, a trust is created then the nominee becomes the beneficiary but the difficulty is to find out from the exact words used what the intention was, because the terms nomination and nominee are not strictly speaking terms of art. "Nominated" means only to name and it is in every instance a question of mixed law and fact as to what the intention is. Thus by the expressions used it has to be found out whether the nomination merely creates a payee or a beneficiary for whose protection a trust is thereby created.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. Barewell in his Law of Insurance in India (1940) at page 440 observes,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"It is part of the history of life insurance that husbands insuring their own lives often do go with the sincere intention that the policy moneys should be enjoyed by their wives but are seen to have failed in many instances to express that idea in unambiguous language on the face of the instrument or even in the proposal form.'' Thus, difficulty arises not on account of the law on the subject which is clear, but only on account of the construction to be placed on the language of the declaration made in the face of the document by the assured. Declarations which at first sight might appear to be a nomination of no more than a payee or agent to receive may on a proper construction be found intended to create a trust, thee case-law in Madras has turned upon the Interpretation to be placed on the words "A policy of insurance effected by any married, man on his own life and expressed on the face of it to be for the benefit of - shall enure and be deemed to be a trust for the benefit of...."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Reference has been made in this connection to Pokkunuri Balamba v. Krishnayya, ILR 37 Mad 483 : (AIB 1914 Mad 595) (FB) (M), Rama Rao v. Kristnamma, ILR 52 Mad 936 : (AIR 1929 Mad 825)(N), Abhiramavalli Animal v. Official Trustee, Madras, 62 Mad LJ 111 : (AIR 1932 Mad 220) (O), Lalithambal Ammal v. Guardian of India Insurance Co., 1937 Com Cas 157 : (AIR 1937 Mad 645)(P), Krishnan Chettiar v. Velayee Ammal 1938 Com Cas (Ins) 101: (AIR 1938 Mad 604) (PB) (Q) and Venkatasubramania Sarma v. United Planters' Association, 1938 Com Cas (Ins) 17 : (AIR 1938 Mad 234) (R) and Kannayalal v. Subbaraya Chetti, 1938 Com Cas (Ins) 62 ; (AIB 1938 Mad 413) (S). All these cases are concerned mainly with the construction of the words used.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The result of the above discussion seems to me to be this:- If the construction placed Upon the declaration is that a trust has been created under the provisions of the Married Women's Property Act, the beneficiary would take the assured amount free of all the liabilities of the insured and if it is construed as a mere nomination, the nominee would have no more right than to receive the amount, subject to all the liabilities as if the disposition was by means of a testamentary instrument.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. In the case now in question I agree with my learned brother that nomination can only be construed as a testament which would be subject to all the liabilities which the assured has to discharge. That being the case the decision of the lower court is correct and the appeal must be dismissed. RAMASWAMI, J.:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. This is an appeal directed against the decree and judgment of the learned subordinate Judge of Salem in O. Section 229 of 1949.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. The facts are:- The deceased Dhana-kodi Mudaliar had taken out two life insurance policies for Rs. 5000 each in the National Insurance Company Limited, Calcutta. This Dhanakoti Mudaliar had become indebted to the Indian Insurance and Banking Corporation Limited, Salem. The Bank instituted O. S. No. 131 of 1948 and obtained a decree on 8-11-1848. This Dhana-kiti Mudaliar died on 23-7-1949. The policies were attached 'before judgment on 11-9-1948. This Dhanakoti Mudaliar had nominated his wife Sidda lakshmi Ammal as the person entitled to receive the moneys due under the policies in the event of his death and Siddalakshmi Animal surviving him.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This siddalakshmi Ammal died on 26-7-1949. The daughters of this couple viz., the second defendant and a minor girl by name Saroja who had died after the filing of the suit, filed a claim petition that the moneys due under the policies had become the assets of Siddalakshmi Ammal on the death of Dhanakoti Mudaliar and they were not liable to satisfy the decree debt of Dhanakoti Mudaliar. This claim was allowed and the Indian insurance and Banking Corporation has filed a suit for, the setting aside of that claim order. The learned Subordinate Judge of Salem has negatived the contention of the claim petitioners and set aside the order in I. A. No. 779 of 1948. Hence this appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. The point for determination is the scope of a nomination under Section 39 of the Indian Insurance Act IV of 1938.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. In order to understand the scope Of the nomination by the policy-holder under Section 39, we must also construe the assignment under Section 38 of the Indian Insurance Act of 1938.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The legal scope in regard to nominations and the assignments covered by Sections 38 and 39 of the Indian Insuance Act are the same under the English, American and Indian Law.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In England the old common law rule was that things in action, such as a debt due under a contract, could not be assigned to another without the assent of the debtor. A novation of the debt by the consent of all three parties was necessary. Assignments were always valid, however, in equity and Courts of equity enabled the assignee even of a legal thing in actions to bring an action at law against the debtor in the assignor's name, toy restraining the assignor from objecting to his use of it on being given a proper indemnity against costs: Row v. Dawson, (1749) 1 White & Tud LC 93 (T); Ashley v, Ashley, (1839) 3 Sim 149 (U); Pearson v. Amicable Assurance, (1859) 27 Beav 229 (V).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This was altered by the Policies of Assurance Act, 1867, whereunder an assignment of a life policies were recognised at law. This Act provided that an assignee can sue in his own name If he had complied with the Act and had obtained on assignment either by endorsement on the policy or by separate instrument, in the words or to the effect set forth in the Schedule to the Act as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"I, A. B. of etc., In consideration of, etc., do hereby assign unto C. D. of, etc., his Executors, Administrators, and Assigns, the (within) Policy of Assurance granted etc. In Witness, etc."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Section 25(6) of the Judicature Act, 1873, made all debts and other things in action assignable. Section 136 of the Law of Property Act, 1925, now replaces this general provision and covers absolute ' assignments in writing of things in action. Thus policies of insurance which are legal things in action and the assured can grant a valid assignment of the right to recover under any policy of Insurance without the assent of the Insurers: See Jessal M. R. Ex. parte Ibbetson; Re. Moore (1878) 8 Ch. D. 519 (W); Brett L.J. in Castellan v. Preston, (1883) II QBD 380 at p. 388 (X).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">If it complies with the Acts, the assignment will be valid in law, and the assignee may sue the company alone. But if it does not, it will only be effective in equity, and the assignee may only sue the company in his own name if the assignor has been joined in the action, as plaintiff if he con- sents or otherwise as defendant: Performing Right Society v. London Theatre of Varieties Ltd., (1924) AC 1 (Y), c.f. William Brandt's Sons & Co. v. Dun. lop Rubber Co, Ltd., (1905) AC 454 (Z). In addition to assignment, a person taking out a life policy tin his own life and who is to be considered as the owner of the reversionary sum which will become payable, cannot only assign but also sell, mortgage or settle it or even give it away as a gift.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">He may leave it by will or. make it, without anything in writing, the subject of death-bed gift: Witt v. Amis, (1861) 1 B & S 109 (21). If the insurance is upon his own life, the right to the same will devolve on his personal representatives on his death who will be bound to treat it as money owing to him and forming part of his estate which is as much as money due to him under a promissory note: Petty v. Wilson, (1869) 4 Ch A 674 (Z2) per Selwyn L.J. Therefore, the assured's creditors would be entitled to take his life policy like other property in execution: Stokoe v. Cowan, (1861) 29 Beav 637 (Z3).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In addition to these ways of disposing of the ownership of the life policy by the insured, 'there are other dispositions of lire policies under English Law. (For a lucid exposition see Preston & Colinvaux (1950 Edn). The Law of Insurance (Sweet & Maxwell) Ch 80 p. 183 and follows; Houseman - The Law of Life Assurance - Fourth Edition (1954) (Butterworth's Ch. VI p. 74 and follows).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. Equitable interests in the policy may arise under a trust declared by the assured either expressly or by virtue of Section 11 of the Married Women's Property Act, 1882 or by virtue of an equitable assignment or from the relationship of debtor and creditor. In the last case the creditor may have an equitable charge on the policy of his debtor or the debtor may have an equity of redemption on the policy of his creditor. In such cases on the death of the assured who has taken out a life policy, the assets will devolve on the person in whose favour there has been a resultant trust and the assured's creditors may not be entitled to take his life policy like other property in execution.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. The reason is twofold viz., either on account of the fact that the assignment with notice to the company means novation and the coming into existence of a new contract with a third party or as a result of a trust created by statute as under Section 11 of the Married Women's Property Act, 1882, which as amended by the Law Reform (Married Women and Tortfeasors) Act, 1935, which reads as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"A married woman may effect a policy upon her own life or the life of her husband for her own benefit; and the same and all benefit thereof shall enure accordingly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"A policy of assurance effected by any man on his own life, and expressed to be for toe benefit of his wife, or of his children, or of his wife and children, or any of them, or by any woman on her own life, and expressed to be for the benefit of her husband, or of her children, or of her husband and children, or any of them, shall create a trust in favour of the objects therein named, and the moneys payable under any such policy shall not, so long as any object of the trust remains unperformed, form part of the estate of the insured, or be subject to his or her debts; Provided, that if it shall be proved that the policy was effected and the premiums paid with intent to defraud the creditors of the insured, they shall be entitled to receive, out of the moneys payable under the policy, a sum equal to the premiums so paid. The insured may by the policy, or by any memorandum under his or her hand, appoint a trustee or trustees of the moneys payable under the policy, and from time to time appoint a new trustee or new trustees thereof, and may make provision for the appointment of a new trustee or new trustees thereof, and for the investment of the moneys payable under any such policy. In default of any such appoint, ment of a trustee, such policy, immediately on its being effected, shall vest in the insured and his or her legal personal representatives, in trust for the purposes aforesaid. If, at the time of the death of the insured, or at any time afterwards, there shall be no trustee, or it shall be expedient to appoint a new trustee or new trustees a trustee or trustees or a new trustee or new trustees may be appointed by any court having jurisdiction under the provisions of the Trustee Act, 1850, or the Acts amending and extending the same. The receipt of a trustee or trustees duly appointed, or, Jn default of any such appointment, or in default of notice to the insurance office, the receipt of the legal personal representative of the insured shall be a discharge to the office for the sum secured by the policy, or for the value thereof, in whole or in part."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This section replaced Section. 10 of the Married Women's Property Act, 1870, the terms of which Were similar, though there are Important differences, which are not relevant for our purpose.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. The corresponding Scottish Act is the Married Women's Policies of Assurance (Scotland) Act, 1880, which extended to Scotland facilities available in England under the English Act of 1870. Section 2 of the Scottish Act opens as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"A policy of assurance effected by any married man on his own life, & expressed upon the face of it to be for the benefit of his wife, or of his children, or of his wife and children, shall, together with all benefit thereof, be deemed a trust for the benefit of his wife for her separate use, or for the benefit of his children, or for the benefit of his wife and children."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In addition to assignments and creation of trusts, in England also it is common in the case of insurances on the assured's own life, for the assured to nominate a beneficiary at the time of taking out a policy. Such a nomination does not, however, by itself, constitute the assured a trustee, nor, since the person nominated is a stranger to the contract, has he any remedy at law. The property in such a policy will therefore pass, not-withstanding the nomination, to the personal representatives of the assured on his death and the nominee has no rights whatsoever, unless:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(i) the nomination amounts to a declaration of trust, or the person taking out the policy is merely the agent of the nominee, or</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(ii) the nomination is made under Section 11 of the Married Women's Property Act, 1882, or</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(iii) it is made under Section 56 of the Friendly Societies Act, 1896.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. This rule as has been pointed out in Preston and Colinvaux Law of Insurance at page 338 sometimes works considerable injustice, as where a person took out an endowment policy expressly for the benefit of his godson, but died before the policy matured, and it was held that the policy formed part of his general estate and that the godson had no title to it: (1938) 1 Ch. 779 (E); see also Re: Clay's Policy, (1937) 3 All ER 548 (Z4). Since the policy-holder, in such a case, does not generally wish to create a trust binding upon Himself during his lifetime, it is important that he should provide by will that the policy should pass on his death to the nominee. He may, on the other hand, create a trust subject to his keeping up the policy: Pedder V. Moseley, (1862) 31 Beav 159 (Z5).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">26. The law Revision Committee (Sixth Interim Report 32) has proposed that Section 11 of , the Married Women's Property Act, 1882, should be extended to education policies, to which it does not at present apply. Such a reform would render a welcome amelioration of the rule that a nominee has no right in a life insurance policy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">27. These principles are embodied in the oft-repeated decisions of the Court of Appeal in 1892-1 QB 147 (A); (1902) 1 Ch 282 (B); 1915-85 LJ Ch 273 (C); 1924-2 Ch 348 (D); 1933-3 All ER 124: 1938-1 Ch 799 (E); 1933-3 All ER 357 (F); Hals-bury's Laws of England (Hailsham Edn) Vol. 18, P. 531, para 842; and Digest, Vol. 20, p. 422, NOB. 3288, 3289.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">28. The American law on the subject which is practically identical with the English law, will be found set one in May, Law of Insurance, 4th Edition (Little Brown & Co., Kbstan) (1900) Ch. XIX "Assignment of Policies" page 838 and follows 29 American Jurisprudence, Section 492 (page 401 and following) and Richards on the Law of Insurance, 5th Edition (1952), Volume I, Chapter 5 (page 406 and following).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">29. The Indian law as to assignment of life policies before Act IV of 1938 was contained in Sections 130 to 132 and 135 of the Transfer of Property Act. The transfer of an actionable claim could be effected only by an instrument in writing signed by the transferor or by his duly authorised agent and thereupon all rights and remedies of the transferor vest in the transferee whether Police of transfer had been given or not. Every dealing with the debt by the debtor was valid as against such transfer unless the debtor was a party to the transfer or had received notice to it: see Section 130.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Notice of transfer was prescribed by Section 131, Section 132 provided that the transferee of an actionable claim took it subject to equities available against the transferor. Then, in the case of life policies an assignee could not sue in his own name and if the assignor died, his personal representative would be a necessary party to a suit by the assignee: Rajnarain Bose v. Universal Life Assurance Co. ILR 7 Cal 594 (Z6).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">30. Now by Act IV of 1938, Section 38, an assignment of life policy can be made either by endorsement upon the policy or by a separate instrument signed by the assignor and attested by at least one witness. The transferee cannot sue until notice of assignment is given to the insurer in writing together with the endorsement certified to be correct fay the transferor and the transferee.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Upon receipt of the notice the insurer has to record the fact of such transfer etc., and the transferee takes subject to the equities to which the transferor was subject at the date of the transfer. Thus, the assignment of life policies is now governed by Section 38 of the Insurance Act and not by Section 130 of the Transfer of Property Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">31. Section 39 of the Insurance Act of 1038 confers upon the holder of the policy of life assurance Issued upon his own life the right to nominate a person or persons to whom the policy moneys may be paid in the event of his death. We are not concerned here with proviso to Sub-section (1) dealing with minor nominees. Sub-section (2) prescribes that nominations may be effected in two-ways viz., (a) by incorporation in the text of the policy as Issued by the insurer or (b) by endorsement by the policy-holder on the policy and notified to the Insurer and registered in his books.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">There is no time limit given for an endorsement on the policy constituting the nomination, to be got registered. If, therefore, a policy-holder endorses his policy to nominate a person, there is nothing in the section to bar its registration in the books of the company even after the death of the assured. A nomination may be cancelled or altered by an endorsement or by a will.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nomination therefore effected by incorporation in the text of the policy Or by endorsement may be cancelled or changed by a subsequent endorsement. A will has the effect of abrogating a nomination altogether, but in order to have that effect, the will should purport to beqeath the policy,' It would seem, however, that where a will be-qeathing the policy is followed by nomination, the nomination will have the effect of making the will ineffectual to that extent.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Besides as provided in Sub-section (2) a nomination will also be automatically cancelled by a subsequent transfer or assignment. On the nominee dying, the sum assured becomes, in accordance with the terms of the section, payable to the po-licy-holder or his heirs or legal representatives or the holder of a succession certificate as the case may be. Policies coming under the Married Women's Property Act are not affected by this section except as stated in the proviso.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">32. There are thus important differences between a nomination and an assignment which can be summed up as follows: An assignment of a life policy passes to the assignee the right to the insurance money, even though the assignor's interest in the life has ceased before the date of the assignment. The life policy forms part of the estate of the assured and may be dealt with at his absolute discretion, sold, charged, settled etc. Once an assignment is made it cannot be cancelled at the option of the assignor.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It creates a vested right in the assignee who no doubt takes it subject to the equities in the case of the assignor, because the assignee cannot have a better title than his assignor. On the other hand, a nomination unless there is a special clause inserted to make it irrevocable, does not deprive the policy holder of his rights, privileges, options and benefits under the policy including the right to alter the beneficiary.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The latter is entitled to receive policy moneys only. There is no statutory trust created by the Section (39) in favour of the nominee; nor is he conferred as the nominee under s. 5 of the Provident Funds Act, 1925, with the right to receive the moneys absolutely.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The nominee being only given the right to receive money after the death of the assured, he can neither surrender the policy nor have it converted to be paid up. It has already been pointed out how a nomination will get automatically cancelled by a subsequent transfer or assignment, whereas an assignment when followed by a nomination will not be cancelled thereby. Similarly, whereas a will has the effect of abrogating the nomination altogether, an aslsgnment cannot at the option of the assignor be cancelled by a will.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">On account of these fundamental differences between an assignment and a nomination where under vested rights accrue under the former, to the assignee, and only a mere right to receive moneys under the policy contingent on the nominee surviving the assured and the assured not changing his mind and altering his nomination accrues in the latter case the liability of the assured amount to satisfy the liabilities of the as- sured is different in either case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In the former case it is not open to a creditor to treat the life policy as being the property of his debtor viz., the assured. In the case of the latter the nominee receives the policy amount subject to the same liabilities as in the case of beneficiaries under a disposition by a will. (For discussion of the differences between assignment and nomination under Sections 38 and 39 see Dutt Commentaries on the Insurance Act, 3rd Edition, page 101 and foll; P. A. S. Mani Life Assurance in India (1950) page 229; K. B. Venkoba Rao - The Law of insurance in India (1950) page 332 and foll; N. D. Basu Principles of Insurance in India (1940) page 725 and foll; Bishan Nath - The Law of Insurance (1939) page 52 and foll.)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">33. Quite different would be the case if the nominations in favour of the wife and children are made as under Section 6 of Act III of 1874 which runs as follows;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"A policy of insurance effected by any married man on his own life, and expressed on the face of it to be for the benefit of his wife, or of his wife and children, or any of them, shall ensure and be deemed to be a trust for the benefit of his wife, or of his wife and children, or any of them, according to the interests so expressed, and shall not, so long as any object of the trust remains, be subject to the control of the husband or to his creditors, or form part of his estate".</p><p style="text-align: justify;">34. The law in regard to nominations under Section 39 of the Insurance Act and under Section 6 of Act in of 1874, can be thus summed up: (i) where the nomination is purported to be made in favour of the wife etc., under Section 39 of the Insurance Act, Section 6 of Act in of 1874 has no application and no trust in favour of the wife etc., is created, (ii) In other cases, Section 6 of Act III of 1874 is attracted provided the policy on the face of it is expressed to be for the benefit of the wife etc. Even the proposal is a 'policy and can be taken into account in premising whether a trust in favour of the wife is created: 1938 Com Cas (Ins) 101 : (AIR 1938 Mad 604) (FB) (Q). (iii) No set form of words is necessary provided the intention of the assured can be inferred.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The words 'payable to my wife' are enough and it is not necessary that it should be expressly stated that the policy is 'for the benefit of the wife' and to reproduce the phraseology of Section 6 of the Act III of 1874. This distinction is important because, as pointed out before, in the case of a nomination, the nominee takes it as under a testamentary disposition as property bequeathed by the testator subject to the liabilities which that legacy has to satisfy of the testator, whereas in the case of a nomination under the Married Women's Property Act which results in the creation of a trust in the language of ILR (1938) Mad 867 : (AIR 1938 Mad 413) (S).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The benefit which accrues to the nominee though subject to the other conditions in the policy, gets impressed as a trust from the very moment of its birth and cannot be looked upon therefore as available to creditors regardless of the trust imposed on it. - ILR 1938 Mad 867 : (AIR 1938 Mad 413) CS) was approved in Bharat Insurance Co., Ltd. v. Lakshmidevi, (1947) 17 Conip. Cas (Ins) l : (AIR 1948 Lah 21) (Z7-8); ILB 55 Mad 171 ; (AIR 1932 Mad, 220) (O) also is a decision taking the same view. '</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Madras view is in the line of English decisions of Section 11 of the English Married Women's Property Act, 1882 (as in Re: Pleetwood's Policy, (1926) 1 Ch 48 (Z9), (1941) 1 All ER 321 .(H); Re: Schebsman, (1543) 2 All ER 768 (Z10); though the Bombay High Court on Dinbai Hormasji v. Bamansha Janiasji, 58 Bom 513 : (AIR 1934 Bom 296) (Z11), (1937) 7 Com Cas 157 : (AIR 1937 Mad 645) (P), Shamdas v. Savitri, (1937) 7 Com Cas 267 : (AIR 1937 Sind 181) (Z13) takes the view that no trust is created in favour of the wife until the death of the assured and the assured in his lifetime can freely assign the benefit of the policy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">35. These principles are clearly brought out in two decisions of the. Calcutta High court to which our attention has been invited by the learned advocate Mr. Nambiar. The first decision is AIR 1928 cal 518 (K). In that case a Hindu assured directed an insurance company to pay money due under his policy effected in 1910 to his wife as the nominee of the assured. But the nomination could not be construed as one made under Section 6 of Act III of 1874.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Therefore, the Calcutta High Court held that the wife was not entitled to the money as the Women's Property Act did not apply and there was no trust in her favour by virtue of Section 6 and that a person who is nominated by an assured fn his policy of life assurance for receiving money due under it upon his death is not entitled to enforce his claim against the company as he, though a nominee, is no party to the contract and no interest passes to him merely by reason of his being earned in the policy and the money forms part of the assets of the deceased and is liable for his debts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The second case which is the latest decision of the Calcutta High Court, is Ramballav v. Gangadhar, wherein it was</p><p style="text-align: justify;">held:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"Where the nomination in the endowment insurance policy of the deceased judgment-debtor stated: 'I nominate my wife and my son-in-law, the survivor or survivors, as the persons to receive the moneys under the above policy in the event of my prior death', the nominee under these terms does not become the owner of the money payable to him under the policy. Such nomination only Indicates the person who should receive the money should the owner die.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">All that Sub-section (6) of Section 39, Insurance Act does is to confer on the nominee the right to receive the insurance money as between such nominee and the insurance Company, but it does not provide for the title or ownership of that money in general.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The terms of nomination do not show that the policy was expressed on the face of it to be for the benefit of the wife within the 'meaning of Section 6 Married Women's Property Act. The terms of nomination make the nomination simpliciter -which comes under Sub-s. (6) of 8. 39, Insurance Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The proviso to Section 39, Insurance Act makes it quite clear that the policy-holder can elect to come either under nomination under Sub-section (6) of Section 39 or under trust under Sub-section (7) of that section but if he does elect to nominate, then such nomination takes it out of the trust under Section 6, Married Women's Property Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In this view, attachment of the moneys payable under the Insurance policy by the decree-holder of the deceased judgment-debtor is not illegal". (See also Matin v. Mahomed Matin, AIR 1922 Lah 145 (Z14): Gresham Life Insurance Society Ltd. v. Collector of Etawah, AIR 1933 All 1: ILR 54 All 1026 (Z15); British Equitable Assurance Co v. Great Western Ry., (1868) 38 LJ Ch 132 (Z16); Mangles V. DixOn, (1852) 3 HLC 702 (217); Lakshmikutty Kettilamma v. Vishnu Nambissen, AIR 1939 Mad 411 (Z18); AIR 1937 Sind 181 (Zl2)."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">36. In the result, the findings of the learned Subordinate Judge are unassailable and we there-fore confirm them and dismiss this appeal without costs.',
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			(int) 30 => 'Siddalakshmi Ammal',
			(int) 31 => 'Dawson',
			(int) 32 => 'Ashley',
			(int) 33 => 'Ashley',
			(int) 34 => 'Schedule',
			(int) 35 => 'A. B.',
			(int) 36 => 'C. D. of',
			(int) 37 => 'Assigns',
			(int) 38 => 'Jessal M. R. Ex',
			(int) 39 => 'Ibbetson',
			(int) 40 => 'Moore',
			(int) 41 => 'Castellan',
			(int) 42 => 'c.f.',
			(int) 43 => 'William Brandt's',
			(int) 44 => 'Amis',
			(int) 45 => 'Petty v. Wilson',
			(int) 46 => 'Cowan',
			(int) 47 => 'Colinvaux Law of Insurance',
			(int) 48 => 'Pedder V. Moseley',
			(int) 49 => 'Richards',
			(int) 50 => 'Rajnarain Bose v. Universal Life Assurance Co.',
			(int) 51 => 'Insurer',
			(int) 52 => 'P. A. S. Mani Life Assurance',
			(int) 53 => 'K. B. Venkoba Rao - The Law',
			(int) 54 => 'N. D. Basu',
			(int) 55 => 'Lakshmidevi',
			(int) 56 => 'Schebsman',
			(int) 57 => 'Z10',
			(int) 58 => 'Bamansha Janiasji',
			(int) 59 => 'Shamdas v. Savitri',
			(int) 60 => 'Nambiar',
			(int) 61 => 'Ramballav v. Gangadhar',
			(int) 62 => 'Matin',
			(int) 63 => 'Mahomed Matin',
			(int) 64 => 'Mangles V. DixOn',
			(int) 65 => 'Lakshmikutty Kettilamma v.',
			(int) 66 => 'Vishnu Nambissen'
		),
		'ORG' => array(
			(int) 0 => 'the Married Women's Property Act',
			(int) 1 => 'the Policies of Life Assurance Act',
			(int) 2 => 'Cleaver v. Mutual Reserve Fund Life Assocn',
			(int) 3 => 'the Scottish Equitable Ligt Assurance Society',
			(int) 4 => 'Estate',
			(int) 5 => 'Sinclair's Life',
			(int) 6 => 'Webb',
			(int) 7 => 'Barclays Bank Ltd.',
			(int) 8 => 'the Married Women's Property Act',
			(int) 9 => 'the Married Women's Property Act',
			(int) 10 => 'Married Women's Policies of Assurance Scotland Act',
			(int) 11 => 'the Married Women's Property Act',
			(int) 12 => 'Macgillivray',
			(int) 13 => 'the Court of Appeal',
			(int) 14 => 'Court',
			(int) 15 => 'Modern Woodmen of',
			(int) 16 => 'Court',
			(int) 17 => 'AIR 1928 Cal 518',
			(int) 18 => 'the Married Women's Property Act III',
			(int) 19 => 'the Bombay High Court',
			(int) 20 => 'Vishvanath',
			(int) 21 => 'ILR',
			(int) 22 => 'Baiwell',
			(int) 23 => 'Barewell',
			(int) 24 => 'Pokkunuri Balamba',
			(int) 25 => 'Krishnayya',
			(int) 26 => 'ILR',
			(int) 27 => 'ILR',
			(int) 28 => 'India Insurance Co.',
			(int) 29 => 'PB',
			(int) 30 => 'United Planters' Association',
			(int) 31 => 'the Married Women's Property Act',
			(int) 32 => 'Dhana-kodi Mudaliar',
			(int) 33 => 'the National Insurance Company Limited',
			(int) 34 => 'This Dhanakoti Mudaliar',
			(int) 35 => 'the Indian Insurance and Banking Corporation Limited',
			(int) 36 => 'Bank',
			(int) 37 => 'This Dhanakoti Mudaliar',
			(int) 38 => 'Saroja',
			(int) 39 => 'Dhanakoti Mudaliar',
			(int) 40 => 'Dhanakoti Mudaliar',
			(int) 41 => 'Banking Corporation',
			(int) 42 => 'White & Tud',
			(int) 43 => 'Pearson v. Amicable Assurance',
			(int) 44 => 'Beav 229',
			(int) 45 => 'Witness',
			(int) 46 => 'Brett L.J.',
			(int) 47 => 'London Theatre of Varieties Ltd.',
			(int) 48 => 'AC 1',
			(int) 49 => 'Sons & Co.',
			(int) 50 => 'Dun',
			(int) 51 => 'lop Rubber Co, Ltd.',
			(int) 52 => 'AC 454',
			(int) 53 => 'Selwyn L.J.',
			(int) 54 => 'Stokoe',
			(int) 55 => 'Preston & Colinvaux',
			(int) 56 => 'The Law of Insurance (Sweet & Maxwell',
			(int) 57 => 'Houseman - The Law of Life Assurance - Fourth Edition',
			(int) 58 => 'the Married Women's Property Act',
			(int) 59 => 'the Married Women's Property Act',
			(int) 60 => 'the Married Women's Property Act',
			(int) 61 => 'the Married Women's Policies of Assurance (Scotland) Act',
			(int) 62 => 'the Married Women's Property Act',
			(int) 63 => 'Clay',
			(int) 64 => 'Revision Committee',
			(int) 65 => 'the Married Women's Property Act',
			(int) 66 => 'the Court of Appeal',
			(int) 67 => 'LJ',
			(int) 68 => 'Laws of England',
			(int) 69 => 'Digest',
			(int) 70 => 'NOB',
			(int) 71 => '4th Edition',
			(int) 72 => 'Little Brown & Co.',
			(int) 73 => 'Kbstan',
			(int) 74 => 'the Law of Insurance',
			(int) 75 => '5th Edition',
			(int) 76 => 'ILR',
			(int) 77 => 'the Married Women's Property Act',
			(int) 78 => 'Dutt Commentaries',
			(int) 79 => '3rd Edition',
			(int) 80 => 'foll',
			(int) 81 => 'Bishan Nath - The Law of Insurance',
			(int) 82 => 'the Married Women's Property Act',
			(int) 83 => 'ILR',
			(int) 84 => 'Bharat Insurance Co., Ltd.',
			(int) 85 => 'Conip',
			(int) 86 => 'AIR 1932 Mad',
			(int) 87 => 'the Bombay High Court',
			(int) 88 => 'AIR 1928 cal 518 (K',
			(int) 89 => 'the Calcutta High Court',
			(int) 90 => 'the Women's Property Act',
			(int) 91 => 'the Calcutta High Court',
			(int) 92 => 'Section 6 Married Women's Property Act',
			(int) 93 => 'Married Women's Property Act',
			(int) 94 => 'AIR 1922',
			(int) 95 => 'Gresham Life Insurance Society Ltd.',
			(int) 96 => 'ILR',
			(int) 97 => 'British Equitable Assurance Co v.',
			(int) 98 => 'HLC',
			(int) 99 => 'Z18',
			(int) 100 => 'AIR 1937 Sind 181'
		),
		'DATE' => array(
			(int) 0 => '1882',
			(int) 1 => '1867',
			(int) 2 => '1925',
			(int) 3 => '1873',
			(int) 4 => '1938',
			(int) 5 => '1892-1',
			(int) 6 => '6402',
			(int) 7 => '1902-1',
			(int) 8 => '1915-113',
			(int) 9 => '1938',
			(int) 10 => '1938-54',
			(int) 11 => '1941',
			(int) 12 => '1943',
			(int) 13 => '1870',
			(int) 14 => '1882',
			(int) 15 => '1880',
			(int) 16 => '1943-Ch 366',
			(int) 17 => '1392-1',
			(int) 18 => '1874',
			(int) 19 => '1940',
			(int) 20 => '1937',
			(int) 21 => '1938',
			(int) 22 => '1938',
			(int) 23 => '1938',
			(int) 24 => '1938',
			(int) 25 => '1948',
			(int) 26 => '11-9-1948',
			(int) 27 => '1948',
			(int) 28 => '1749',
			(int) 29 => '93',
			(int) 30 => '1839',
			(int) 31 => '1859',
			(int) 32 => '1867',
			(int) 33 => '1873',
			(int) 34 => '1925',
			(int) 35 => '1878',
			(int) 36 => '1883',
			(int) 37 => '1924',
			(int) 38 => '1905',
			(int) 39 => '1861',
			(int) 40 => '1869',
			(int) 41 => '1861',
			(int) 42 => '1950',
			(int) 43 => '1954',
			(int) 44 => '1882',
			(int) 45 => '1882',
			(int) 46 => '1935',
			(int) 47 => '1850',
			(int) 48 => '1870',
			(int) 49 => '1880',
			(int) 50 => '1870',
			(int) 51 => '1882',
			(int) 52 => '1938',
			(int) 53 => '1937',
			(int) 54 => '1862',
			(int) 55 => '32',
			(int) 56 => '1882',
			(int) 57 => '1892-1',
			(int) 58 => '1902',
			(int) 59 => '1915-85',
			(int) 60 => '1933-3',
			(int) 61 => '1933-3',
			(int) 62 => '3288',
			(int) 63 => 'May',
			(int) 64 => '1900',
			(int) 65 => '1952',
			(int) 66 => '1038',
			(int) 67 => '1925',
			(int) 68 => '1950',
			(int) 69 => '1950',
			(int) 70 => '1940',
			(int) 71 => '1874',
			(int) 72 => '1874',
			(int) 73 => '1874',
			(int) 74 => '1874',
			(int) 75 => '1938',
			(int) 76 => '1874',
			(int) 77 => '1938',
			(int) 78 => '1938',
			(int) 79 => '1938',
			(int) 80 => '1938',
			(int) 81 => '1947',
			(int) 82 => '1882',
			(int) 83 => '1926',
			(int) 84 => '1941',
			(int) 85 => '1543',
			(int) 86 => '1937',
			(int) 87 => '1937',
			(int) 88 => '1910',
			(int) 89 => '1026',
			(int) 90 => '1868',
			(int) 91 => '1852'
		),
		'LANGUAGE' => array(
			(int) 0 => 'English',
			(int) 1 => 'English',
			(int) 2 => 'English',
			(int) 3 => 'English',
			(int) 4 => 'English',
			(int) 5 => 'English',
			(int) 6 => 'English'
		),
		'GPE' => array(
			(int) 0 => 'India',
			(int) 1 => 'America',
			(int) 2 => 'Justify',
			(int) 3 => 'America',
			(int) 4 => 'Headh',
			(int) 5 => 'England',
			(int) 6 => 'created.12',
			(int) 7 => 'India',
			(int) 8 => 'Krishnan',
			(int) 9 => 'Subbaraya Chetti',
			(int) 10 => 'Salem',
			(int) 11 => 'Salem',
			(int) 12 => 'Dhana',
			(int) 13 => 'Subordinate',
			(int) 14 => 'Salem',
			(int) 15 => 'England',
			(int) 16 => 'Butterworth',
			(int) 17 => 'Scotland',
			(int) 18 => 'England',
			(int) 19 => 'England',
			(int) 20 => 'Preston',
			(int) 21 => 'Hals',
			(int) 22 => 'India',
			(int) 23 => 'India',
			(int) 24 => 'India',
			(int) 25 => 'Dinbai',
			(int) 26 => 'Indicates'
		),
		'NORP' => array(
			(int) 0 => 'American',
			(int) 1 => 'Indian',
			(int) 2 => 'Indian',
			(int) 3 => 'American',
			(int) 4 => 'Indian',
			(int) 5 => 'American',
			(int) 6 => 'American',
			(int) 7 => 'Indian',
			(int) 8 => 'Z6).30',
			(int) 9 => 'Hormasji',
			(int) 10 => 'Hindu'
		),
		'PRODUCT' => array(
			(int) 0 => '993 (F',
			(int) 1 => 'Calcutta',
			(int) 2 => '7 Cal 594',
			(int) 3 => 'Z14',
			(int) 4 => 'LJ Ch 132'
		),
		'FAC' => array(
			(int) 0 => 'Monselur Jourdain'
		),
		'LOC' => array(
			(int) 0 => 'Madras',
			(int) 1 => 'Madras'
		),
		'WORK_OF_ART' => array(
			(int) 0 => '1929 Mad 825)(N',
			(int) 1 => 'Executors, Administrators',
			(int) 2 => 'Policy of Assurance',
			(int) 3 => '2 All ER',
			(int) 4 => 'Z11',
			(int) 5 => 'Collector of Etawah',
			(int) 6 => 'Subordinate'
		),
		'TIME' => array(
			(int) 0 => '8-11-1848'
		)
	),
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '783005',
			'acts' => '<a href="/act/51461/insurance-act-1938-4-of-1938-complete-act">Insurance Act, 1938</a> - Sections 38 and 39; Married Women's Property Act, 1874 - Sections 6',
			'appealno' => 'Appeal No. 186 of 1952',
			'appellant' => 'D. Mohanavelu Mudaliar and anr.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'D. Mohanavelu Mudaliar and anr. Vs. Indian Insurance and Banking Corporation Ltd., Salem and anr.',
			'casenote' => ' Indian Insurance Act (IV of 1938), Sections 38 and 39--Assignmetn of life
policy and nomination--Difference--Scope and import of dispositions
of life-policies--Distinction between nominations under
Insurance Act and Married Women's Property Act ; Dispositions of life-insurance policies can be classed under three
heads: (i) assignment; (ii) nomination; and (iii) statutory creation
of a trust by reason of the provisions of the Married Women's Property
Act (III of 1874).; The legal scope in regard to nomination and the assignments
covered by Section 38 and 39 of the Indian Insurance Act (IV
of 1938) are the same under the English, American and Indian Law.; An assignment of a life-policy passes to the assignee the right to
the insurance money, even though the assignor's interest in life has
ceased before the date of the assignment. The life policy forms part
of the estate of the assured and may be dealt with at his absolute
discretion sold, charged, settled and, etc. Once an assignment is
made it cannot be cancelled at the option of the assignor. It creates
a vested right in the assignee who no doubt takes it subject to the
equities in the case of the assignor, because the assignee cannot have
a better title than the assignor. On the other hand, a nomination,
unless there is a special clause inserted to make it irrevocable, does
not deprive the policy holder of his rights, privileges, options and
benefits under the policy including the right to alter the beneficiary.
There is no statutory trust created by Section 39 of the Insurance
Act in favour of the nominee.; Where a noination is purported to be made in favour of the
wife, etc., under Section 39 of the Insurance Act, Section 6 of the
Married Women's Rights to Property Act has no application and no
trust in favour of the wife, etc., is created. In other cases Section 6
of the Married Women's Right to Propety Act is attracted provided
the policy on the face of it is expressed to be for the benefit of the
wife, etc. Even the proposal is a 'policy' and can be taken into
account in premising whether a trust in favour of the wife is created.
No set form of words is necessary provided the intention of the assured
can be inferred.; Case-law discussed. -  - ',
			'caseanalysis' => '',
			'casesref' => 'Lakshmikutty Kettilamma v. Vishnu Nambissen;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => 'C.S. Swaminathan, Adv.',
			'counseldef' => 'R.K. Nambiar, ;C.F. Louis and ;K. Kalyanasundaram, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Chennai',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1956-07-16',
			'deposition' => 'Appeal dismissed',
			'favorof' => '',
			'findings' => '',
			'judge' => 'Govinda Menon and ;Ramaswami, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '1. I have had the advantage of reading the Judgment which my learned brother is about to deliver and in view of the Importance of the question of law raised I wish to add a few words of my own.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. What are the scope and import of the dispositions of life insurance policies; (a) by assignment and (b) by nomination seem to be the chief points for consideration.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. That a policy of life Insurance is a security for money payable at a date uncertain, but calculable is well established for the sum insured is certain, the premium or consideration for its payment is also cetain and the time when the money is payable is also certain where the date is fixed but uncertain on death. As per Porter's Laws of Insurance (8th edn. p. 305) a life insurance policy is "Nihil Certius morte, nihil incertius hora mortis,"</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Such being the case a life insurance policy has to be construed as a contract to pay a certain eum in a certain event depending on the duration of human life. Such a policy always forms part of the estate of the assured and may be dealt with at his absolute discretion such as sale, charge, settlement or bequest or made the subject at 'donatio mortis causa.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Dispositions of life insurance policies can be classed under three heads: (1) assignment, (2) nomination and (3) statutory creation of a trust by reason of the provisions of the Married Women's Property Act, 1882. So far as the English law is concerned legal title to the policy can be obtained by assignment as laid down in the Policies of Life Assurance Act, 1867 or Section 136 of the Law of Property Act, 1925 which replaced Section 25 Sub-section (6) of the Judicature Act of 1873. In India such an assignment is payable by virtue of Section 38 of the Indian Insurance Act IV of 1938. Except adverting to the fact that in America also the law is practically the same no further discussion of the effect of an assignment is necessary in this connection,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Under the general law, an assignment is understood as a transfer by an individual of his right or interest in the property to another resting upon a contract between them. That being the case if a policy is assigned it operates so as to completely divest the assignor of any right under it, for the essence of assignment is complete divesting. The assignee is, therefore, clothed with all the rights and liabilities which the insured occupied before the transfer; that is, there is a substitution for the assured so far as the benefits are concerned by the assignee.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ordinarily love and affection are considered sufficient consideration for the assignment of a policy. Therefore when the formalities which I have to be observed in the case of a transfer or assignment coming under Section 38 of the <a href="/act/51461/insurance-act-1938-4-of-1938-complete-act">Insurance Act, 1938</a> are complied with the insurer shall from the date of the receipt of the notice referred to in sub-sec. (2) of Section 38 recognise the transferee or the assignee named in the notice as the only person entitled to the benefit named under the policy and such a person shall be subject to all the liabilities and equities to which the transferor or assignor was subject at the time of the transfer or assignment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The assignee may institute any proceedings in relation to the policy without obtaining the consent of the assignor or making him a party to the proceedings. The only limitation so far as the assignee is concerned is that he cannot be in a better position than the person Who effected the assignment. .</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. So far as nomination is concerned we do not see any appreciable difference between the English and American law on the one hand, and what obtains in our country. According to the English law the payee or the nominee is nothing more than an agent to receive the money, which money remains as the property of the assured and at his disposal during his life time and on his death forms part of the estate. The result is that the payee or the nominee takes no beneficial interest in it.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In Cleaver v. Mutual Reserve Fund Life Assocn., 1892-1 QB 147 (A), Lord Esher, M. R. has laid down the law in the above form. The principle underlying that decision is that a nominee not being a party to the contract cannot sue on the policy but that the right to sue vested in her husband's legal representatives. This decision has been subsequently considered and commented upon in re A policy No. 6402 of the Scottish Equitable Ligt Assurance Society, 1902-1 Ch. 282 (B), In re-Burgess's policy, 1915-113 LT 443 (C), In re, Engel-bach's Estate; 1924-2 Ch 348 (D), In re Sinclair's Life policy, 1938-1 Ch 799 (E), In re, Foster; Hudson v. Poster, 1938-54 TLR 993 (F), In re, Gordon Watts v. Rationalist Press Assocn., Ltd., 1940 Ch 769 (G); In re, Webb; Barclays Bank Ltd. v. Webb, 1941 Ch 225 (H) and In re, Schebsman, 1943 Ch 366 CD. The principle deducible from a consideration of the above cases is that if from the form of words used it could not be inferred that a statutory trust has been created under Section 10 of the Married Women's Property Act, 1870 and Section 11 of the Married Women's Property Act, 1882 or the. Married Women's Policies of Assurance Scotland Act of 1880, the assured amount would be payable to the personal representatives of the assured. In short very much will depend upon the words used in the policy whether the language has to be construed as creating a trust or not within the meaning of the Married Women's Property Act. In Macgillivray's Insurance Law (3rd edition pages 674-675) we find the following:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"There Is a distinction between the creation of a trust and a simple contract between two persons for the benefit of a third. This distinction was emphatically insisted on by the Judges in the Court of Appeal in the case of 1943-Ch 366 (I) which will be considered in greater detail further on. Lord Greene, M. R. said 'An Examination of the decided cases does, it is true, show that the Courts have on occasions adopted what may be called a liberal view on questions of this character but in the present case I cannot find in the contract anything to Justify the conclusion that a trust was intended.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is not legitimate to import into the contract the idea of a trust when the parties have given no indication that such was their intention. To interpret this contract as creating a trust would, in my judgment, be to disregard the dividing line between the case of a trust and the simple case of a contract made between two persons for the benefit of a third. That dividing line exists although it may not always be easy to determine where it is to be drawn.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Du Parcq L. J. said: 'It is true that by the use possibly of unguarded language a person may create a trust, as Monselur Jourdain talked prose, without knowing it, but unless an intention to create a trust is clearly to be collected from the language used and the circumstances of the case, I think that the Court ought not be astute to discover any indication of such art intention'."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. In another decision, Modern Woodmen of America v. Headh, 90 Atl 892 (J) the Court said as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"While the interest of the beneficiary designat ed in the original certificate is during the lifetime of the insured member, a contingent interest a mere espectancy liable at any time to be defeated by the designation of a new beneficiary, it does not follow that such beneficiary has no interest in the certificate. He has an expectancy in the nature of an inchoate interest, which, it is held in some jurisdiction, gives him the right to insist that change of beneficiary be made, if attempted in substantial conformity with the stipulations of the contract."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. The Indian law is practically on the same line as in England. The decision in 1392-1 QB 147 (A) was followed by Rankin C. J. and C. C. GhoSe J. in Krishna Lal v. Promila Bala Dasi. 32 Gal WN 634: (AIR 1928 Cal 518) (K) and the learned Judges considered that the Married Women's Property Act III of 1874 did not apply to the particular case in question and, therefore, Section 6 of the Act was in-applicable. Holding that mere nomination of a wife as the payee under a policy of life insurance did not of itself create a trust in her favour the plaintiff was non-suited.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. The same view has been taken by the Bombay High Court in shankar Vishvanath v. Umabai Sadashiv, ILR 37 Bom 471 (L). The Madras High Court has adopted a similar line as is seen from the judgment of my learned brother. As pointed out by Baiwell in his Law of Insurance, (1940 Edn. p. 439) the earlier decisions have now become academic because of the provisions of Section 39 of the Insurance Act of 1938,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. If by nomination, a trust is created then the nominee becomes the beneficiary but the difficulty is to find out from the exact words used what the intention was, because the terms nomination and nominee are not strictly speaking terms of art. "Nominated" means only to name and it is in every instance a question of mixed law and fact as to what the intention is. Thus by the expressions used it has to be found out whether the nomination merely creates a payee or a beneficiary for whose protection a trust is thereby created.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. Barewell in his Law of Insurance in India (1940) at page 440 observes,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"It is part of the history of life insurance that husbands insuring their own lives often do go with the sincere intention that the policy moneys should be enjoyed by their wives but are seen to have failed in many instances to express that idea in unambiguous language on the face of the instrument or even in the proposal form.'' Thus, difficulty arises not on account of the law on the subject which is clear, but only on account of the construction to be placed on the language of the declaration made in the face of the document by the assured. Declarations which at first sight might appear to be a nomination of no more than a payee or agent to receive may on a proper construction be found intended to create a trust, thee case-law in Madras has turned upon the Interpretation to be placed on the words "A policy of insurance effected by any married, man on his own life and expressed on the face of it to be for the benefit of - shall enure and be deemed to be a trust for the benefit of...."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Reference has been made in this connection to Pokkunuri Balamba v. Krishnayya, ILR 37 Mad 483 : (AIB 1914 Mad 595) (FB) (M), Rama Rao v. Kristnamma, ILR 52 Mad 936 : (AIR 1929 Mad 825)(N), Abhiramavalli Animal v. Official Trustee, Madras, 62 Mad LJ 111 : (AIR 1932 Mad 220) (O), Lalithambal Ammal v. Guardian of India Insurance Co., 1937 Com Cas 157 : (AIR 1937 Mad 645)(P), Krishnan Chettiar v. Velayee Ammal 1938 Com Cas (Ins) 101: (AIR 1938 Mad 604) (PB) (Q) and Venkatasubramania Sarma v. United Planters' Association, 1938 Com Cas (Ins) 17 : (AIR 1938 Mad 234) (R) and Kannayalal v. Subbaraya Chetti, 1938 Com Cas (Ins) 62 ; (AIB 1938 Mad 413) (S). All these cases are concerned mainly with the construction of the words used.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The result of the above discussion seems to me to be this:- If the construction placed Upon the declaration is that a trust has been created under the provisions of the Married Women's Property Act, the beneficiary would take the assured amount free of all the liabilities of the insured and if it is construed as a mere nomination, the nominee would have no more right than to receive the amount, subject to all the liabilities as if the disposition was by means of a testamentary instrument.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. In the case now in question I agree with my learned brother that nomination can only be construed as a testament which would be subject to all the liabilities which the assured has to discharge. That being the case the decision of the lower court is correct and the appeal must be dismissed. RAMASWAMI, J.:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. This is an appeal directed against the decree and judgment of the learned subordinate Judge of Salem in O. Section 229 of 1949.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. The facts are:- The deceased Dhana-kodi Mudaliar had taken out two life insurance policies for Rs. 5000 each in the National Insurance Company Limited, Calcutta. This Dhanakoti Mudaliar had become indebted to the Indian Insurance and Banking Corporation Limited, Salem. The Bank instituted O. S. No. 131 of 1948 and obtained a decree on 8-11-1848. This Dhana-kiti Mudaliar died on 23-7-1949. The policies were attached 'before judgment on 11-9-1948. This Dhanakoti Mudaliar had nominated his wife Sidda lakshmi Ammal as the person entitled to receive the moneys due under the policies in the event of his death and Siddalakshmi Animal surviving him.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This siddalakshmi Ammal died on 26-7-1949. The daughters of this couple viz., the second defendant and a minor girl by name Saroja who had died after the filing of the suit, filed a claim petition that the moneys due under the policies had become the assets of Siddalakshmi Ammal on the death of Dhanakoti Mudaliar and they were not liable to satisfy the decree debt of Dhanakoti Mudaliar. This claim was allowed and the Indian insurance and Banking Corporation has filed a suit for, the setting aside of that claim order. The learned Subordinate Judge of Salem has negatived the contention of the claim petitioners and set aside the order in I. A. No. 779 of 1948. Hence this appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. The point for determination is the scope of a nomination under Section 39 of the Indian Insurance Act IV of 1938.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. In order to understand the scope Of the nomination by the policy-holder under Section 39, we must also construe the assignment under Section 38 of the Indian Insurance Act of 1938.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The legal scope in regard to nominations and the assignments covered by Sections 38 and 39 of the Indian Insuance Act are the same under the English, American and Indian Law.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In England the old common law rule was that things in action, such as a debt due under a contract, could not be assigned to another without the assent of the debtor. A novation of the debt by the consent of all three parties was necessary. Assignments were always valid, however, in equity and Courts of equity enabled the assignee even of a legal thing in actions to bring an action at law against the debtor in the assignor's name, toy restraining the assignor from objecting to his use of it on being given a proper indemnity against costs: Row v. Dawson, (1749) 1 White & Tud LC 93 (T); Ashley v, Ashley, (1839) 3 Sim 149 (U); Pearson v. Amicable Assurance, (1859) 27 Beav 229 (V).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This was altered by the Policies of Assurance Act, 1867, whereunder an assignment of a life policies were recognised at law. This Act provided that an assignee can sue in his own name If he had complied with the Act and had obtained on assignment either by endorsement on the policy or by separate instrument, in the words or to the effect set forth in the Schedule to the Act as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"I, A. B. of etc., In consideration of, etc., do hereby assign unto C. D. of, etc., his Executors, Administrators, and Assigns, the (within) Policy of Assurance granted etc. In Witness, etc."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Section 25(6) of the Judicature Act, 1873, made all debts and other things in action assignable. Section 136 of the Law of Property Act, 1925, now replaces this general provision and covers absolute ' assignments in writing of things in action. Thus policies of insurance which are legal things in action and the assured can grant a valid assignment of the right to recover under any policy of Insurance without the assent of the Insurers: See Jessal M. R. Ex. parte Ibbetson; Re. Moore (1878) 8 Ch. D. 519 (W); Brett L.J. in Castellan v. Preston, (1883) II QBD 380 at p. 388 (X).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">If it complies with the Acts, the assignment will be valid in law, and the assignee may sue the company alone. But if it does not, it will only be effective in equity, and the assignee may only sue the company in his own name if the assignor has been joined in the action, as plaintiff if he con- sents or otherwise as defendant: Performing Right Society v. London Theatre of Varieties Ltd., (1924) AC 1 (Y), c.f. William Brandt's Sons & Co. v. Dun. lop Rubber Co, Ltd., (1905) AC 454 (Z). In addition to assignment, a person taking out a life policy tin his own life and who is to be considered as the owner of the reversionary sum which will become payable, cannot only assign but also sell, mortgage or settle it or even give it away as a gift.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">He may leave it by will or. make it, without anything in writing, the subject of death-bed gift: Witt v. Amis, (1861) 1 B & S 109 (21). If the insurance is upon his own life, the right to the same will devolve on his personal representatives on his death who will be bound to treat it as money owing to him and forming part of his estate which is as much as money due to him under a promissory note: Petty v. Wilson, (1869) 4 Ch A 674 (Z2) per Selwyn L.J. Therefore, the assured's creditors would be entitled to take his life policy like other property in execution: Stokoe v. Cowan, (1861) 29 Beav 637 (Z3).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In addition to these ways of disposing of the ownership of the life policy by the insured, 'there are other dispositions of lire policies under English Law. (For a lucid exposition see Preston & Colinvaux (1950 Edn). The Law of Insurance (Sweet & Maxwell) Ch 80 p. 183 and follows; Houseman - The Law of Life Assurance - Fourth Edition (1954) (Butterworth's Ch. VI p. 74 and follows).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. Equitable interests in the policy may arise under a trust declared by the assured either expressly or by virtue of Section 11 of the Married Women's Property Act, 1882 or by virtue of an equitable assignment or from the relationship of debtor and creditor. In the last case the creditor may have an equitable charge on the policy of his debtor or the debtor may have an equity of redemption on the policy of his creditor. In such cases on the death of the assured who has taken out a life policy, the assets will devolve on the person in whose favour there has been a resultant trust and the assured's creditors may not be entitled to take his life policy like other property in execution.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. The reason is twofold viz., either on account of the fact that the assignment with notice to the company means novation and the coming into existence of a new contract with a third party or as a result of a trust created by statute as under Section 11 of the Married Women's Property Act, 1882, which as amended by the Law Reform (Married Women and Tortfeasors) Act, 1935, which reads as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"A married woman may effect a policy upon her own life or the life of her husband for her own benefit; and the same and all benefit thereof shall enure accordingly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"A policy of assurance effected by any man on his own life, and expressed to be for toe benefit of his wife, or of his children, or of his wife and children, or any of them, or by any woman on her own life, and expressed to be for the benefit of her husband, or of her children, or of her husband and children, or any of them, shall create a trust in favour of the objects therein named, and the moneys payable under any such policy shall not, so long as any object of the trust remains unperformed, form part of the estate of the insured, or be subject to his or her debts; Provided, that if it shall be proved that the policy was effected and the premiums paid with intent to defraud the creditors of the insured, they shall be entitled to receive, out of the moneys payable under the policy, a sum equal to the premiums so paid. The insured may by the policy, or by any memorandum under his or her hand, appoint a trustee or trustees of the moneys payable under the policy, and from time to time appoint a new trustee or new trustees thereof, and may make provision for the appointment of a new trustee or new trustees thereof, and for the investment of the moneys payable under any such policy. In default of any such appoint, ment of a trustee, such policy, immediately on its being effected, shall vest in the insured and his or her legal personal representatives, in trust for the purposes aforesaid. If, at the time of the death of the insured, or at any time afterwards, there shall be no trustee, or it shall be expedient to appoint a new trustee or new trustees a trustee or trustees or a new trustee or new trustees may be appointed by any court having jurisdiction under the provisions of the Trustee Act, 1850, or the Acts amending and extending the same. The receipt of a trustee or trustees duly appointed, or, Jn default of any such appointment, or in default of notice to the insurance office, the receipt of the legal personal representative of the insured shall be a discharge to the office for the sum secured by the policy, or for the value thereof, in whole or in part."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This section replaced Section. 10 of the Married Women's Property Act, 1870, the terms of which Were similar, though there are Important differences, which are not relevant for our purpose.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. The corresponding Scottish Act is the Married Women's Policies of Assurance (Scotland) Act, 1880, which extended to Scotland facilities available in England under the English Act of 1870. Section 2 of the Scottish Act opens as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"A policy of assurance effected by any married man on his own life, & expressed upon the face of it to be for the benefit of his wife, or of his children, or of his wife and children, shall, together with all benefit thereof, be deemed a trust for the benefit of his wife for her separate use, or for the benefit of his children, or for the benefit of his wife and children."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In addition to assignments and creation of trusts, in England also it is common in the case of insurances on the assured's own life, for the assured to nominate a beneficiary at the time of taking out a policy. Such a nomination does not, however, by itself, constitute the assured a trustee, nor, since the person nominated is a stranger to the contract, has he any remedy at law. The property in such a policy will therefore pass, not-withstanding the nomination, to the personal representatives of the assured on his death and the nominee has no rights whatsoever, unless:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(i) the nomination amounts to a declaration of trust, or the person taking out the policy is merely the agent of the nominee, or</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(ii) the nomination is made under Section 11 of the Married Women's Property Act, 1882, or</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(iii) it is made under Section 56 of the Friendly Societies Act, 1896.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. This rule as has been pointed out in Preston and Colinvaux Law of Insurance at page 338 sometimes works considerable injustice, as where a person took out an endowment policy expressly for the benefit of his godson, but died before the policy matured, and it was held that the policy formed part of his general estate and that the godson had no title to it: (1938) 1 Ch. 779 (E); see also Re: Clay's Policy, (1937) 3 All ER 548 (Z4). Since the policy-holder, in such a case, does not generally wish to create a trust binding upon Himself during his lifetime, it is important that he should provide by will that the policy should pass on his death to the nominee. He may, on the other hand, create a trust subject to his keeping up the policy: Pedder V. Moseley, (1862) 31 Beav 159 (Z5).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">26. The law Revision Committee (Sixth Interim Report 32) has proposed that Section 11 of , the Married Women's Property Act, 1882, should be extended to education policies, to which it does not at present apply. Such a reform would render a welcome amelioration of the rule that a nominee has no right in a life insurance policy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">27. These principles are embodied in the oft-repeated decisions of the Court of Appeal in 1892-1 QB 147 (A); (1902) 1 Ch 282 (B); 1915-85 LJ Ch 273 (C); 1924-2 Ch 348 (D); 1933-3 All ER 124: 1938-1 Ch 799 (E); 1933-3 All ER 357 (F); Hals-bury's Laws of England (Hailsham Edn) Vol. 18, P. 531, para 842; and Digest, Vol. 20, p. 422, NOB. 3288, 3289.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">28. The American law on the subject which is practically identical with the English law, will be found set one in May, Law of Insurance, 4th Edition (Little Brown & Co., Kbstan) (1900) Ch. XIX "Assignment of Policies" page 838 and follows 29 American Jurisprudence, Section 492 (page 401 and following) and Richards on the Law of Insurance, 5th Edition (1952), Volume I, Chapter 5 (page 406 and following).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">29. The Indian law as to assignment of life policies before Act IV of 1938 was contained in Sections 130 to 132 and 135 of the Transfer of Property Act. The transfer of an actionable claim could be effected only by an instrument in writing signed by the transferor or by his duly authorised agent and thereupon all rights and remedies of the transferor vest in the transferee whether Police of transfer had been given or not. Every dealing with the debt by the debtor was valid as against such transfer unless the debtor was a party to the transfer or had received notice to it: see Section 130.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Notice of transfer was prescribed by Section 131, Section 132 provided that the transferee of an actionable claim took it subject to equities available against the transferor. Then, in the case of life policies an assignee could not sue in his own name and if the assignor died, his personal representative would be a necessary party to a suit by the assignee: Rajnarain Bose v. Universal Life Assurance Co. ILR 7 Cal 594 (Z6).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">30. Now by Act IV of 1938, Section 38, an assignment of life policy can be made either by endorsement upon the policy or by a separate instrument signed by the assignor and attested by at least one witness. The transferee cannot sue until notice of assignment is given to the insurer in writing together with the endorsement certified to be correct fay the transferor and the transferee.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Upon receipt of the notice the insurer has to record the fact of such transfer etc., and the transferee takes subject to the equities to which the transferor was subject at the date of the transfer. Thus, the assignment of life policies is now governed by Section 38 of the Insurance Act and not by Section 130 of the Transfer of Property Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">31. Section 39 of the Insurance Act of 1038 confers upon the holder of the policy of life assurance Issued upon his own life the right to nominate a person or persons to whom the policy moneys may be paid in the event of his death. We are not concerned here with proviso to Sub-section (1) dealing with minor nominees. Sub-section (2) prescribes that nominations may be effected in two-ways viz., (a) by incorporation in the text of the policy as Issued by the insurer or (b) by endorsement by the policy-holder on the policy and notified to the Insurer and registered in his books.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">There is no time limit given for an endorsement on the policy constituting the nomination, to be got registered. If, therefore, a policy-holder endorses his policy to nominate a person, there is nothing in the section to bar its registration in the books of the company even after the death of the assured. A nomination may be cancelled or altered by an endorsement or by a will.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nomination therefore effected by incorporation in the text of the policy Or by endorsement may be cancelled or changed by a subsequent endorsement. A will has the effect of abrogating a nomination altogether, but in order to have that effect, the will should purport to beqeath the policy,' It would seem, however, that where a will be-qeathing the policy is followed by nomination, the nomination will have the effect of making the will ineffectual to that extent.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Besides as provided in Sub-section (2) a nomination will also be automatically cancelled by a subsequent transfer or assignment. On the nominee dying, the sum assured becomes, in accordance with the terms of the section, payable to the po-licy-holder or his heirs or legal representatives or the holder of a succession certificate as the case may be. Policies coming under the Married Women's Property Act are not affected by this section except as stated in the proviso.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">32. There are thus important differences between a nomination and an assignment which can be summed up as follows: An assignment of a life policy passes to the assignee the right to the insurance money, even though the assignor's interest in the life has ceased before the date of the assignment. The life policy forms part of the estate of the assured and may be dealt with at his absolute discretion, sold, charged, settled etc. Once an assignment is made it cannot be cancelled at the option of the assignor.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It creates a vested right in the assignee who no doubt takes it subject to the equities in the case of the assignor, because the assignee cannot have a better title than his assignor. On the other hand, a nomination unless there is a special clause inserted to make it irrevocable, does not deprive the policy holder of his rights, privileges, options and benefits under the policy including the right to alter the beneficiary.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The latter is entitled to receive policy moneys only. There is no statutory trust created by the Section (39) in favour of the nominee; nor is he conferred as the nominee under s. 5 of the Provident Funds Act, 1925, with the right to receive the moneys absolutely.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The nominee being only given the right to receive money after the death of the assured, he can neither surrender the policy nor have it converted to be paid up. It has already been pointed out how a nomination will get automatically cancelled by a subsequent transfer or assignment, whereas an assignment when followed by a nomination will not be cancelled thereby. Similarly, whereas a will has the effect of abrogating the nomination altogether, an aslsgnment cannot at the option of the assignor be cancelled by a will.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">On account of these fundamental differences between an assignment and a nomination where under vested rights accrue under the former, to the assignee, and only a mere right to receive moneys under the policy contingent on the nominee surviving the assured and the assured not changing his mind and altering his nomination accrues in the latter case the liability of the assured amount to satisfy the liabilities of the as- sured is different in either case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In the former case it is not open to a creditor to treat the life policy as being the property of his debtor viz., the assured. In the case of the latter the nominee receives the policy amount subject to the same liabilities as in the case of beneficiaries under a disposition by a will. (For discussion of the differences between assignment and nomination under Sections 38 and 39 see Dutt Commentaries on the Insurance Act, 3rd Edition, page 101 and foll; P. A. S. Mani Life Assurance in India (1950) page 229; K. B. Venkoba Rao - The Law of insurance in India (1950) page 332 and foll; N. D. Basu Principles of Insurance in India (1940) page 725 and foll; Bishan Nath - The Law of Insurance (1939) page 52 and foll.)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">33. Quite different would be the case if the nominations in favour of the wife and children are made as under Section 6 of Act III of 1874 which runs as follows;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"A policy of insurance effected by any married man on his own life, and expressed on the face of it to be for the benefit of his wife, or of his wife and children, or any of them, shall ensure and be deemed to be a trust for the benefit of his wife, or of his wife and children, or any of them, according to the interests so expressed, and shall not, so long as any object of the trust remains, be subject to the control of the husband or to his creditors, or form part of his estate".</p><p style="text-align: justify;">34. The law in regard to nominations under Section 39 of the Insurance Act and under Section 6 of Act in of 1874, can be thus summed up: (i) where the nomination is purported to be made in favour of the wife etc., under Section 39 of the Insurance Act, Section 6 of Act in of 1874 has no application and no trust in favour of the wife etc., is created, (ii) In other cases, Section 6 of Act III of 1874 is attracted provided the policy on the face of it is expressed to be for the benefit of the wife etc. Even the proposal is a 'policy and can be taken into account in premising whether a trust in favour of the wife is created: 1938 Com Cas (Ins) 101 : (AIR 1938 Mad 604) (FB) (Q). (iii) No set form of words is necessary provided the intention of the assured can be inferred.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The words 'payable to my wife' are enough and it is not necessary that it should be expressly stated that the policy is 'for the benefit of the wife' and to reproduce the phraseology of Section 6 of the Act III of 1874. This distinction is important because, as pointed out before, in the case of a nomination, the nominee takes it as under a testamentary disposition as property bequeathed by the testator subject to the liabilities which that legacy has to satisfy of the testator, whereas in the case of a nomination under the Married Women's Property Act which results in the creation of a trust in the language of ILR (1938) Mad 867 : (AIR 1938 Mad 413) (S).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The benefit which accrues to the nominee though subject to the other conditions in the policy, gets impressed as a trust from the very moment of its birth and cannot be looked upon therefore as available to creditors regardless of the trust imposed on it. - ILR 1938 Mad 867 : (AIR 1938 Mad 413) CS) was approved in Bharat Insurance Co., Ltd. v. Lakshmidevi, (1947) 17 Conip. Cas (Ins) l : (AIR 1948 Lah 21) (Z7-8); ILB 55 Mad 171 ; (AIR 1932 Mad, 220) (O) also is a decision taking the same view. '</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Madras view is in the line of English decisions of Section 11 of the English Married Women's Property Act, 1882 (as in Re: Pleetwood's Policy, (1926) 1 Ch 48 (Z9), (1941) 1 All ER 321 .(H); Re: Schebsman, (1543) 2 All ER 768 (Z10); though the Bombay High Court on Dinbai Hormasji v. Bamansha Janiasji, 58 Bom 513 : (AIR 1934 Bom 296) (Z11), (1937) 7 Com Cas 157 : (AIR 1937 Mad 645) (P), Shamdas v. Savitri, (1937) 7 Com Cas 267 : (AIR 1937 Sind 181) (Z13) takes the view that no trust is created in favour of the wife until the death of the assured and the assured in his lifetime can freely assign the benefit of the policy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">35. These principles are clearly brought out in two decisions of the. Calcutta High court to which our attention has been invited by the learned advocate Mr. Nambiar. The first decision is AIR 1928 cal 518 (K). In that case a Hindu assured directed an insurance company to pay money due under his policy effected in 1910 to his wife as the nominee of the assured. But the nomination could not be construed as one made under Section 6 of Act III of 1874.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Therefore, the Calcutta High Court held that the wife was not entitled to the money as the Women's Property Act did not apply and there was no trust in her favour by virtue of Section 6 and that a person who is nominated by an assured fn his policy of life assurance for receiving money due under it upon his death is not entitled to enforce his claim against the company as he, though a nominee, is no party to the contract and no interest passes to him merely by reason of his being earned in the policy and the money forms part of the assets of the deceased and is liable for his debts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The second case which is the latest decision of the Calcutta High Court, is Ramballav v. Gangadhar, wherein it was</p><p style="text-align: justify;">held:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"Where the nomination in the endowment insurance policy of the deceased judgment-debtor stated: 'I nominate my wife and my son-in-law, the survivor or survivors, as the persons to receive the moneys under the above policy in the event of my prior death', the nominee under these terms does not become the owner of the money payable to him under the policy. Such nomination only Indicates the person who should receive the money should the owner die.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">All that Sub-section (6) of Section 39, Insurance Act does is to confer on the nominee the right to receive the insurance money as between such nominee and the insurance Company, but it does not provide for the title or ownership of that money in general.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The terms of nomination do not show that the policy was expressed on the face of it to be for the benefit of the wife within the 'meaning of Section 6 Married Women's Property Act. The terms of nomination make the nomination simpliciter -which comes under Sub-s. (6) of 8. 39, Insurance Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The proviso to Section 39, Insurance Act makes it quite clear that the policy-holder can elect to come either under nomination under Sub-section (6) of Section 39 or under trust under Sub-section (7) of that section but if he does elect to nominate, then such nomination takes it out of the trust under Section 6, Married Women's Property Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In this view, attachment of the moneys payable under the Insurance policy by the decree-holder of the deceased judgment-debtor is not illegal". (See also Matin v. Mahomed Matin, AIR 1922 Lah 145 (Z14): Gresham Life Insurance Society Ltd. v. Collector of Etawah, AIR 1933 All 1: ILR 54 All 1026 (Z15); British Equitable Assurance Co v. Great Western Ry., (1868) 38 LJ Ch 132 (Z16); Mangles V. DixOn, (1852) 3 HLC 702 (217); Lakshmikutty Kettilamma v. Vishnu Nambissen, AIR 1939 Mad 411 (Z18); AIR 1937 Sind 181 (Zl2)."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">36. In the result, the findings of the learned Subordinate Judge are unassailable and we there-fore confirm them and dismiss this appeal without costs.',
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		(int) 46 => 'Section 39',
		(int) 47 => 'the Insurance Act',
		(int) 48 => 'Section 6 of Act',
		(int) 49 => 'Section 39',
		(int) 50 => 'the Insurance Act, Section 6 of Act',
		(int) 51 => 'Section 6 of Act III',
		(int) 52 => 'Section 6 of the Act III of',
		(int) 53 => 'Section 11',
		(int) 54 => 'Sind 181',
		(int) 55 => 'Section 6 of Act III',
		(int) 56 => 'Section 6',
		(int) 57 => 'Section 39, Insurance Act',
		(int) 58 => 'Section 39',
		(int) 59 => 'Section 39',
		(int) 60 => 'Section 6'
	),
	'CARDINAL' => array(
		(int) 0 => '1',
		(int) 1 => '305',
		(int) 2 => 'three',
		(int) 3 => '1',
		(int) 4 => '2',
		(int) 5 => '3',
		(int) 6 => '6',
		(int) 7 => '2',
		(int) 8 => 'transferee',
		(int) 9 => '282',
		(int) 10 => '1924',
		(int) 11 => '1940',
		(int) 12 => '674-675',
		(int) 13 => 'two',
		(int) 14 => 'two',
		(int) 15 => '90',
		(int) 16 => '32',
		(int) 17 => '634',
		(int) 18 => '37',
		(int) 19 => '439',
		(int) 20 => '1938,11',
		(int) 21 => '440',
		(int) 22 => '37',
		(int) 23 => '483',
		(int) 24 => '52',
		(int) 25 => '62',
		(int) 26 => '220',
		(int) 27 => '157',
		(int) 28 => '101',
		(int) 29 => '604',
		(int) 30 => '17',
		(int) 31 => '62',
		(int) 32 => '1949.16',
		(int) 33 => 'two',
		(int) 34 => '5000',
		(int) 35 => '131',
		(int) 36 => '23',
		(int) 37 => '26',
		(int) 38 => '779',
		(int) 39 => '1938.18',
		(int) 40 => '1938.19',
		(int) 41 => '38',
		(int) 42 => '39',
		(int) 43 => 'three',
		(int) 44 => '1',
		(int) 45 => '3',
		(int) 46 => '27',
		(int) 47 => '8',
		(int) 48 => '380',
		(int) 49 => '388',
		(int) 50 => '1',
		(int) 51 => '109',
		(int) 52 => '21',
		(int) 53 => '4',
		(int) 54 => '674',
		(int) 55 => '29',
		(int) 56 => '80',
		(int) 57 => '183',
		(int) 58 => '74',
		(int) 59 => '10',
		(int) 60 => '1896.25',
		(int) 61 => '338',
		(int) 62 => '1',
		(int) 63 => '779',
		(int) 64 => '3',
		(int) 65 => '31',
		(int) 66 => '1',
		(int) 67 => '1924',
		(int) 68 => '124',
		(int) 69 => '18',
		(int) 70 => '531',
		(int) 71 => '842',
		(int) 72 => '20',
		(int) 73 => '422',
		(int) 74 => '3289.28',
		(int) 75 => '838',
		(int) 76 => '29',
		(int) 77 => '401',
		(int) 78 => '406',
		(int) 79 => '130',
		(int) 80 => '132',
		(int) 81 => '135',
		(int) 82 => 'transferee',
		(int) 83 => 'at least one',
		(int) 84 => 'transferee',
		(int) 85 => '1',
		(int) 86 => '2',
		(int) 87 => 'two',
		(int) 88 => '2',
		(int) 89 => '39',
		(int) 90 => '38',
		(int) 91 => '39',
		(int) 92 => '101',
		(int) 93 => '229',
		(int) 94 => '332',
		(int) 95 => '725',
		(int) 96 => '52',
		(int) 97 => '101',
		(int) 98 => '867',
		(int) 99 => '17',
		(int) 100 => '21',
		(int) 101 => 'Z7',
		(int) 102 => '55',
		(int) 103 => '220',
		(int) 104 => '1',
		(int) 105 => '1',
		(int) 106 => '58',
		(int) 107 => '513',
		(int) 108 => '296',
		(int) 109 => '7',
		(int) 110 => '157',
		(int) 111 => '7',
		(int) 112 => '267',
		(int) 113 => 'two',
		(int) 114 => '1874.Therefore',
		(int) 115 => '6',
		(int) 116 => '6',
		(int) 117 => '8',
		(int) 118 => '39',
		(int) 119 => '6',
		(int) 120 => '145',
		(int) 121 => '1',
		(int) 122 => '38',
		(int) 123 => '3',
		(int) 124 => '702',
		(int) 125 => '217'
	),
	'ORDINAL' => array(
		(int) 0 => '8th',
		(int) 1 => '3rd',
		(int) 2 => 'third',
		(int) 3 => 'third',
		(int) 4 => 'first',
		(int) 5 => 'second',
		(int) 6 => 'third',
		(int) 7 => 'Sixth',
		(int) 8 => 'first',
		(int) 9 => 'second'
	),
	'PERSON' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'Nihil Certius',
		(int) 1 => 'nihil',
		(int) 2 => 'hora mortis,"4',
		(int) 3 => 'Esher',
		(int) 4 => 'M. R.',
		(int) 5 => 'Engel',
		(int) 6 => 'Foster',
		(int) 7 => 'Hudson',
		(int) 8 => 'Gordon Watts v. Rationalist',
		(int) 9 => 'Schebsman',
		(int) 10 => 'Greene',
		(int) 11 => 'M. R.',
		(int) 12 => 'Parcq L. J.',
		(int) 13 => '"8',
		(int) 14 => 'Rankin C. J. and',
		(int) 15 => 'C. C. GhoSe J.',
		(int) 16 => 'Krishna Lal v.',
		(int) 17 => 'Bala Dasi',
		(int) 18 => 'Umabai Sadashiv',
		(int) 19 => 'Rama Rao v. Kristnamma',
		(int) 20 => 'Abhiramavalli Animal',
		(int) 21 => 'Official Trustee',
		(int) 22 => 'Madras',
		(int) 23 => 'Lalithambal Ammal v. Guardian',
		(int) 24 => 'Velayee Ammal',
		(int) 25 => 'Venkatasubramania Sarma',
		(int) 26 => 'Kannayalal',
		(int) 27 => 'O. S. No',
		(int) 28 => 'Sidda',
		(int) 29 => 'Siddalakshmi Animal',
		(int) 30 => 'Siddalakshmi Ammal',
		(int) 31 => 'Dawson',
		(int) 32 => 'Ashley',
		(int) 33 => 'Ashley',
		(int) 34 => 'Schedule',
		(int) 35 => 'A. B.',
		(int) 36 => 'C. D. of',
		(int) 37 => 'Assigns',
		(int) 38 => 'Jessal M. R. Ex',
		(int) 39 => 'Ibbetson',
		(int) 40 => 'Moore',
		(int) 41 => 'Castellan',
		(int) 42 => 'c.f.',
		(int) 43 => 'William Brandt's',
		(int) 44 => 'Amis',
		(int) 45 => 'Petty v. Wilson',
		(int) 46 => 'Cowan',
		(int) 47 => 'Colinvaux Law of Insurance',
		(int) 48 => 'Pedder V. Moseley',
		(int) 49 => 'Richards',
		(int) 50 => 'Rajnarain Bose v. Universal Life Assurance Co.',
		(int) 51 => 'Insurer',
		(int) 52 => 'P. A. S. Mani Life Assurance',
		(int) 53 => 'K. B. Venkoba Rao - The Law',
		(int) 54 => 'N. D. Basu',
		(int) 55 => 'Lakshmidevi',
		(int) 56 => 'Schebsman',
		(int) 57 => 'Z10',
		(int) 58 => 'Bamansha Janiasji',
		(int) 59 => 'Shamdas v. Savitri',
		(int) 60 => 'Nambiar',
		(int) 61 => 'Ramballav v. Gangadhar',
		(int) 62 => 'Matin',
		(int) 63 => 'Mahomed Matin',
		(int) 64 => 'Mangles V. DixOn',
		(int) 65 => 'Lakshmikutty Kettilamma v.',
		(int) 66 => 'Vishnu Nambissen'
	),
	'ORG' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'the Married Women's Property Act',
		(int) 1 => 'the Policies of Life Assurance Act',
		(int) 2 => 'Cleaver v. Mutual Reserve Fund Life Assocn',
		(int) 3 => 'the Scottish Equitable Ligt Assurance Society',
		(int) 4 => 'Estate',
		(int) 5 => 'Sinclair's Life',
		(int) 6 => 'Webb',
		(int) 7 => 'Barclays Bank Ltd.',
		(int) 8 => 'the Married Women's Property Act',
		(int) 9 => 'the Married Women's Property Act',
		(int) 10 => 'Married Women's Policies of Assurance Scotland Act',
		(int) 11 => 'the Married Women's Property Act',
		(int) 12 => 'Macgillivray',
		(int) 13 => 'the Court of Appeal',
		(int) 14 => 'Court',
		(int) 15 => 'Modern Woodmen of',
		(int) 16 => 'Court',
		(int) 17 => 'AIR 1928 Cal 518',
		(int) 18 => 'the Married Women's Property Act III',
		(int) 19 => 'the Bombay High Court',
		(int) 20 => 'Vishvanath',
		(int) 21 => 'ILR',
		(int) 22 => 'Baiwell',
		(int) 23 => 'Barewell',
		(int) 24 => 'Pokkunuri Balamba',
		(int) 25 => 'Krishnayya',
		(int) 26 => 'ILR',
		(int) 27 => 'ILR',
		(int) 28 => 'India Insurance Co.',
		(int) 29 => 'PB',
		(int) 30 => 'United Planters' Association',
		(int) 31 => 'the Married Women's Property Act',
		(int) 32 => 'Dhana-kodi Mudaliar',
		(int) 33 => 'the National Insurance Company Limited',
		(int) 34 => 'This Dhanakoti Mudaliar',
		(int) 35 => 'the Indian Insurance and Banking Corporation Limited',
		(int) 36 => 'Bank',
		(int) 37 => 'This Dhanakoti Mudaliar',
		(int) 38 => 'Saroja',
		(int) 39 => 'Dhanakoti Mudaliar',
		(int) 40 => 'Dhanakoti Mudaliar',
		(int) 41 => 'Banking Corporation',
		(int) 42 => 'White & Tud',
		(int) 43 => 'Pearson v. Amicable Assurance',
		(int) 44 => 'Beav 229',
		(int) 45 => 'Witness',
		(int) 46 => 'Brett L.J.',
		(int) 47 => 'London Theatre of Varieties Ltd.',
		(int) 48 => 'AC 1',
		(int) 49 => 'Sons & Co.',
		(int) 50 => 'Dun',
		(int) 51 => 'lop Rubber Co, Ltd.',
		(int) 52 => 'AC 454',
		(int) 53 => 'Selwyn L.J.',
		(int) 54 => 'Stokoe',
		(int) 55 => 'Preston & Colinvaux',
		(int) 56 => 'The Law of Insurance (Sweet & Maxwell',
		(int) 57 => 'Houseman - The Law of Life Assurance - Fourth Edition',
		(int) 58 => 'the Married Women's Property Act',
		(int) 59 => 'the Married Women's Property Act',
		(int) 60 => 'the Married Women's Property Act',
		(int) 61 => 'the Married Women's Policies of Assurance (Scotland) Act',
		(int) 62 => 'the Married Women's Property Act',
		(int) 63 => 'Clay',
		(int) 64 => 'Revision Committee',
		(int) 65 => 'the Married Women's Property Act',
		(int) 66 => 'the Court of Appeal',
		(int) 67 => 'LJ',
		(int) 68 => 'Laws of England',
		(int) 69 => 'Digest',
		(int) 70 => 'NOB',
		(int) 71 => '4th Edition',
		(int) 72 => 'Little Brown & Co.',
		(int) 73 => 'Kbstan',
		(int) 74 => 'the Law of Insurance',
		(int) 75 => '5th Edition',
		(int) 76 => 'ILR',
		(int) 77 => 'the Married Women's Property Act',
		(int) 78 => 'Dutt Commentaries',
		(int) 79 => '3rd Edition',
		(int) 80 => 'foll',
		(int) 81 => 'Bishan Nath - The Law of Insurance',
		(int) 82 => 'the Married Women's Property Act',
		(int) 83 => 'ILR',
		(int) 84 => 'Bharat Insurance Co., Ltd.',
		(int) 85 => 'Conip',
		(int) 86 => 'AIR 1932 Mad',
		(int) 87 => 'the Bombay High Court',
		(int) 88 => 'AIR 1928 cal 518 (K',
		(int) 89 => 'the Calcutta High Court',
		(int) 90 => 'the Women's Property Act',
		(int) 91 => 'the Calcutta High Court',
		(int) 92 => 'Section 6 Married Women's Property Act',
		(int) 93 => 'Married Women's Property Act',
		(int) 94 => 'AIR 1922',
		(int) 95 => 'Gresham Life Insurance Society Ltd.',
		(int) 96 => 'ILR',
		(int) 97 => 'British Equitable Assurance Co v.',
		(int) 98 => 'HLC',
		(int) 99 => 'Z18',
		(int) 100 => 'AIR 1937 Sind 181'
	),
	'DATE' => array(
		(int) 0 => '1882',
		(int) 1 => '1867',
		(int) 2 => '1925',
		(int) 3 => '1873',
		(int) 4 => '1938',
		(int) 5 => '1892-1',
		(int) 6 => '6402',
		(int) 7 => '1902-1',
		(int) 8 => '1915-113',
		(int) 9 => '1938',
		(int) 10 => '1938-54',
		(int) 11 => '1941',
		(int) 12 => '1943',
		(int) 13 => '1870',
		(int) 14 => '1882',
		(int) 15 => '1880',
		(int) 16 => '1943-Ch 366',
		(int) 17 => '1392-1',
		(int) 18 => '1874',
		(int) 19 => '1940',
		(int) 20 => '1937',
		(int) 21 => '1938',
		(int) 22 => '1938',
		(int) 23 => '1938',
		(int) 24 => '1938',
		(int) 25 => '1948',
		(int) 26 => '11-9-1948',
		(int) 27 => '1948',
		(int) 28 => '1749',
		(int) 29 => '93',
		(int) 30 => '1839',
		(int) 31 => '1859',
		(int) 32 => '1867',
		(int) 33 => '1873',
		(int) 34 => '1925',
		(int) 35 => '1878',
		(int) 36 => '1883',
		(int) 37 => '1924',
		(int) 38 => '1905',
		(int) 39 => '1861',
		(int) 40 => '1869',
		(int) 41 => '1861',
		(int) 42 => '1950',
		(int) 43 => '1954',
		(int) 44 => '1882',
		(int) 45 => '1882',
		(int) 46 => '1935',
		(int) 47 => '1850',
		(int) 48 => '1870',
		(int) 49 => '1880',
		(int) 50 => '1870',
		(int) 51 => '1882',
		(int) 52 => '1938',
		(int) 53 => '1937',
		(int) 54 => '1862',
		(int) 55 => '32',
		(int) 56 => '1882',
		(int) 57 => '1892-1',
		(int) 58 => '1902',
		(int) 59 => '1915-85',
		(int) 60 => '1933-3',
		(int) 61 => '1933-3',
		(int) 62 => '3288',
		(int) 63 => 'May',
		(int) 64 => '1900',
		(int) 65 => '1952',
		(int) 66 => '1038',
		(int) 67 => '1925',
		(int) 68 => '1950',
		(int) 69 => '1950',
		(int) 70 => '1940',
		(int) 71 => '1874',
		(int) 72 => '1874',
		(int) 73 => '1874',
		(int) 74 => '1874',
		(int) 75 => '1938',
		(int) 76 => '1874',
		(int) 77 => '1938',
		(int) 78 => '1938',
		(int) 79 => '1938',
		(int) 80 => '1938',
		(int) 81 => '1947',
		(int) 82 => '1882',
		(int) 83 => '1926',
		(int) 84 => '1941',
		(int) 85 => '1543',
		(int) 86 => '1937',
		(int) 87 => '1937',
		(int) 88 => '1910',
		(int) 89 => '1026',
		(int) 90 => '1868',
		(int) 91 => '1852'
	),
	'LANGUAGE' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'English',
		(int) 1 => 'English',
		(int) 2 => 'English',
		(int) 3 => 'English',
		(int) 4 => 'English',
		(int) 5 => 'English',
		(int) 6 => 'English'
	),
	'GPE' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'India',
		(int) 1 => 'America',
		(int) 2 => 'Justify',
		(int) 3 => 'America',
		(int) 4 => 'Headh',
		(int) 5 => 'England',
		(int) 6 => 'created.12',
		(int) 7 => 'India',
		(int) 8 => 'Krishnan',
		(int) 9 => 'Subbaraya Chetti',
		(int) 10 => 'Salem',
		(int) 11 => 'Salem',
		(int) 12 => 'Dhana',
		(int) 13 => 'Subordinate',
		(int) 14 => 'Salem',
		(int) 15 => 'England',
		(int) 16 => 'Butterworth',
		(int) 17 => 'Scotland',
		(int) 18 => 'England',
		(int) 19 => 'England',
		(int) 20 => 'Preston',
		(int) 21 => 'Hals',
		(int) 22 => 'India',
		(int) 23 => 'India',
		(int) 24 => 'India',
		(int) 25 => 'Dinbai',
		(int) 26 => 'Indicates'
	),
	'NORP' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'American',
		(int) 1 => 'Indian',
		(int) 2 => 'Indian',
		(int) 3 => 'American',
		(int) 4 => 'Indian',
		(int) 5 => 'American',
		(int) 6 => 'American',
		(int) 7 => 'Indian',
		(int) 8 => 'Z6).30',
		(int) 9 => 'Hormasji',
		(int) 10 => 'Hindu'
	),
	'PRODUCT' => array(
		(int) 0 => '993 (F',
		(int) 1 => 'Calcutta',
		(int) 2 => '7 Cal 594',
		(int) 3 => 'Z14',
		(int) 4 => 'LJ Ch 132'
	),
	'FAC' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'Monselur Jourdain'
	),
	'LOC' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'Madras',
		(int) 1 => 'Madras'
	),
	'WORK_OF_ART' => array(
		(int) 0 => '1929 Mad 825)(N',
		(int) 1 => 'Executors, Administrators',
		(int) 2 => 'Policy of Assurance',
		(int) 3 => '2 All ER',
		(int) 4 => 'Z11',
		(int) 5 => 'Collector of Etawah',
		(int) 6 => 'Subordinate'
	),
	'TIME' => array(
		(int) 0 => '8-11-1848'
	)
)
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '783005',
		'acts' => '<a href="/act/51461/insurance-act-1938-4-of-1938-complete-act">Insurance Act, 1938</a> - Sections 38 and 39; Married Women's Property Act, 1874 - Sections 6',
		'appealno' => 'Appeal No. 186 of 1952',
		'appellant' => 'D. Mohanavelu Mudaliar and anr.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'D. Mohanavelu Mudaliar and anr. Vs. Indian Insurance and Banking Corporation Ltd., Salem and anr.',
		'casenote' => ' Indian Insurance Act (IV of 1938), Sections 38 and 39--Assignmetn of life
policy and nomination--Difference--Scope and import of dispositions
of life-policies--Distinction between nominations under
Insurance Act and Married Women's Property Act ; Dispositions of life-insurance policies can be classed under three
heads: (i) assignment; (ii) nomination; and (iii) statutory creation
of a trust by reason of the provisions of the Married Women's Property
Act (III of 1874).; The legal scope in regard to nomination and the assignments
covered by Section 38 and 39 of the Indian Insurance Act (IV
of 1938) are the same under the English, American and Indian Law.; An assignment of a life-policy passes to the assignee the right to
the insurance money, even though the assignor's interest in life has
ceased before the date of the assignment. The life policy forms part
of the estate of the assured and may be dealt with at his absolute
discretion sold, charged, settled and, etc. Once an assignment is
made it cannot be cancelled at the option of the assignor. It creates
a vested right in the assignee who no doubt takes it subject to the
equities in the case of the assignor, because the assignee cannot have
a better title than the assignor. On the other hand, a nomination,
unless there is a special clause inserted to make it irrevocable, does
not deprive the policy holder of his rights, privileges, options and
benefits under the policy including the right to alter the beneficiary.
There is no statutory trust created by Section 39 of the Insurance
Act in favour of the nominee.; Where a noination is purported to be made in favour of the
wife, etc., under Section 39 of the Insurance Act, Section 6 of the
Married Women's Rights to Property Act has no application and no
trust in favour of the wife, etc., is created. In other cases Section 6
of the Married Women's Right to Propety Act is attracted provided
the policy on the face of it is expressed to be for the benefit of the
wife, etc. Even the proposal is a 'policy' and can be taken into
account in premising whether a trust in favour of the wife is created.
No set form of words is necessary provided the intention of the assured
can be inferred.; Case-law discussed. -  - ',
		'caseanalysis' => '',
		'casesref' => 'Lakshmikutty Kettilamma v. Vishnu Nambissen;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => 'C.S. Swaminathan, Adv.',
		'counseldef' => 'R.K. Nambiar, ;C.F. Louis and ;K. Kalyanasundaram, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Chennai',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1956-07-16',
		'deposition' => 'Appeal dismissed',
		'favorof' => '',
		'findings' => '',
		'judge' => 'Govinda Menon and ;Ramaswami, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '1. I have had the advantage of reading the Judgment which my learned brother is about to deliver and in view of the Importance of the question of law raised I wish to add a few words of my own.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. What are the scope and import of the dispositions of life insurance policies; (a) by assignment and (b) by nomination seem to be the chief points for consideration.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. That a policy of life Insurance is a security for money payable at a date uncertain, but calculable is well established for the sum insured is certain, the premium or consideration for its payment is also cetain and the time when the money is payable is also certain where the date is fixed but uncertain on death. As per Porter's Laws of Insurance (8th edn. p. 305) a life insurance policy is "Nihil Certius morte, nihil incertius hora mortis,"</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Such being the case a life insurance policy has to be construed as a contract to pay a certain eum in a certain event depending on the duration of human life. Such a policy always forms part of the estate of the assured and may be dealt with at his absolute discretion such as sale, charge, settlement or bequest or made the subject at 'donatio mortis causa.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Dispositions of life insurance policies can be classed under three heads: (1) assignment, (2) nomination and (3) statutory creation of a trust by reason of the provisions of the Married Women's Property Act, 1882. So far as the English law is concerned legal title to the policy can be obtained by assignment as laid down in the Policies of Life Assurance Act, 1867 or Section 136 of the Law of Property Act, 1925 which replaced Section 25 Sub-section (6) of the Judicature Act of 1873. In India such an assignment is payable by virtue of Section 38 of the Indian Insurance Act IV of 1938. Except adverting to the fact that in America also the law is practically the same no further discussion of the effect of an assignment is necessary in this connection,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Under the general law, an assignment is understood as a transfer by an individual of his right or interest in the property to another resting upon a contract between them. That being the case if a policy is assigned it operates so as to completely divest the assignor of any right under it, for the essence of assignment is complete divesting. The assignee is, therefore, clothed with all the rights and liabilities which the insured occupied before the transfer; that is, there is a substitution for the assured so far as the benefits are concerned by the assignee.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ordinarily love and affection are considered sufficient consideration for the assignment of a policy. Therefore when the formalities which I have to be observed in the case of a transfer or assignment coming under Section 38 of the <a href="/act/51461/insurance-act-1938-4-of-1938-complete-act">Insurance Act, 1938</a> are complied with the insurer shall from the date of the receipt of the notice referred to in sub-sec. (2) of Section 38 recognise the transferee or the assignee named in the notice as the only person entitled to the benefit named under the policy and such a person shall be subject to all the liabilities and equities to which the transferor or assignor was subject at the time of the transfer or assignment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The assignee may institute any proceedings in relation to the policy without obtaining the consent of the assignor or making him a party to the proceedings. The only limitation so far as the assignee is concerned is that he cannot be in a better position than the person Who effected the assignment. .</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. So far as nomination is concerned we do not see any appreciable difference between the English and American law on the one hand, and what obtains in our country. According to the English law the payee or the nominee is nothing more than an agent to receive the money, which money remains as the property of the assured and at his disposal during his life time and on his death forms part of the estate. The result is that the payee or the nominee takes no beneficial interest in it.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In Cleaver v. Mutual Reserve Fund Life Assocn., 1892-1 QB 147 (A), Lord Esher, M. R. has laid down the law in the above form. The principle underlying that decision is that a nominee not being a party to the contract cannot sue on the policy but that the right to sue vested in her husband's legal representatives. This decision has been subsequently considered and commented upon in re A policy No. 6402 of the Scottish Equitable Ligt Assurance Society, 1902-1 Ch. 282 (B), In re-Burgess's policy, 1915-113 LT 443 (C), In re, Engel-bach's Estate; 1924-2 Ch 348 (D), In re Sinclair's Life policy, 1938-1 Ch 799 (E), In re, Foster; Hudson v. Poster, 1938-54 TLR 993 (F), In re, Gordon Watts v. Rationalist Press Assocn., Ltd., 1940 Ch 769 (G); In re, Webb; Barclays Bank Ltd. v. Webb, 1941 Ch 225 (H) and In re, Schebsman, 1943 Ch 366 CD. The principle deducible from a consideration of the above cases is that if from the form of words used it could not be inferred that a statutory trust has been created under Section 10 of the Married Women's Property Act, 1870 and Section 11 of the Married Women's Property Act, 1882 or the. Married Women's Policies of Assurance Scotland Act of 1880, the assured amount would be payable to the personal representatives of the assured. In short very much will depend upon the words used in the policy whether the language has to be construed as creating a trust or not within the meaning of the Married Women's Property Act. In Macgillivray's Insurance Law (3rd edition pages 674-675) we find the following:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"There Is a distinction between the creation of a trust and a simple contract between two persons for the benefit of a third. This distinction was emphatically insisted on by the Judges in the Court of Appeal in the case of 1943-Ch 366 (I) which will be considered in greater detail further on. Lord Greene, M. R. said 'An Examination of the decided cases does, it is true, show that the Courts have on occasions adopted what may be called a liberal view on questions of this character but in the present case I cannot find in the contract anything to Justify the conclusion that a trust was intended.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is not legitimate to import into the contract the idea of a trust when the parties have given no indication that such was their intention. To interpret this contract as creating a trust would, in my judgment, be to disregard the dividing line between the case of a trust and the simple case of a contract made between two persons for the benefit of a third. That dividing line exists although it may not always be easy to determine where it is to be drawn.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Du Parcq L. J. said: 'It is true that by the use possibly of unguarded language a person may create a trust, as Monselur Jourdain talked prose, without knowing it, but unless an intention to create a trust is clearly to be collected from the language used and the circumstances of the case, I think that the Court ought not be astute to discover any indication of such art intention'."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. In another decision, Modern Woodmen of America v. Headh, 90 Atl 892 (J) the Court said as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"While the interest of the beneficiary designat ed in the original certificate is during the lifetime of the insured member, a contingent interest a mere espectancy liable at any time to be defeated by the designation of a new beneficiary, it does not follow that such beneficiary has no interest in the certificate. He has an expectancy in the nature of an inchoate interest, which, it is held in some jurisdiction, gives him the right to insist that change of beneficiary be made, if attempted in substantial conformity with the stipulations of the contract."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. The Indian law is practically on the same line as in England. The decision in 1392-1 QB 147 (A) was followed by Rankin C. J. and C. C. GhoSe J. in Krishna Lal v. Promila Bala Dasi. 32 Gal WN 634: (AIR 1928 Cal 518) (K) and the learned Judges considered that the Married Women's Property Act III of 1874 did not apply to the particular case in question and, therefore, Section 6 of the Act was in-applicable. Holding that mere nomination of a wife as the payee under a policy of life insurance did not of itself create a trust in her favour the plaintiff was non-suited.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. The same view has been taken by the Bombay High Court in shankar Vishvanath v. Umabai Sadashiv, ILR 37 Bom 471 (L). The Madras High Court has adopted a similar line as is seen from the judgment of my learned brother. As pointed out by Baiwell in his Law of Insurance, (1940 Edn. p. 439) the earlier decisions have now become academic because of the provisions of Section 39 of the Insurance Act of 1938,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. If by nomination, a trust is created then the nominee becomes the beneficiary but the difficulty is to find out from the exact words used what the intention was, because the terms nomination and nominee are not strictly speaking terms of art. "Nominated" means only to name and it is in every instance a question of mixed law and fact as to what the intention is. Thus by the expressions used it has to be found out whether the nomination merely creates a payee or a beneficiary for whose protection a trust is thereby created.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. Barewell in his Law of Insurance in India (1940) at page 440 observes,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"It is part of the history of life insurance that husbands insuring their own lives often do go with the sincere intention that the policy moneys should be enjoyed by their wives but are seen to have failed in many instances to express that idea in unambiguous language on the face of the instrument or even in the proposal form.'' Thus, difficulty arises not on account of the law on the subject which is clear, but only on account of the construction to be placed on the language of the declaration made in the face of the document by the assured. Declarations which at first sight might appear to be a nomination of no more than a payee or agent to receive may on a proper construction be found intended to create a trust, thee case-law in Madras has turned upon the Interpretation to be placed on the words "A policy of insurance effected by any married, man on his own life and expressed on the face of it to be for the benefit of - shall enure and be deemed to be a trust for the benefit of...."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Reference has been made in this connection to Pokkunuri Balamba v. Krishnayya, ILR 37 Mad 483 : (AIB 1914 Mad 595) (FB) (M), Rama Rao v. Kristnamma, ILR 52 Mad 936 : (AIR 1929 Mad 825)(N), Abhiramavalli Animal v. Official Trustee, Madras, 62 Mad LJ 111 : (AIR 1932 Mad 220) (O), Lalithambal Ammal v. Guardian of India Insurance Co., 1937 Com Cas 157 : (AIR 1937 Mad 645)(P), Krishnan Chettiar v. Velayee Ammal 1938 Com Cas (Ins) 101: (AIR 1938 Mad 604) (PB) (Q) and Venkatasubramania Sarma v. United Planters' Association, 1938 Com Cas (Ins) 17 : (AIR 1938 Mad 234) (R) and Kannayalal v. Subbaraya Chetti, 1938 Com Cas (Ins) 62 ; (AIB 1938 Mad 413) (S). All these cases are concerned mainly with the construction of the words used.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The result of the above discussion seems to me to be this:- If the construction placed Upon the declaration is that a trust has been created under the provisions of the Married Women's Property Act, the beneficiary would take the assured amount free of all the liabilities of the insured and if it is construed as a mere nomination, the nominee would have no more right than to receive the amount, subject to all the liabilities as if the disposition was by means of a testamentary instrument.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. In the case now in question I agree with my learned brother that nomination can only be construed as a testament which would be subject to all the liabilities which the assured has to discharge. That being the case the decision of the lower court is correct and the appeal must be dismissed. RAMASWAMI, J.:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. This is an appeal directed against the decree and judgment of the learned subordinate Judge of Salem in O. Section 229 of 1949.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. The facts are:- The deceased Dhana-kodi Mudaliar had taken out two life insurance policies for Rs. 5000 each in the National Insurance Company Limited, Calcutta. This Dhanakoti Mudaliar had become indebted to the Indian Insurance and Banking Corporation Limited, Salem. The Bank instituted O. S. No. 131 of 1948 and obtained a decree on 8-11-1848. This Dhana-kiti Mudaliar died on 23-7-1949. The policies were attached 'before judgment on 11-9-1948. This Dhanakoti Mudaliar had nominated his wife Sidda lakshmi Ammal as the person entitled to receive the moneys due under the policies in the event of his death and Siddalakshmi Animal surviving him.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This siddalakshmi Ammal died on 26-7-1949. The daughters of this couple viz., the second defendant and a minor girl by name Saroja who had died after the filing of the suit, filed a claim petition that the moneys due under the policies had become the assets of Siddalakshmi Ammal on the death of Dhanakoti Mudaliar and they were not liable to satisfy the decree debt of Dhanakoti Mudaliar. This claim was allowed and the Indian insurance and Banking Corporation has filed a suit for, the setting aside of that claim order. The learned Subordinate Judge of Salem has negatived the contention of the claim petitioners and set aside the order in I. A. No. 779 of 1948. Hence this appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. The point for determination is the scope of a nomination under Section 39 of the Indian Insurance Act IV of 1938.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. In order to understand the scope Of the nomination by the policy-holder under Section 39, we must also construe the assignment under Section 38 of the Indian Insurance Act of 1938.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The legal scope in regard to nominations and the assignments covered by Sections 38 and 39 of the Indian Insuance Act are the same under the English, American and Indian Law.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In England the old common law rule was that things in action, such as a debt due under a contract, could not be assigned to another without the assent of the debtor. A novation of the debt by the consent of all three parties was necessary. Assignments were always valid, however, in equity and Courts of equity enabled the assignee even of a legal thing in actions to bring an action at law against the debtor in the assignor's name, toy restraining the assignor from objecting to his use of it on being given a proper indemnity against costs: Row v. Dawson, (1749) 1 White & Tud LC 93 (T); Ashley v, Ashley, (1839) 3 Sim 149 (U); Pearson v. Amicable Assurance, (1859) 27 Beav 229 (V).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This was altered by the Policies of Assurance Act, 1867, whereunder an assignment of a life policies were recognised at law. This Act provided that an assignee can sue in his own name If he had complied with the Act and had obtained on assignment either by endorsement on the policy or by separate instrument, in the words or to the effect set forth in the Schedule to the Act as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"I, A. B. of etc., In consideration of, etc., do hereby assign unto C. D. of, etc., his Executors, Administrators, and Assigns, the (within) Policy of Assurance granted etc. In Witness, etc."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Section 25(6) of the Judicature Act, 1873, made all debts and other things in action assignable. Section 136 of the Law of Property Act, 1925, now replaces this general provision and covers absolute ' assignments in writing of things in action. Thus policies of insurance which are legal things in action and the assured can grant a valid assignment of the right to recover under any policy of Insurance without the assent of the Insurers: See Jessal M. R. Ex. parte Ibbetson; Re. Moore (1878) 8 Ch. D. 519 (W); Brett L.J. in Castellan v. Preston, (1883) II QBD 380 at p. 388 (X).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">If it complies with the Acts, the assignment will be valid in law, and the assignee may sue the company alone. But if it does not, it will only be effective in equity, and the assignee may only sue the company in his own name if the assignor has been joined in the action, as plaintiff if he con- sents or otherwise as defendant: Performing Right Society v. London Theatre of Varieties Ltd., (1924) AC 1 (Y), c.f. William Brandt's Sons & Co. v. Dun. lop Rubber Co, Ltd., (1905) AC 454 (Z). In addition to assignment, a person taking out a life policy tin his own life and who is to be considered as the owner of the reversionary sum which will become payable, cannot only assign but also sell, mortgage or settle it or even give it away as a gift.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">He may leave it by will or. make it, without anything in writing, the subject of death-bed gift: Witt v. Amis, (1861) 1 B & S 109 (21). If the insurance is upon his own life, the right to the same will devolve on his personal representatives on his death who will be bound to treat it as money owing to him and forming part of his estate which is as much as money due to him under a promissory note: Petty v. Wilson, (1869) 4 Ch A 674 (Z2) per Selwyn L.J. Therefore, the assured's creditors would be entitled to take his life policy like other property in execution: Stokoe v. Cowan, (1861) 29 Beav 637 (Z3).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In addition to these ways of disposing of the ownership of the life policy by the insured, 'there are other dispositions of lire policies under English Law. (For a lucid exposition see Preston & Colinvaux (1950 Edn). The Law of Insurance (Sweet & Maxwell) Ch 80 p. 183 and follows; Houseman - The Law of Life Assurance - Fourth Edition (1954) (Butterworth's Ch. VI p. 74 and follows).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. Equitable interests in the policy may arise under a trust declared by the assured either expressly or by virtue of Section 11 of the Married Women's Property Act, 1882 or by virtue of an equitable assignment or from the relationship of debtor and creditor. In the last case the creditor may have an equitable charge on the policy of his debtor or the debtor may have an equity of redemption on the policy of his creditor. In such cases on the death of the assured who has taken out a life policy, the assets will devolve on the person in whose favour there has been a resultant trust and the assured's creditors may not be entitled to take his life policy like other property in execution.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. The reason is twofold viz., either on account of the fact that the assignment with notice to the company means novation and the coming into existence of a new contract with a third party or as a result of a trust created by statute as under Section 11 of the Married Women's Property Act, 1882, which as amended by the Law Reform (Married Women and Tortfeasors) Act, 1935, which reads as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"A married woman may effect a policy upon her own life or the life of her husband for her own benefit; and the same and all benefit thereof shall enure accordingly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"A policy of assurance effected by any man on his own life, and expressed to be for toe benefit of his wife, or of his children, or of his wife and children, or any of them, or by any woman on her own life, and expressed to be for the benefit of her husband, or of her children, or of her husband and children, or any of them, shall create a trust in favour of the objects therein named, and the moneys payable under any such policy shall not, so long as any object of the trust remains unperformed, form part of the estate of the insured, or be subject to his or her debts; Provided, that if it shall be proved that the policy was effected and the premiums paid with intent to defraud the creditors of the insured, they shall be entitled to receive, out of the moneys payable under the policy, a sum equal to the premiums so paid. The insured may by the policy, or by any memorandum under his or her hand, appoint a trustee or trustees of the moneys payable under the policy, and from time to time appoint a new trustee or new trustees thereof, and may make provision for the appointment of a new trustee or new trustees thereof, and for the investment of the moneys payable under any such policy. In default of any such appoint, ment of a trustee, such policy, immediately on its being effected, shall vest in the insured and his or her legal personal representatives, in trust for the purposes aforesaid. If, at the time of the death of the insured, or at any time afterwards, there shall be no trustee, or it shall be expedient to appoint a new trustee or new trustees a trustee or trustees or a new trustee or new trustees may be appointed by any court having jurisdiction under the provisions of the Trustee Act, 1850, or the Acts amending and extending the same. The receipt of a trustee or trustees duly appointed, or, Jn default of any such appointment, or in default of notice to the insurance office, the receipt of the legal personal representative of the insured shall be a discharge to the office for the sum secured by the policy, or for the value thereof, in whole or in part."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This section replaced Section. 10 of the Married Women's Property Act, 1870, the terms of which Were similar, though there are Important differences, which are not relevant for our purpose.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. The corresponding Scottish Act is the Married Women's Policies of Assurance (Scotland) Act, 1880, which extended to Scotland facilities available in England under the English Act of 1870. Section 2 of the Scottish Act opens as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"A policy of assurance effected by any married man on his own life, & expressed upon the face of it to be for the benefit of his wife, or of his children, or of his wife and children, shall, together with all benefit thereof, be deemed a trust for the benefit of his wife for her separate use, or for the benefit of his children, or for the benefit of his wife and children."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In addition to assignments and creation of trusts, in England also it is common in the case of insurances on the assured's own life, for the assured to nominate a beneficiary at the time of taking out a policy. Such a nomination does not, however, by itself, constitute the assured a trustee, nor, since the person nominated is a stranger to the contract, has he any remedy at law. The property in such a policy will therefore pass, not-withstanding the nomination, to the personal representatives of the assured on his death and the nominee has no rights whatsoever, unless:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(i) the nomination amounts to a declaration of trust, or the person taking out the policy is merely the agent of the nominee, or</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(ii) the nomination is made under Section 11 of the Married Women's Property Act, 1882, or</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(iii) it is made under Section 56 of the Friendly Societies Act, 1896.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. This rule as has been pointed out in Preston and Colinvaux Law of Insurance at page 338 sometimes works considerable injustice, as where a person took out an endowment policy expressly for the benefit of his godson, but died before the policy matured, and it was held that the policy formed part of his general estate and that the godson had no title to it: (1938) 1 Ch. 779 (E); see also Re: Clay's Policy, (1937) 3 All ER 548 (Z4). Since the policy-holder, in such a case, does not generally wish to create a trust binding upon Himself during his lifetime, it is important that he should provide by will that the policy should pass on his death to the nominee. He may, on the other hand, create a trust subject to his keeping up the policy: Pedder V. Moseley, (1862) 31 Beav 159 (Z5).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">26. The law Revision Committee (Sixth Interim Report 32) has proposed that Section 11 of , the Married Women's Property Act, 1882, should be extended to education policies, to which it does not at present apply. Such a reform would render a welcome amelioration of the rule that a nominee has no right in a life insurance policy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">27. These principles are embodied in the oft-repeated decisions of the Court of Appeal in 1892-1 QB 147 (A); (1902) 1 Ch 282 (B); 1915-85 LJ Ch 273 (C); 1924-2 Ch 348 (D); 1933-3 All ER 124: 1938-1 Ch 799 (E); 1933-3 All ER 357 (F); Hals-bury's Laws of England (Hailsham Edn) Vol. 18, P. 531, para 842; and Digest, Vol. 20, p. 422, NOB. 3288, 3289.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">28. The American law on the subject which is practically identical with the English law, will be found set one in May, Law of Insurance, 4th Edition (Little Brown & Co., Kbstan) (1900) Ch. XIX "Assignment of Policies" page 838 and follows 29 American Jurisprudence, Section 492 (page 401 and following) and Richards on the Law of Insurance, 5th Edition (1952), Volume I, Chapter 5 (page 406 and following).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">29. The Indian law as to assignment of life policies before Act IV of 1938 was contained in Sections 130 to 132 and 135 of the Transfer of Property Act. The transfer of an actionable claim could be effected only by an instrument in writing signed by the transferor or by his duly authorised agent and thereupon all rights and remedies of the transferor vest in the transferee whether Police of transfer had been given or not. Every dealing with the debt by the debtor was valid as against such transfer unless the debtor was a party to the transfer or had received notice to it: see Section 130.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Notice of transfer was prescribed by Section 131, Section 132 provided that the transferee of an actionable claim took it subject to equities available against the transferor. Then, in the case of life policies an assignee could not sue in his own name and if the assignor died, his personal representative would be a necessary party to a suit by the assignee: Rajnarain Bose v. Universal Life Assurance Co. ILR 7 Cal 594 (Z6).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">30. Now by Act IV of 1938, Section 38, an assignment of life policy can be made either by endorsement upon the policy or by a separate instrument signed by the assignor and attested by at least one witness. The transferee cannot sue until notice of assignment is given to the insurer in writing together with the endorsement certified to be correct fay the transferor and the transferee.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Upon receipt of the notice the insurer has to record the fact of such transfer etc., and the transferee takes subject to the equities to which the transferor was subject at the date of the transfer. Thus, the assignment of life policies is now governed by Section 38 of the Insurance Act and not by Section 130 of the Transfer of Property Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">31. Section 39 of the Insurance Act of 1038 confers upon the holder of the policy of life assurance Issued upon his own life the right to nominate a person or persons to whom the policy moneys may be paid in the event of his death. We are not concerned here with proviso to Sub-section (1) dealing with minor nominees. Sub-section (2) prescribes that nominations may be effected in two-ways viz., (a) by incorporation in the text of the policy as Issued by the insurer or (b) by endorsement by the policy-holder on the policy and notified to the Insurer and registered in his books.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">There is no time limit given for an endorsement on the policy constituting the nomination, to be got registered. If, therefore, a policy-holder endorses his policy to nominate a person, there is nothing in the section to bar its registration in the books of the company even after the death of the assured. A nomination may be cancelled or altered by an endorsement or by a will.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nomination therefore effected by incorporation in the text of the policy Or by endorsement may be cancelled or changed by a subsequent endorsement. A will has the effect of abrogating a nomination altogether, but in order to have that effect, the will should purport to beqeath the policy,' It would seem, however, that where a will be-qeathing the policy is followed by nomination, the nomination will have the effect of making the will ineffectual to that extent.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Besides as provided in Sub-section (2) a nomination will also be automatically cancelled by a subsequent transfer or assignment. On the nominee dying, the sum assured becomes, in accordance with the terms of the section, payable to the po-licy-holder or his heirs or legal representatives or the holder of a succession certificate as the case may be. Policies coming under the Married Women's Property Act are not affected by this section except as stated in the proviso.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">32. There are thus important differences between a nomination and an assignment which can be summed up as follows: An assignment of a life policy passes to the assignee the right to the insurance money, even though the assignor's interest in the life has ceased before the date of the assignment. The life policy forms part of the estate of the assured and may be dealt with at his absolute discretion, sold, charged, settled etc. Once an assignment is made it cannot be cancelled at the option of the assignor.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It creates a vested right in the assignee who no doubt takes it subject to the equities in the case of the assignor, because the assignee cannot have a better title than his assignor. On the other hand, a nomination unless there is a special clause inserted to make it irrevocable, does not deprive the policy holder of his rights, privileges, options and benefits under the policy including the right to alter the beneficiary.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The latter is entitled to receive policy moneys only. There is no statutory trust created by the Section (39) in favour of the nominee; nor is he conferred as the nominee under s. 5 of the Provident Funds Act, 1925, with the right to receive the moneys absolutely.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The nominee being only given the right to receive money after the death of the assured, he can neither surrender the policy nor have it converted to be paid up. It has already been pointed out how a nomination will get automatically cancelled by a subsequent transfer or assignment, whereas an assignment when followed by a nomination will not be cancelled thereby. Similarly, whereas a will has the effect of abrogating the nomination altogether, an aslsgnment cannot at the option of the assignor be cancelled by a will.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">On account of these fundamental differences between an assignment and a nomination where under vested rights accrue under the former, to the assignee, and only a mere right to receive moneys under the policy contingent on the nominee surviving the assured and the assured not changing his mind and altering his nomination accrues in the latter case the liability of the assured amount to satisfy the liabilities of the as- sured is different in either case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In the former case it is not open to a creditor to treat the life policy as being the property of his debtor viz., the assured. In the case of the latter the nominee receives the policy amount subject to the same liabilities as in the case of beneficiaries under a disposition by a will. (For discussion of the differences between assignment and nomination under Sections 38 and 39 see Dutt Commentaries on the Insurance Act, 3rd Edition, page 101 and foll; P. A. S. Mani Life Assurance in India (1950) page 229; K. B. Venkoba Rao - The Law of insurance in India (1950) page 332 and foll; N. D. Basu Principles of Insurance in India (1940) page 725 and foll; Bishan Nath - The Law of Insurance (1939) page 52 and foll.)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">33. Quite different would be the case if the nominations in favour of the wife and children are made as under Section 6 of Act III of 1874 which runs as follows;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"A policy of insurance effected by any married man on his own life, and expressed on the face of it to be for the benefit of his wife, or of his wife and children, or any of them, shall ensure and be deemed to be a trust for the benefit of his wife, or of his wife and children, or any of them, according to the interests so expressed, and shall not, so long as any object of the trust remains, be subject to the control of the husband or to his creditors, or form part of his estate".</p><p style="text-align: justify;">34. The law in regard to nominations under Section 39 of the Insurance Act and under Section 6 of Act in of 1874, can be thus summed up: (i) where the nomination is purported to be made in favour of the wife etc., under Section 39 of the Insurance Act, Section 6 of Act in of 1874 has no application and no trust in favour of the wife etc., is created, (ii) In other cases, Section 6 of Act III of 1874 is attracted provided the policy on the face of it is expressed to be for the benefit of the wife etc. Even the proposal is a 'policy and can be taken into account in premising whether a trust in favour of the wife is created: 1938 Com Cas (Ins) 101 : (AIR 1938 Mad 604) (FB) (Q). (iii) No set form of words is necessary provided the intention of the assured can be inferred.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The words 'payable to my wife' are enough and it is not necessary that it should be expressly stated that the policy is 'for the benefit of the wife' and to reproduce the phraseology of Section 6 of the Act III of 1874. This distinction is important because, as pointed out before, in the case of a nomination, the nominee takes it as under a testamentary disposition as property bequeathed by the testator subject to the liabilities which that legacy has to satisfy of the testator, whereas in the case of a nomination under the Married Women's Property Act which results in the creation of a trust in the language of ILR (1938) Mad 867 : (AIR 1938 Mad 413) (S).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The benefit which accrues to the nominee though subject to the other conditions in the policy, gets impressed as a trust from the very moment of its birth and cannot be looked upon therefore as available to creditors regardless of the trust imposed on it. - ILR 1938 Mad 867 : (AIR 1938 Mad 413) CS) was approved in Bharat Insurance Co., Ltd. v. Lakshmidevi, (1947) 17 Conip. Cas (Ins) l : (AIR 1948 Lah 21) (Z7-8); ILB 55 Mad 171 ; (AIR 1932 Mad, 220) (O) also is a decision taking the same view. '</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Madras view is in the line of English decisions of Section 11 of the English Married Women's Property Act, 1882 (as in Re: Pleetwood's Policy, (1926) 1 Ch 48 (Z9), (1941) 1 All ER 321 .(H); Re: Schebsman, (1543) 2 All ER 768 (Z10); though the Bombay High Court on Dinbai Hormasji v. Bamansha Janiasji, 58 Bom 513 : (AIR 1934 Bom 296) (Z11), (1937) 7 Com Cas 157 : (AIR 1937 Mad 645) (P), Shamdas v. Savitri, (1937) 7 Com Cas 267 : (AIR 1937 Sind 181) (Z13) takes the view that no trust is created in favour of the wife until the death of the assured and the assured in his lifetime can freely assign the benefit of the policy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">35. These principles are clearly brought out in two decisions of the. Calcutta High court to which our attention has been invited by the learned advocate Mr. Nambiar. The first decision is AIR 1928 cal 518 (K). In that case a Hindu assured directed an insurance company to pay money due under his policy effected in 1910 to his wife as the nominee of the assured. But the nomination could not be construed as one made under Section 6 of Act III of 1874.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Therefore, the Calcutta High Court held that the wife was not entitled to the money as the Women's Property Act did not apply and there was no trust in her favour by virtue of Section 6 and that a person who is nominated by an assured fn his policy of life assurance for receiving money due under it upon his death is not entitled to enforce his claim against the company as he, though a nominee, is no party to the contract and no interest passes to him merely by reason of his being earned in the policy and the money forms part of the assets of the deceased and is liable for his debts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The second case which is the latest decision of the Calcutta High Court, is Ramballav v. Gangadhar, wherein it was</p><p style="text-align: justify;">held:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"Where the nomination in the endowment insurance policy of the deceased judgment-debtor stated: 'I nominate my wife and my son-in-law, the survivor or survivors, as the persons to receive the moneys under the above policy in the event of my prior death', the nominee under these terms does not become the owner of the money payable to him under the policy. Such nomination only Indicates the person who should receive the money should the owner die.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">All that Sub-section (6) of Section 39, Insurance Act does is to confer on the nominee the right to receive the insurance money as between such nominee and the insurance Company, but it does not provide for the title or ownership of that money in general.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The terms of nomination do not show that the policy was expressed on the face of it to be for the benefit of the wife within the 'meaning of Section 6 Married Women's Property Act. The terms of nomination make the nomination simpliciter -which comes under Sub-s. (6) of 8. 39, Insurance Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The proviso to Section 39, Insurance Act makes it quite clear that the policy-holder can elect to come either under nomination under Sub-section (6) of Section 39 or under trust under Sub-section (7) of that section but if he does elect to nominate, then such nomination takes it out of the trust under Section 6, Married Women's Property Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In this view, attachment of the moneys payable under the Insurance policy by the decree-holder of the deceased judgment-debtor is not illegal". (See also Matin v. Mahomed Matin, AIR 1922 Lah 145 (Z14): Gresham Life Insurance Society Ltd. v. Collector of Etawah, AIR 1933 All 1: ILR 54 All 1026 (Z15); British Equitable Assurance Co v. Great Western Ry., (1868) 38 LJ Ch 132 (Z16); Mangles V. DixOn, (1852) 3 HLC 702 (217); Lakshmikutty Kettilamma v. Vishnu Nambissen, AIR 1939 Mad 411 (Z18); AIR 1937 Sind 181 (Zl2)."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">36. In the result, the findings of the learned Subordinate Judge are unassailable and we there-fore confirm them and dismiss this appeal without costs.',
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LAW: Section 136, Section 25 Sub-section, the Judicature Act, Section 38, the Indian Insurance Act IV of, Section 38, the Insurance Act, Section 38, Section 10, Section 11, Section 6 of the Act, Section 39, the Insurance Act, Section 39, the Indian Insurance Act IV, Section 39, Section 38, the Indian Insurance Act, the Indian Insuance Act, the Policies of Assurance Act, the Judicature Act, Section 136, Section 11, Section 11, the Law Reform (Married Women and Tortfeasors, the Trustee Act, Scottish Act, the English Act, Section 2, Section 11, Section 56, Section 11, Chapter 5, Act IV of 1938, Section 130.Notice, Section 131, Section 132, Section 38, Section 38, the Insurance Act, Section 130, Section 39, the Insurance Act, the Provident Funds Act, the Insurance Act, Section 6 of Act III, Section 39, the Insurance Act, Section 6 of Act, Section 39, the Insurance Act, Section 6 of Act, Section 6 of Act III, Section 6 of the Act III of, Section 11, Sind 181, Section 6 of Act III, Section 6, Section 39, Insurance Act, Section 39, Section 39, Section 6

CARDINAL: 1, 305, three, 1, 2, 3, 6, 2, transferee, 282, 1924, 1940, 674-675, two, two, 90, 32, 634, 37, 439, 1938,11, 440, 37, 483, 52, 62, 220, 157, 101, 604, 17, 62, 1949.16, two, 5000, 131, 23, 26, 779, 1938.18, 1938.19, 38, 39, three, 1, 3, 27, 8, 380, 388, 1, 109, 21, 4, 674, 29, 80, 183, 74, 10, 1896.25, 338, 1, 779, 3, 31, 1, 1924, 124, 18, 531, 842, 20, 422, 3289.28, 838, 29, 401, 406, 130, 132, 135, transferee, at least one, transferee, 1, 2, two, 2, 39, 38, 39, 101, 229, 332, 725, 52, 101, 867, 17, 21, Z7, 55, 220, 1, 1, 58, 513, 296, 7, 157, 7, 267, two, 1874.Therefore, 6, 6, 8, 39, 6, 145, 1, 38, 3, 702, 217

ORDINAL: 8th, 3rd, third, third, first, second, third, Sixth, first, second

PERSON: Nihil Certius, nihil, hora mortis,"4, Esher, M. R., Engel, Foster, Hudson, Gordon Watts v. Rationalist, Schebsman, Greene, M. R., Parcq L. J., "8, Rankin C. J. and, C. C. GhoSe J., Krishna Lal v., Bala Dasi, Umabai Sadashiv, Rama Rao v. Kristnamma, Abhiramavalli Animal, Official Trustee, Madras, Lalithambal Ammal v. Guardian, Velayee Ammal, Venkatasubramania Sarma, Kannayalal, O. S. No, Sidda, Siddalakshmi Animal, Siddalakshmi Ammal, Dawson, Ashley, Ashley, Schedule, A. B., C. D. of, Assigns, Jessal M. R. Ex, Ibbetson, Moore, Castellan, c.f., William Brandt's, Amis, Petty v. Wilson, Cowan, Colinvaux Law of Insurance, Pedder V. Moseley, Richards, Rajnarain Bose v. Universal Life Assurance Co., Insurer, P. A. S. Mani Life Assurance, K. B. Venkoba Rao - The Law, N. D. Basu, Lakshmidevi, Schebsman, Z10, Bamansha Janiasji, Shamdas v. Savitri, Nambiar, Ramballav v. Gangadhar, Matin, Mahomed Matin, Mangles V. DixOn, Lakshmikutty Kettilamma v., Vishnu Nambissen

ORG: the Married Women's Property Act, the Policies of Life Assurance Act, Cleaver v. Mutual Reserve Fund Life Assocn, the Scottish Equitable Ligt Assurance Society, Estate, Sinclair's Life, Webb, Barclays Bank Ltd., the Married Women's Property Act, the Married Women's Property Act, Married Women's Policies of Assurance Scotland Act, the Married Women's Property Act, Macgillivray, the Court of Appeal, Court, Modern Woodmen of, Court, AIR 1928 Cal 518, the Married Women's Property Act III, the Bombay High Court, Vishvanath, ILR, Baiwell, Barewell, Pokkunuri Balamba, Krishnayya, ILR, ILR, India Insurance Co., PB, United Planters' Association, the Married Women's Property Act, Dhana-kodi Mudaliar, the National Insurance Company Limited, This Dhanakoti Mudaliar, the Indian Insurance and Banking Corporation Limited, Bank, This Dhanakoti Mudaliar, Saroja, Dhanakoti Mudaliar, Dhanakoti Mudaliar, Banking Corporation, White & Tud, Pearson v. Amicable Assurance, Beav 229, Witness, Brett L.J., London Theatre of Varieties Ltd., AC 1, Sons & Co., Dun, lop Rubber Co, Ltd., AC 454, Selwyn L.J., Stokoe, Preston & Colinvaux, The Law of Insurance (Sweet & Maxwell, Houseman - The Law of Life Assurance - Fourth Edition, the Married Women's Property Act, the Married Women's Property Act, the Married Women's Property Act, the Married Women's Policies of Assurance (Scotland) Act, the Married Women's Property Act, Clay, Revision Committee, the Married Women's Property Act, the Court of Appeal, LJ, Laws of England, Digest, NOB, 4th Edition, Little Brown & Co., Kbstan, the Law of Insurance, 5th Edition, ILR, the Married Women's Property Act, Dutt Commentaries, 3rd Edition, foll, Bishan Nath - The Law of Insurance, the Married Women's Property Act, ILR, Bharat Insurance Co., Ltd., Conip, AIR 1932 Mad, the Bombay High Court, AIR 1928 cal 518 (K, the Calcutta High Court, the Women's Property Act, the Calcutta High Court, Section 6 Married Women's Property Act, Married Women's Property Act, AIR 1922, Gresham Life Insurance Society Ltd., ILR, British Equitable Assurance Co v., HLC, Z18, AIR 1937 Sind 181

DATE: 1882, 1867, 1925, 1873, 1938, 1892-1, 6402, 1902-1, 1915-113, 1938, 1938-54, 1941, 1943, 1870, 1882, 1880, 1943-Ch 366, 1392-1, 1874, 1940, 1937, 1938, 1938, 1938, 1938, 1948, 11-9-1948, 1948, 1749, 93, 1839, 1859, 1867, 1873, 1925, 1878, 1883, 1924, 1905, 1861, 1869, 1861, 1950, 1954, 1882, 1882, 1935, 1850, 1870, 1880, 1870, 1882, 1938, 1937, 1862, 32, 1882, 1892-1, 1902, 1915-85, 1933-3, 1933-3, 3288, May, 1900, 1952, 1038, 1925, 1950, 1950, 1940, 1874, 1874, 1874, 1874, 1938, 1874, 1938, 1938, 1938, 1938, 1947, 1882, 1926, 1941, 1543, 1937, 1937, 1910, 1026, 1868, 1852

LANGUAGE: English, English, English, English, English, English, English

GPE: India, America, Justify, America, Headh, England, created.12, India, Krishnan, Subbaraya Chetti, Salem, Salem, Dhana, Subordinate, Salem, England, Butterworth, Scotland, England, England, Preston, Hals, India, India, India, Dinbai, Indicates

NORP: American, Indian, Indian, American, Indian, American, American, Indian, Z6).30, Hormasji, Hindu

PRODUCT: 993 (F, Calcutta, 7 Cal 594, Z14, LJ Ch 132

FAC: Monselur Jourdain

LOC: Madras, Madras

WORK_OF_ART: 1929 Mad 825)(N, Executors, Administrators, Policy of Assurance, 2 All ER, Z11, Collector of Etawah, Subordinate

TIME: 8-11-1848