Semantic Analysis by spaCy
Gahlot Engineering Wine Store Etc. Vs. State of Rajasthan and ors.
Decided On : Jan-20-1978
Court : Rajasthan
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Nos. 563, 585 to 590, 598 and 599 of 1977', 'appellant' => 'Gahlot Engineering Wine Store Etc.', 'authreffered' => '', 'casename' => 'Gahlot Engineering Wine Store Etc. Vs. State of Rajasthan and ors.', 'casenote' => 'Rajasthan Prohibition Act, 1969 - Section 3(1) and Constitution of India Article 14--Prohibition extended to Bali Tehsil--Held, introduction of prohibition in phased manner being a matter of policy is within plenary power of State--It is above challenge and cannot be impeached Under Article 14.;The question of absence of guide lines in the matter of introduction of policy is hardly of any relevance because the matter being a matter of policy it is within the plenary power of the state to implement is policy off prohibition in the phased manner looking to over all facts and circumstances and also its financial implicate us. The matter as it relates to policy is above challenge and cannot be impeached on the ground of violation of Article 14.;(b) Constitution of India - Articles 14, 19 & 31--Right to sell liquor--Held, there is no fundamental right involved--To manufacture & sell liquor vests in the State--To permit sale of foreign liquor is a concession.;It is well settled that there is no fundamental right in the matter of carrying on trade in liquor. The right to manufacture or sell liquor absolutely vests in the State and the State in it regularly power can be taken away the right to vend foreign liquor. In fact the right to vend foreign liequor is a sort of concession given by the Slate by granting licences under which the citizens are permitted to carry on trade in liquor But that right is not an indefeasible one and such right is always at the mercy of the state which can be taker away by introduction of the prohibition Act which is primarily meant for the welfare of the people for the improvement of their health.;(c) Rajasthan Excise Act, 1950 - Sections 35 & 76 and Rajasthan Prohibition Act, 1969--Prohibition Cancellation of licence--Valid licence be cancelled after fulfilling requisite condition by remitting fee.;Admittedly conditions precedent for exercising power of canceling licences under Section 35 having not been fulfilled by remitting the requisite money as contemplated by the section. The petitioners right under the licence will be saved by virtue of Clause (1)(b) of Section 76 of the Act as the Excise Act repealed by virtue of promulgation of the Prohibition Act shall stand repealed but the repeal shall not effect any right privilege acquired accrued under the Excise Act. I am, therefore, of the opinion that the order to bring into force the Prohibition Act in an effective manner, the State Government should take care to firstly validly cancel the licence as provided under Section 35 so that no vestigage of right or privilege is saved under Sub-section (1)(b) of Section 76 may vest in the licence.;(d) Constitution of India - Article 226--Rajasthan Prohibition Act, 1962 Section 3 Rajasthan Excise Act Section 35--Introduction of prohibition--Petitioner can claim amount from Government--Held, extra, ordinary jurisdiction cannot be invoked.;Looking to the public interest and the fact that the prohibition set is a social welfare measure aimed at the improvement of the public health and raising the living standard of the citizens, the requirement of justice is in refusing the relief claimed for by the petitioners. The money which the petitioners are entitled under Section 35 can be recovered from the State and it is also expected of the State to remit the money which the petitioners would have been entitled before their licence could be cancelled.;Writ dismissed - INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES ACT, 1947. Section 2(s): [M.S. Shah, Sharad D. Dave & K.S. Jhaveri,JJ] Workman Part time employees Held, Part time employees are not excluded from the definition of workman in Section 2(s) merely on the ground that they are part time employees. The ex abundante cautela use of the words either whole time or part time by the Legislature in the definition of working journalist in the Working Journalists and Other Newspaper Employees (Conditions of Service and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1955, does not mean that the definition of workman in the prior Act i.e. Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 intended to exclude part-time employees from the definition of workman. The expression part time has nothing to do with the nature of appointment, but it only regulates the duration of working hours for which and appointee is required to work. If a person fulfils the test of a workman, he cannot be excluded from the definition only on the ground that he is a part-time employee. However, the Court will have to apply various tests applicable fort determining the relationship of employer and employee such as the control test, the integration or the organization test. The control test is one of the important tests, but is not to be taken as the sole test. It is also required to be examined whether the person was fully integrated into the employers concern or has remained apart from and independent of it. The other facts which may be relevant are as to who has the power to select and dismiss, to pay remuneration, to organize the work, etc. A full time worker usually works in a week for 40 hours or more depending on the award or agreement. If a person falls under the definition of workman under Section 2(s) and does not fall in any excluded category, he will be covered by the definition of workman under the I.D. Act, and he will be entitled to all the benefits under the said Act. A perusal of Section 2(s) indicates that it does not specifically refer to a part-time workman nor does it specifically exclude a part-time workman from the definition of :workman. Since the number of hours is not the determining criterion for deciding whether a person falls within the definition of workman or not, it cannot be said that a part-time worker is not a workman within the meaning of the provisions of the I.D. Act. However, to decide the status of a worker rendering services for less than 40 hours a week, various aspects are required to be considered. The control test, the integration test and all the other relevant tests are as much applicable for deciding the status of a person rendering service on part-time basis as these tests are required to be applied for deciding the status of a person rendering the services on full-time basis. Since persons may be engaged for part-time work for various reasons, while deciding the question whether a person rendering services on part-time basis is a workman or not, the nature of the industry, the nature of services being rendered by the person, the terms and conditions of engagement and various other factors will have to be taken into consideration before coming to the conclusion whether such a person falls within the definition of workman under Section 2 (s) of the I.D. Act. Sometimes looking to the nature of the establishment and its activities, the employer may need the services of a person only for a few hours in a day. Depending on his requirement, the employer may employ two part-time workers instead of one full-time worker. Similarly, it may be more convenient for the concerned person to do work on part-time basis rather than for full time. However, convenience per se of the employer or the employee by itself does not confirm or negate the status of such person as a workman within the meaning of the I.D. Act, but the tests relevant for determining the status of a workman such as control test and integration test will be required to be applied. If a person is working with two employers on part-time basis on the same day, it may result into an anomalous situation and the Court will have to consider the nature of engagement in both the establishments. However, mere possibility of such an anomaly resulting by itself does not take away the status of the concerned person as a workman from both the establishments, but while granting and moulding the reliefs the Court will take these facts into consideration. - This is matter which relates to the policy of the State and the Government is the best Judge to implement its policy in such manner as will effectively sub-serve the welfare of its people. The argument of the learned counsel in respect of these contentions are like this: It is well settled that there is no fundamental right in the matter of carrying on trade in liquor. It is well to remember here that the issuance of writ is of a discretionary character and the writ or order under Article 226 does not issue as a matter of course. , unless injury complained of is of a substantial character. These facts clearly establish that there will be no substantial injury on account of the licences.', 'caseanalysis' => null, 'casesref' => '', 'citingcases' => '', 'counselplain' => ' C.M. Lodha and; I.J. Lodha, Advs.', 'counseldef' => ' A.K. Mathur, Govt. Adv.', 'court' => 'Rajasthan', 'court_type' => 'HC', 'decidedon' => '1978-01-20', 'deposition' => 'Petition dismissed', 'favorof' => null, 'findings' => null, 'judge' => ' M.L. Joshi, J.', 'judgement' => 'ORDER<p style="text-align: justify;">M.L. Joshi, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. All the petitioners were licensees for vending foreign liquor as retailers for Bali Tehsil for the financial year 1977-1978 commencing from the 1st of April, 1977 and ending on the 31st of March, 1978. In exercise of powers conferred under Sub-section (3) of Section 1 of the Rajasthan Prohibition Act, 1969 (Rajasthan Act 17 of 1969) in short the Prohibition Act, the State Govt. by a notification dated 20th of Oct. 1977 extended the provisions of the Prohibition Act to the area covered by Tehsil Bali with effect from the 1st of Dec. 1977. By another notification of the same date it has been notified that from the 1st of Oct. 1977, it would not be permissible for any one to either possess liquor or to transport it or to import it. All the petitioners have been served with notice issued by Excise Commissioner stating therein that as the State Government is introducing prohibition in the area covered by Tehsil Bali by extending the Prohibition Act from the 1st of Dec. 1977, the licences for sale of foreign liquor in retail are cancelled under Section 35 of the Rajasthan Excise Act hereinafter called the Excise Act. The petitioners, therefore, in all these nine petitions pray for writ, direction or order declaring Sub-section (3) of Section 1 of the Prohibition Act and Section 13 and Sub-section (4) of Section 19 of the Excise Act ultra vires of the <a href="/act/51737/constitution-of-india-complete-act">Constitution of India</a>. They further pray for quashing the notification dated 20th of Oct. 1977, bringing into operation the provisions of the Prohibition Act in Tehsil Bali of District Pali. The petitioners also pray for quashing the notification dated the 20th of Oct. 1977 introducing the prohibition in Bali Tehsil from 1st of 0ec. 1977. The petitioners further pray for quashing the notice cancelling their licences issued by the Excise Commissioner and restraining the respondents from interfering with their right of carrying on trade in vending foreign liquor in retail in their respective licences which are valid up to 31st of March, 1978.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. As the common questions of fact and law are involved in all these 9 writ petitions they are, therefore, being disposed of by a common order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. These cases came up for admission before me for the first time on 23rd of Nov. 1977 on which date I directed that let the notices go to the opposite parties to show cause why these petitions should not be admitted. In response to the show cause notices the State has opposed the admission by submitting written reply wherein it has been prayed that the writ petitions be dismissed in limine.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. I have heard the learned counsel for both the sides at some length. Various contentions have been put forth on behalf of the petitioners by Mr. G. M. Lodiha the learned counsel for the petitioners.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. The first contention of Mr. Lodha is that Sub-section (1) of Section 3 of the Prohibition Act which empowers the State to specify area for extending the operation of the Prohibition Act is ultra vires as it gives unbridled power to the State Government in the matter of including and applying Prohibition Act to any area at any time without prescribing any criterion or principle. It is, therefore, urged that this provision is ultra vires of the Constitution being violative of the Article 14 of the Constitution. Having heard the learned counsel for both the sides I do not find any merit in this contention. Our Constitution contemplates the concept of a welfare State. The Government is supposed to know the conditions and habits of the inhabitants of the particular geographical region of the State and in its wisdom may carve its own policy for the welfare of the people of particular region or particular area and specify the same for introduction of prohibition in that particular area. This is matter which relates to the policy of the State and the Government is the best Judge to implement its policy in such manner as will effectively sub-serve the welfare of its people. The question of absence of guidelines in the matter of introduction of policy is hardly of any relevance because the matter being a matter of policy it is within the plenary power of the State to implement its policy of prohibition in the phased manner looking to overall facts and circumstances and also its financial implications. The matter as it relates to policy is above challenge and cannot be impeached on the ground of violation of Article 14. The challenge to Sub-section (3) of Section 1 is therefore futile and is not substantial in law.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. The next contention put forth on behalf of the petitioner is that in view of the introduction of the Prohibition Act, by virtue of Section 4 of the Prohibition Act the petitioners shall be debarred from carrying on their retail trade in vending foreign liquor and further in view of the cancellation of their licences they will be deprived of their fundamental right of business and right to property and thus there will be infringement of their fundamental right conferred by Articles 19 and 31 of the Constitution. Another contention in regard to plea of violation of fundamental right is based on the infringement of Article 14 of the <a href="/act/51737/constitution-of-india-complete-act">Constitution of India</a>. The argument of the learned counsel in respect of these contentions are like this: The petitioners have right to carry on their trade under Article 19(1)(f) and they have right to reap the benefits under the licence which is valid up to 31st of March, 1978, but due to introduction of the Prohibition Act and cancellation of their licences they will be deprived of carrying on their trade under the licences which are valid up to 31st of March, 1978. It is, therefore, contended that they are being denied right to carry on their trade in violation of Article 19(1)(f) and are further being denied the right to property which they are entitled under the licences granted to them. As regards the violation of Article 14 it has been contended that the Tehsil Bali in which the petitioner have been carrying on their trade of vending foreign liquor on retail basis are being subjected to hostile discrimination without any rational basis as the areas of some of the neighbouring Tehsils have not been declared dry. The contention is that the Tehsil Bali has been arbitrarily picked up without any intelligible differentia between the area covered by Tehsil Bali and the neighbouring area outside the Tehsil Bali. These contentions are fully answered by Article 31C of the Constitution which was introduced by 42nd Amendment Act of the Constitution. Article 31C lays down that notwithstanding anything contained in Article 31 no law giving effect to the policy of the State securing any of the principles laid down in Part IV of the Constitution shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by Articles 14, 19 'or 31 of the Constitution. Now introduction of the Prohibition Act is within the four corners of Article 47. Article 47 finds place in Part IV of the Constitution. Under Article 47 it has been laid down that it shall be the primary duty of the State that it shall give due regard to the raising of the level of the nutrition and standard of living of its people and take it as its primary duty to take steps for the improvement of public health and for that purpose the State shall endeavour to bring about the prohibition of the consumption of liquor or intoxicating drinks except for medicinal purposes as the same are injurious to public health. Indisputably the object underlying the prohibition is to improve the public health and to raise the level and nutrition and standard of living of people. Needless to say that the addiction to drink has, besides cutting through the economy of the community, tended to undermine the public health, thus bringing misery to the community both economically and in the matter of deterioration in health of the community which in its turn has brought ruin to many families of the citizens. The object underlying the introduction of prohibition is to fight this malady. The introduction of the Prohibition Act is, therefore, beyond re-approach as it is covered by blanket protection of Article 31C and is immune from the challenge based on Articles 14, 19, and 31 of the <a href="/act/51737/constitution-of-india-complete-act">Constitution of India</a>. In my opinion therefore, contentions of the learned counsel in this behalf stands conclusively negatived by the provisions of Article 31C of the Constitution. In this view of the matter the contentions based on Articles 14, 19 and 31' of the Constitution cannot be entertained. However, even on merits no valid case has been made out by the petitioners. It is erroneous to contend that the petitioners have fundamental right to carry on trade in foreign liquor. It is well settled that there is no fundamental right in the matter of carrying on trade in liquor. The right to manufacture or sell liquor absolutely vests in the State and the State in its regulatory power can take away the right to vend foreign liquor. In fact the right to vend foreign liquor is a sort of concession given by the State by granting licences under which the citizens are permitted to carry on trade in liquor. But that right is not an indefeasible one and such right is always at the mercy of the State which can be taken away by introduction of the Prohibition Act which is primarily meant for the welfare of the people for the improvement of their health.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The next contention which has been put forth on behalf of the petitioners is that their licences for vending foreign liquor as a retailer have been revoked in contravention of the provisions of Section 35 of the Rajasthan Excise Act. Mr. Lodha contends that licences can be cancelled under Section 35 on the fulfilment of certain preconditions which are conditions precedent for the cancellation of licence under Section 35 of the Excise Act. His submission is that a licence can be cancelled only on remitting a sum equal to the amount of the fee payable in respect thereof for 15 days but in the instant cases preconditions laid down in Section 35 having not been fulfilled the cancellation of licences was illegal being contrary to the provisions of Section 35. It has further been argued that if the cancellation of licences of the petitioners is held to be invalid then the petitioners are entitled to carry on business under the licences despite the introduction of the Prohibition Act as under Section 76 of the Prohibition Act the petitioners' right or privilege acquired under the licences is saved. The question that at once arises is whether the petitioners' licences have been rightly cancelled under Section 35. Admittedly conditions precedent for exercising power of cancelling licences under Section 35 having not been fulfilled by remitting the requisite money as contemplated by that section. The petitioners' right under the licence will be saved by virtue of Clause (1) (b) of Section 76 of the Act as the Excise Act repealed by virtue of promulgation of the Prohibition Act shall stand repealed but the repeal shall not affect any right, privilege acquired, accrued under the Excise Act. I am, therefore, of the opinion that in order to bring into force the Prohibition Act in an effective manner, the State Government should take care to firstly validly cancel the licences as provided under Section 35 so that no vestige of right or privilege as saved under Sub-section (1) (b) of Section 76 may rest in the licences. The State should, therefore, take due care in future to validly cancel the licence in order to avoid unnecessary complication by giving a lever to the licencees to seek the protection under Section 76 of the Prohibition Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Be that as it may, the question that further requires consideration is whether the present are the fit cases where writ or direction asked for should be issued. It is well to remember here that the issuance of writ is of a discretionary character and the writ or order under Article 226 does not issue as a matter of course. Moreover under Article 226 the Court shall not grant any redress of any injury arising by reason of the contravention of any of the provisions of the Constitution or any provision of any enactment or ordinance or any order, rule, regulation, bye-laws etc., unless injury complained of is of a substantial character. Having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case I am firmly of the opinion that there shall occasion no substantial injury in the present cases. In the first place, the amounts at stake in the various petitions which were to be remitted under Section 35 before cancelling the licences are not at all substantial but are rather paltry which fact is amply proved by the supplementary affidavit filed on behalf of the State. Secondly, under Section 4 of the Prohibition Act the possession, transport and consumption of the liquor have been made offence unless a permit is obtained by the consumer on the medical ground. Therefore, the scope for trade in the vending of liquor in retail will be minimal or rather insignificant. These facts clearly establish that there will be no substantial injury on account of the licences. Above all, looking to the public interest and the fact that the Prohibition Act is a social welfare measure aimed at the improvement of the public health and raising the living standard of the citizens, the requirement of justice is in refusing the relief claimed for by the petitioners, The money to which the petitioners are entitled under Section 35 can be recovered from the State and it is also expected of the State to remit the money to which the petitioners would have been entitled before their licence could be cancelled. In this view of the matter the present cases are not fit ones where writ should go against the State. I would, therefore, dismiss these petitions in limine.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Mr. Lodha in the last urged before us that I should issue direction to the State that in case licences are granted in the Ball Tehsil in which the petitioners held licences then they be given preference as displaced licence-holders. I am unable to concede to this request as I have no power to issue such a mandate. However, it is expected from the State that if at all it chooses to grant licences to persons in the Ball Tehsil for vending foreign liquor it may sympathetically consider the cases of the petitioners.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. No other point was argued on pressed before me.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. In view of the foregoing discussion I am not inclined to invoke my extraordinary jurisdiction and dismiss these petitions summarily. I, however make no order as to costs.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">', 'observations' => null, 'overruledby' => null, 'prhistory' => '', 'pubs' => 'AIR1979Raj14; 1978(11)WLN5', 'ratiodecidendi' => '', 'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan and ors.', 'sub' => 'Commercial', 'link' => null, 'circuit' => null ) ), 'args' => array( (int) 0 => '750523' ) ) $title_for_layout = 'Gahlot Engineering Wine Store Etc. Vs. State of Rajasthan and ors. Semantic Analysis' $shops = array( 'LAW' => array( (int) 0 => 'Section 1 of the Rajasthan Prohibition Act', (int) 1 => 'Rajasthan Act 17 of 1969', (int) 2 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 3 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 4 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 5 => 'Section 35', (int) 6 => 'the Excise Act', (int) 7 => 'Section 1 of the Prohibition Act and Section 13', (int) 8 => 'Section 19', (int) 9 => 'the Excise Act', (int) 10 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 11 => 'Section 3 of the Prohibition Act', (int) 12 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 13 => 'Prohibition Act', (int) 14 => 'Constitution', (int) 15 => 'the Article 14 of the Constitution', (int) 16 => 'Article 14', (int) 17 => 'Section 1', (int) 18 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 19 => 'Section 4 of the Prohibition Act', (int) 20 => 'Constitution', (int) 21 => 'Article 14 of the Constitution of India', (int) 22 => 'Article 19(1)(f', (int) 23 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 24 => 'Article 19(1)(f', (int) 25 => 'Article 14', (int) 26 => 'Article 31C of the Constitution', (int) 27 => '42nd Amendment Act', (int) 28 => 'Constitution', (int) 29 => 'Article 31C', (int) 30 => 'Article 31', (int) 31 => 'Constitution', (int) 32 => 'Constitution', (int) 33 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 34 => 'Article 47', (int) 35 => 'Article 47', (int) 36 => 'Constitution', (int) 37 => 'Article 47', (int) 38 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 39 => 'Article 31C', (int) 40 => 'Article 31C of the Constitution', (int) 41 => 'Constitution', (int) 42 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 43 => 'Section 35', (int) 44 => 'Section 35', (int) 45 => 'Section 35', (int) 46 => 'the Excise Act', (int) 47 => 'Section 35', (int) 48 => 'Section 35', (int) 49 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 50 => 'Section 76', (int) 51 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 52 => 'Section 35', (int) 53 => 'Section 35', (int) 54 => 'Section 76 of the Act', (int) 55 => 'the Excise Act', (int) 56 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 57 => 'the Excise Act', (int) 58 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 59 => 'Section 35', (int) 60 => 'Section 76', (int) 61 => 'Section 76', (int) 62 => 'the Prohibition Act.8', (int) 63 => 'Article 226', (int) 64 => 'Article 226 the Court', (int) 65 => 'Constitution', (int) 66 => 'Section 35', (int) 67 => 'Section 4', (int) 68 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 69 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 70 => 'Section 35' ), 'PERSON' => array( (int) 0 => 'Joshi', (int) 1 => 'Bali Tehsil', (int) 2 => 'Tehsil Bali', (int) 3 => 'Tehsil Bali', (int) 4 => 'Tehsil Bali', (int) 5 => 'Bali Tehsil', (int) 6 => 'limine.4', (int) 7 => 'G. M. Lodiha', (int) 8 => 'Lodha', (int) 9 => 'Articles 19 and', (int) 10 => 'Tehsil Bali', (int) 11 => 'Tehsil Bali', (int) 12 => 'Tehsil Bali', (int) 13 => 'Tehsil Bali', (int) 14 => 'Articles 14', (int) 15 => 'Articles 14', (int) 16 => 'Articles 14', (int) 17 => 'Lodha', (int) 18 => 'Lodha' ), 'NORP' => array( (int) 0 => 'J.1' ), 'DATE' => array( (int) 0 => 'the financial year 1977-1978', (int) 1 => 'the 1st of April, 1977', (int) 2 => 'the 31st of March, 1978', (int) 3 => '1969', (int) 4 => '20th of Oct. 1977', (int) 5 => 'the 1st of Dec. 1977', (int) 6 => 'the 1st of Oct. 1977', (int) 7 => 'the 1st of Dec. 1977', (int) 8 => '20th of Oct. 1977', (int) 9 => 'the 20th of Oct. 1977', (int) 10 => '1st of 0ec', (int) 11 => '1977', (int) 12 => '31st of March', (int) 13 => '23rd of Nov. 1977', (int) 14 => '31st of March, 1978', (int) 15 => '31st of March, 1978', (int) 16 => '19', (int) 17 => '19', (int) 18 => '15 days' ), 'CARDINAL' => array( (int) 0 => '3', (int) 1 => 'nine', (int) 2 => '3', (int) 3 => '4', (int) 4 => '1978.2', (int) 5 => '9', (int) 6 => '1', (int) 7 => '3', (int) 8 => '31', (int) 9 => '31', (int) 10 => 'four', (int) 11 => '31', (int) 12 => '1', (int) 13 => '1' ), 'ORG' => array( (int) 0 => 'the State Government', (int) 1 => 'District Pali', (int) 2 => 'State', (int) 3 => 'State', (int) 4 => 'the State Government', (int) 5 => 'State', (int) 6 => 'State', (int) 7 => 'State', (int) 8 => 'State', (int) 9 => 'State', (int) 10 => 'State', (int) 11 => 'State', (int) 12 => 'State', (int) 13 => 'State', (int) 14 => 'State', (int) 15 => 'State', (int) 16 => 'the State Government', (int) 17 => 'State', (int) 18 => 'State', (int) 19 => 'State', (int) 20 => 'State', (int) 21 => 'State', (int) 22 => 'State', (int) 23 => 'State' ), 'WORK_OF_ART' => array( (int) 0 => 'the Constitution of India' ), 'ORDINAL' => array( (int) 0 => 'first', (int) 1 => 'first', (int) 2 => 'firstly', (int) 3 => 'first', (int) 4 => 'Secondly' ), 'GPE' => array( (int) 0 => 'law.6', (int) 1 => 'India' ), 'FAC' => array( (int) 0 => 'the Ball Tehsil', (int) 1 => 'the Ball Tehsil' ) ) $desc = array( 'Judgement' => array( 'id' => '750523', 'acts' => 'Rajasthan Prohibition Act, 1969 - Sections 1(3); <a href="/act/51737/constitution-of-india-complete-act">Constitution of India</a> - Articles 13, 14, 19, 31, 31C, 47 and 226; <a href="/act/136918/the-rajasthan-excise-act-1950-complete-act">Rajasthan Excise Act, 1950</a> - Sections 35', 'appealno' => 'Civil Writ Petn. Nos. 563, 585 to 590, 598 and 599 of 1977', 'appellant' => 'Gahlot Engineering Wine Store Etc.', 'authreffered' => '', 'casename' => 'Gahlot Engineering Wine Store Etc. Vs. State of Rajasthan and ors.', 'casenote' => 'Rajasthan Prohibition Act, 1969 - Section 3(1) and Constitution of India Article 14--Prohibition extended to Bali Tehsil--Held, introduction of prohibition in phased manner being a matter of policy is within plenary power of State--It is above challenge and cannot be impeached Under Article 14.;The question of absence of guide lines in the matter of introduction of policy is hardly of any relevance because the matter being a matter of policy it is within the plenary power of the state to implement is policy off prohibition in the phased manner looking to over all facts and circumstances and also its financial implicate us. The matter as it relates to policy is above challenge and cannot be impeached on the ground of violation of Article 14.;(b) Constitution of India - Articles 14, 19 & 31--Right to sell liquor--Held, there is no fundamental right involved--To manufacture & sell liquor vests in the State--To permit sale of foreign liquor is a concession.;It is well settled that there is no fundamental right in the matter of carrying on trade in liquor. The right to manufacture or sell liquor absolutely vests in the State and the State in it regularly power can be taken away the right to vend foreign liquor. In fact the right to vend foreign liequor is a sort of concession given by the Slate by granting licences under which the citizens are permitted to carry on trade in liquor But that right is not an indefeasible one and such right is always at the mercy of the state which can be taker away by introduction of the prohibition Act which is primarily meant for the welfare of the people for the improvement of their health.;(c) Rajasthan Excise Act, 1950 - Sections 35 & 76 and Rajasthan Prohibition Act, 1969--Prohibition Cancellation of licence--Valid licence be cancelled after fulfilling requisite condition by remitting fee.;Admittedly conditions precedent for exercising power of canceling licences under Section 35 having not been fulfilled by remitting the requisite money as contemplated by the section. The petitioners right under the licence will be saved by virtue of Clause (1)(b) of Section 76 of the Act as the Excise Act repealed by virtue of promulgation of the Prohibition Act shall stand repealed but the repeal shall not effect any right privilege acquired accrued under the Excise Act. I am, therefore, of the opinion that the order to bring into force the Prohibition Act in an effective manner, the State Government should take care to firstly validly cancel the licence as provided under Section 35 so that no vestigage of right or privilege is saved under Sub-section (1)(b) of Section 76 may vest in the licence.;(d) Constitution of India - Article 226--Rajasthan Prohibition Act, 1962 Section 3 Rajasthan Excise Act Section 35--Introduction of prohibition--Petitioner can claim amount from Government--Held, extra, ordinary jurisdiction cannot be invoked.;Looking to the public interest and the fact that the prohibition set is a social welfare measure aimed at the improvement of the public health and raising the living standard of the citizens, the requirement of justice is in refusing the relief claimed for by the petitioners. The money which the petitioners are entitled under Section 35 can be recovered from the State and it is also expected of the State to remit the money which the petitioners would have been entitled before their licence could be cancelled.;Writ dismissed - INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES ACT, 1947. Section 2(s): [M.S. Shah, Sharad D. Dave & K.S. Jhaveri,JJ] Workman Part time employees Held, Part time employees are not excluded from the definition of workman in Section 2(s) merely on the ground that they are part time employees. The ex abundante cautela use of the words either whole time or part time by the Legislature in the definition of working journalist in the Working Journalists and Other Newspaper Employees (Conditions of Service and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1955, does not mean that the definition of workman in the prior Act i.e. Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 intended to exclude part-time employees from the definition of workman. The expression part time has nothing to do with the nature of appointment, but it only regulates the duration of working hours for which and appointee is required to work. If a person fulfils the test of a workman, he cannot be excluded from the definition only on the ground that he is a part-time employee. However, the Court will have to apply various tests applicable fort determining the relationship of employer and employee such as the control test, the integration or the organization test. The control test is one of the important tests, but is not to be taken as the sole test. It is also required to be examined whether the person was fully integrated into the employers concern or has remained apart from and independent of it. The other facts which may be relevant are as to who has the power to select and dismiss, to pay remuneration, to organize the work, etc. A full time worker usually works in a week for 40 hours or more depending on the award or agreement. If a person falls under the definition of workman under Section 2(s) and does not fall in any excluded category, he will be covered by the definition of workman under the I.D. Act, and he will be entitled to all the benefits under the said Act. A perusal of Section 2(s) indicates that it does not specifically refer to a part-time workman nor does it specifically exclude a part-time workman from the definition of :workman. Since the number of hours is not the determining criterion for deciding whether a person falls within the definition of workman or not, it cannot be said that a part-time worker is not a workman within the meaning of the provisions of the I.D. Act. However, to decide the status of a worker rendering services for less than 40 hours a week, various aspects are required to be considered. The control test, the integration test and all the other relevant tests are as much applicable for deciding the status of a person rendering service on part-time basis as these tests are required to be applied for deciding the status of a person rendering the services on full-time basis. Since persons may be engaged for part-time work for various reasons, while deciding the question whether a person rendering services on part-time basis is a workman or not, the nature of the industry, the nature of services being rendered by the person, the terms and conditions of engagement and various other factors will have to be taken into consideration before coming to the conclusion whether such a person falls within the definition of workman under Section 2 (s) of the I.D. Act. Sometimes looking to the nature of the establishment and its activities, the employer may need the services of a person only for a few hours in a day. Depending on his requirement, the employer may employ two part-time workers instead of one full-time worker. Similarly, it may be more convenient for the concerned person to do work on part-time basis rather than for full time. However, convenience per se of the employer or the employee by itself does not confirm or negate the status of such person as a workman within the meaning of the I.D. Act, but the tests relevant for determining the status of a workman such as control test and integration test will be required to be applied. If a person is working with two employers on part-time basis on the same day, it may result into an anomalous situation and the Court will have to consider the nature of engagement in both the establishments. However, mere possibility of such an anomaly resulting by itself does not take away the status of the concerned person as a workman from both the establishments, but while granting and moulding the reliefs the Court will take these facts into consideration. - This is matter which relates to the policy of the State and the Government is the best Judge to implement its policy in such manner as will effectively sub-serve the welfare of its people. The argument of the learned counsel in respect of these contentions are like this: It is well settled that there is no fundamental right in the matter of carrying on trade in liquor. It is well to remember here that the issuance of writ is of a discretionary character and the writ or order under Article 226 does not issue as a matter of course. , unless injury complained of is of a substantial character. These facts clearly establish that there will be no substantial injury on account of the licences.', 'caseanalysis' => null, 'casesref' => '', 'citingcases' => '', 'counselplain' => ' C.M. Lodha and; I.J. Lodha, Advs.', 'counseldef' => ' A.K. Mathur, Govt. Adv.', 'court' => 'Rajasthan', 'court_type' => 'HC', 'decidedon' => '1978-01-20', 'deposition' => 'Petition dismissed', 'favorof' => null, 'findings' => null, 'judge' => ' M.L. Joshi, J.', 'judgement' => 'ORDER<p style="text-align: justify;">M.L. Joshi, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. All the petitioners were licensees for vending foreign liquor as retailers for Bali Tehsil for the financial year 1977-1978 commencing from the 1st of April, 1977 and ending on the 31st of March, 1978. In exercise of powers conferred under Sub-section (3) of Section 1 of the Rajasthan Prohibition Act, 1969 (Rajasthan Act 17 of 1969) in short the Prohibition Act, the State Govt. by a notification dated 20th of Oct. 1977 extended the provisions of the Prohibition Act to the area covered by Tehsil Bali with effect from the 1st of Dec. 1977. By another notification of the same date it has been notified that from the 1st of Oct. 1977, it would not be permissible for any one to either possess liquor or to transport it or to import it. All the petitioners have been served with notice issued by Excise Commissioner stating therein that as the State Government is introducing prohibition in the area covered by Tehsil Bali by extending the Prohibition Act from the 1st of Dec. 1977, the licences for sale of foreign liquor in retail are cancelled under Section 35 of the Rajasthan Excise Act hereinafter called the Excise Act. The petitioners, therefore, in all these nine petitions pray for writ, direction or order declaring Sub-section (3) of Section 1 of the Prohibition Act and Section 13 and Sub-section (4) of Section 19 of the Excise Act ultra vires of the <a href="/act/51737/constitution-of-india-complete-act">Constitution of India</a>. They further pray for quashing the notification dated 20th of Oct. 1977, bringing into operation the provisions of the Prohibition Act in Tehsil Bali of District Pali. The petitioners also pray for quashing the notification dated the 20th of Oct. 1977 introducing the prohibition in Bali Tehsil from 1st of 0ec. 1977. The petitioners further pray for quashing the notice cancelling their licences issued by the Excise Commissioner and restraining the respondents from interfering with their right of carrying on trade in vending foreign liquor in retail in their respective licences which are valid up to 31st of March, 1978.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. As the common questions of fact and law are involved in all these 9 writ petitions they are, therefore, being disposed of by a common order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. These cases came up for admission before me for the first time on 23rd of Nov. 1977 on which date I directed that let the notices go to the opposite parties to show cause why these petitions should not be admitted. In response to the show cause notices the State has opposed the admission by submitting written reply wherein it has been prayed that the writ petitions be dismissed in limine.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. I have heard the learned counsel for both the sides at some length. Various contentions have been put forth on behalf of the petitioners by Mr. G. M. Lodiha the learned counsel for the petitioners.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. The first contention of Mr. Lodha is that Sub-section (1) of Section 3 of the Prohibition Act which empowers the State to specify area for extending the operation of the Prohibition Act is ultra vires as it gives unbridled power to the State Government in the matter of including and applying Prohibition Act to any area at any time without prescribing any criterion or principle. It is, therefore, urged that this provision is ultra vires of the Constitution being violative of the Article 14 of the Constitution. Having heard the learned counsel for both the sides I do not find any merit in this contention. Our Constitution contemplates the concept of a welfare State. The Government is supposed to know the conditions and habits of the inhabitants of the particular geographical region of the State and in its wisdom may carve its own policy for the welfare of the people of particular region or particular area and specify the same for introduction of prohibition in that particular area. This is matter which relates to the policy of the State and the Government is the best Judge to implement its policy in such manner as will effectively sub-serve the welfare of its people. The question of absence of guidelines in the matter of introduction of policy is hardly of any relevance because the matter being a matter of policy it is within the plenary power of the State to implement its policy of prohibition in the phased manner looking to overall facts and circumstances and also its financial implications. The matter as it relates to policy is above challenge and cannot be impeached on the ground of violation of Article 14. The challenge to Sub-section (3) of Section 1 is therefore futile and is not substantial in law.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. The next contention put forth on behalf of the petitioner is that in view of the introduction of the Prohibition Act, by virtue of Section 4 of the Prohibition Act the petitioners shall be debarred from carrying on their retail trade in vending foreign liquor and further in view of the cancellation of their licences they will be deprived of their fundamental right of business and right to property and thus there will be infringement of their fundamental right conferred by Articles 19 and 31 of the Constitution. Another contention in regard to plea of violation of fundamental right is based on the infringement of Article 14 of the <a href="/act/51737/constitution-of-india-complete-act">Constitution of India</a>. The argument of the learned counsel in respect of these contentions are like this: The petitioners have right to carry on their trade under Article 19(1)(f) and they have right to reap the benefits under the licence which is valid up to 31st of March, 1978, but due to introduction of the Prohibition Act and cancellation of their licences they will be deprived of carrying on their trade under the licences which are valid up to 31st of March, 1978. It is, therefore, contended that they are being denied right to carry on their trade in violation of Article 19(1)(f) and are further being denied the right to property which they are entitled under the licences granted to them. As regards the violation of Article 14 it has been contended that the Tehsil Bali in which the petitioner have been carrying on their trade of vending foreign liquor on retail basis are being subjected to hostile discrimination without any rational basis as the areas of some of the neighbouring Tehsils have not been declared dry. The contention is that the Tehsil Bali has been arbitrarily picked up without any intelligible differentia between the area covered by Tehsil Bali and the neighbouring area outside the Tehsil Bali. These contentions are fully answered by Article 31C of the Constitution which was introduced by 42nd Amendment Act of the Constitution. Article 31C lays down that notwithstanding anything contained in Article 31 no law giving effect to the policy of the State securing any of the principles laid down in Part IV of the Constitution shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by Articles 14, 19 'or 31 of the Constitution. Now introduction of the Prohibition Act is within the four corners of Article 47. Article 47 finds place in Part IV of the Constitution. Under Article 47 it has been laid down that it shall be the primary duty of the State that it shall give due regard to the raising of the level of the nutrition and standard of living of its people and take it as its primary duty to take steps for the improvement of public health and for that purpose the State shall endeavour to bring about the prohibition of the consumption of liquor or intoxicating drinks except for medicinal purposes as the same are injurious to public health. Indisputably the object underlying the prohibition is to improve the public health and to raise the level and nutrition and standard of living of people. Needless to say that the addiction to drink has, besides cutting through the economy of the community, tended to undermine the public health, thus bringing misery to the community both economically and in the matter of deterioration in health of the community which in its turn has brought ruin to many families of the citizens. The object underlying the introduction of prohibition is to fight this malady. The introduction of the Prohibition Act is, therefore, beyond re-approach as it is covered by blanket protection of Article 31C and is immune from the challenge based on Articles 14, 19, and 31 of the <a href="/act/51737/constitution-of-india-complete-act">Constitution of India</a>. In my opinion therefore, contentions of the learned counsel in this behalf stands conclusively negatived by the provisions of Article 31C of the Constitution. In this view of the matter the contentions based on Articles 14, 19 and 31' of the Constitution cannot be entertained. However, even on merits no valid case has been made out by the petitioners. It is erroneous to contend that the petitioners have fundamental right to carry on trade in foreign liquor. It is well settled that there is no fundamental right in the matter of carrying on trade in liquor. The right to manufacture or sell liquor absolutely vests in the State and the State in its regulatory power can take away the right to vend foreign liquor. In fact the right to vend foreign liquor is a sort of concession given by the State by granting licences under which the citizens are permitted to carry on trade in liquor. But that right is not an indefeasible one and such right is always at the mercy of the State which can be taken away by introduction of the Prohibition Act which is primarily meant for the welfare of the people for the improvement of their health.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The next contention which has been put forth on behalf of the petitioners is that their licences for vending foreign liquor as a retailer have been revoked in contravention of the provisions of Section 35 of the Rajasthan Excise Act. Mr. Lodha contends that licences can be cancelled under Section 35 on the fulfilment of certain preconditions which are conditions precedent for the cancellation of licence under Section 35 of the Excise Act. His submission is that a licence can be cancelled only on remitting a sum equal to the amount of the fee payable in respect thereof for 15 days but in the instant cases preconditions laid down in Section 35 having not been fulfilled the cancellation of licences was illegal being contrary to the provisions of Section 35. It has further been argued that if the cancellation of licences of the petitioners is held to be invalid then the petitioners are entitled to carry on business under the licences despite the introduction of the Prohibition Act as under Section 76 of the Prohibition Act the petitioners' right or privilege acquired under the licences is saved. The question that at once arises is whether the petitioners' licences have been rightly cancelled under Section 35. Admittedly conditions precedent for exercising power of cancelling licences under Section 35 having not been fulfilled by remitting the requisite money as contemplated by that section. The petitioners' right under the licence will be saved by virtue of Clause (1) (b) of Section 76 of the Act as the Excise Act repealed by virtue of promulgation of the Prohibition Act shall stand repealed but the repeal shall not affect any right, privilege acquired, accrued under the Excise Act. I am, therefore, of the opinion that in order to bring into force the Prohibition Act in an effective manner, the State Government should take care to firstly validly cancel the licences as provided under Section 35 so that no vestige of right or privilege as saved under Sub-section (1) (b) of Section 76 may rest in the licences. The State should, therefore, take due care in future to validly cancel the licence in order to avoid unnecessary complication by giving a lever to the licencees to seek the protection under Section 76 of the Prohibition Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Be that as it may, the question that further requires consideration is whether the present are the fit cases where writ or direction asked for should be issued. It is well to remember here that the issuance of writ is of a discretionary character and the writ or order under Article 226 does not issue as a matter of course. Moreover under Article 226 the Court shall not grant any redress of any injury arising by reason of the contravention of any of the provisions of the Constitution or any provision of any enactment or ordinance or any order, rule, regulation, bye-laws etc., unless injury complained of is of a substantial character. Having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case I am firmly of the opinion that there shall occasion no substantial injury in the present cases. In the first place, the amounts at stake in the various petitions which were to be remitted under Section 35 before cancelling the licences are not at all substantial but are rather paltry which fact is amply proved by the supplementary affidavit filed on behalf of the State. Secondly, under Section 4 of the Prohibition Act the possession, transport and consumption of the liquor have been made offence unless a permit is obtained by the consumer on the medical ground. Therefore, the scope for trade in the vending of liquor in retail will be minimal or rather insignificant. These facts clearly establish that there will be no substantial injury on account of the licences. Above all, looking to the public interest and the fact that the Prohibition Act is a social welfare measure aimed at the improvement of the public health and raising the living standard of the citizens, the requirement of justice is in refusing the relief claimed for by the petitioners, The money to which the petitioners are entitled under Section 35 can be recovered from the State and it is also expected of the State to remit the money to which the petitioners would have been entitled before their licence could be cancelled. In this view of the matter the present cases are not fit ones where writ should go against the State. I would, therefore, dismiss these petitions in limine.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Mr. Lodha in the last urged before us that I should issue direction to the State that in case licences are granted in the Ball Tehsil in which the petitioners held licences then they be given preference as displaced licence-holders. I am unable to concede to this request as I have no power to issue such a mandate. However, it is expected from the State that if at all it chooses to grant licences to persons in the Ball Tehsil for vending foreign liquor it may sympathetically consider the cases of the petitioners.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. No other point was argued on pressed before me.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. In view of the foregoing discussion I am not inclined to invoke my extraordinary jurisdiction and dismiss these petitions summarily. I, however make no order as to costs.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">', 'observations' => null, 'overruledby' => null, 'prhistory' => '', 'pubs' => 'AIR1979Raj14; 1978(11)WLN5', 'ratiodecidendi' => '', 'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan and ors.', 'sub' => 'Commercial', 'link' => null, 'circuit' => null ) ) $args = array( (int) 0 => '750523' ) $pattern = '/\(((0[1-9]|[12][0-9]|3[01])[.](0[1-9]|1[012])[.](17|18|19|20)[0-9]{2}).*\)/'include - APP/View/Case/meta.ctp, line 36 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933 View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473 Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 963 Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 200 Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167 [main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 109
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Semantic Analysis', 'shops' => array( 'LAW' => array( (int) 0 => 'Section 1 of the Rajasthan Prohibition Act', (int) 1 => 'Rajasthan Act 17 of 1969', (int) 2 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 3 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 4 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 5 => 'Section 35', (int) 6 => 'the Excise Act', (int) 7 => 'Section 1 of the Prohibition Act and Section 13', (int) 8 => 'Section 19', (int) 9 => 'the Excise Act', (int) 10 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 11 => 'Section 3 of the Prohibition Act', (int) 12 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 13 => 'Prohibition Act', (int) 14 => 'Constitution', (int) 15 => 'the Article 14 of the Constitution', (int) 16 => 'Article 14', (int) 17 => 'Section 1', (int) 18 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 19 => 'Section 4 of the Prohibition Act', (int) 20 => 'Constitution', (int) 21 => 'Article 14 of the Constitution of India', (int) 22 => 'Article 19(1)(f', (int) 23 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 24 => 'Article 19(1)(f', (int) 25 => 'Article 14', (int) 26 => 'Article 31C of the Constitution', (int) 27 => '42nd Amendment Act', (int) 28 => 'Constitution', (int) 29 => 'Article 31C', (int) 30 => 'Article 31', (int) 31 => 'Constitution', (int) 32 => 'Constitution', (int) 33 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 34 => 'Article 47', (int) 35 => 'Article 47', (int) 36 => 'Constitution', (int) 37 => 'Article 47', (int) 38 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 39 => 'Article 31C', (int) 40 => 'Article 31C of the Constitution', (int) 41 => 'Constitution', (int) 42 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 43 => 'Section 35', (int) 44 => 'Section 35', (int) 45 => 'Section 35', (int) 46 => 'the Excise Act', (int) 47 => 'Section 35', (int) 48 => 'Section 35', (int) 49 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 50 => 'Section 76', (int) 51 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 52 => 'Section 35', (int) 53 => 'Section 35', (int) 54 => 'Section 76 of the Act', (int) 55 => 'the Excise Act', (int) 56 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 57 => 'the Excise Act', (int) 58 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 59 => 'Section 35', (int) 60 => 'Section 76', (int) 61 => 'Section 76', (int) 62 => 'the Prohibition Act.8', (int) 63 => 'Article 226', (int) 64 => 'Article 226 the Court', (int) 65 => 'Constitution', (int) 66 => 'Section 35', (int) 67 => 'Section 4', (int) 68 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 69 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 70 => 'Section 35' ), 'PERSON' => array( (int) 0 => 'Joshi', (int) 1 => 'Bali Tehsil', (int) 2 => 'Tehsil Bali', (int) 3 => 'Tehsil Bali', (int) 4 => 'Tehsil Bali', (int) 5 => 'Bali Tehsil', (int) 6 => 'limine.4', (int) 7 => 'G. 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Lodiha', (int) 8 => 'Lodha', (int) 9 => 'Articles 19 and', (int) 10 => 'Tehsil Bali', (int) 11 => 'Tehsil Bali', (int) 12 => 'Tehsil Bali', (int) 13 => 'Tehsil Bali', (int) 14 => 'Articles 14', (int) 15 => 'Articles 14', (int) 16 => 'Articles 14', (int) 17 => 'Lodha', (int) 18 => 'Lodha' ), 'NORP' => array( (int) 0 => 'J.1' ), 'DATE' => array( (int) 0 => 'the financial year 1977-1978', (int) 1 => 'the 1st of April, 1977', (int) 2 => 'the 31st of March, 1978', (int) 3 => '1969', (int) 4 => '20th of Oct. 1977', (int) 5 => 'the 1st of Dec. 1977', (int) 6 => 'the 1st of Oct. 1977', (int) 7 => 'the 1st of Dec. 1977', (int) 8 => '20th of Oct. 1977', (int) 9 => 'the 20th of Oct. 1977', (int) 10 => '1st of 0ec', (int) 11 => '1977', (int) 12 => '31st of March', (int) 13 => '23rd of Nov. 1977', (int) 14 => '31st of March, 1978', (int) 15 => '31st of March, 1978', (int) 16 => '19', (int) 17 => '19', (int) 18 => '15 days' ), 'CARDINAL' => array( (int) 0 => '3', (int) 1 => 'nine', (int) 2 => '3', (int) 3 => '4', (int) 4 => '1978.2', (int) 5 => '9', (int) 6 => '1', (int) 7 => '3', (int) 8 => '31', (int) 9 => '31', (int) 10 => 'four', (int) 11 => '31', (int) 12 => '1', (int) 13 => '1' ), 'ORG' => array( (int) 0 => 'the State Government', (int) 1 => 'District Pali', (int) 2 => 'State', (int) 3 => 'State', (int) 4 => 'the State Government', (int) 5 => 'State', (int) 6 => 'State', (int) 7 => 'State', (int) 8 => 'State', (int) 9 => 'State', (int) 10 => 'State', (int) 11 => 'State', (int) 12 => 'State', (int) 13 => 'State', (int) 14 => 'State', (int) 15 => 'State', (int) 16 => 'the State Government', (int) 17 => 'State', (int) 18 => 'State', (int) 19 => 'State', (int) 20 => 'State', (int) 21 => 'State', (int) 22 => 'State', (int) 23 => 'State' ), 'WORK_OF_ART' => array( (int) 0 => 'the Constitution of India' ), 'ORDINAL' => array( (int) 0 => 'first', (int) 1 => 'first', (int) 2 => 'firstly', (int) 3 => 'first', (int) 4 => 'Secondly' ), 'GPE' => array( (int) 0 => 'law.6', (int) 1 => 'India' ), 'FAC' => array( (int) 0 => 'the Ball Tehsil', (int) 1 => 'the Ball Tehsil' ) ), 'desc' => array( 'Judgement' => array( 'id' => '750523', 'acts' => 'Rajasthan Prohibition Act, 1969 - Sections 1(3); <a href="/act/51737/constitution-of-india-complete-act">Constitution of India</a> - Articles 13, 14, 19, 31, 31C, 47 and 226; <a href="/act/136918/the-rajasthan-excise-act-1950-complete-act">Rajasthan Excise Act, 1950</a> - Sections 35', 'appealno' => 'Civil Writ Petn. Nos. 563, 585 to 590, 598 and 599 of 1977', 'appellant' => 'Gahlot Engineering Wine Store Etc.', 'authreffered' => '', 'casename' => 'Gahlot Engineering Wine Store Etc. Vs. State of Rajasthan and ors.', 'casenote' => 'Rajasthan Prohibition Act, 1969 - Section 3(1) and Constitution of India Article 14--Prohibition extended to Bali Tehsil--Held, introduction of prohibition in phased manner being a matter of policy is within plenary power of State--It is above challenge and cannot be impeached Under Article 14.;The question of absence of guide lines in the matter of introduction of policy is hardly of any relevance because the matter being a matter of policy it is within the plenary power of the state to implement is policy off prohibition in the phased manner looking to over all facts and circumstances and also its financial implicate us. The matter as it relates to policy is above challenge and cannot be impeached on the ground of violation of Article 14.;(b) Constitution of India - Articles 14, 19 & 31--Right to sell liquor--Held, there is no fundamental right involved--To manufacture & sell liquor vests in the State--To permit sale of foreign liquor is a concession.;It is well settled that there is no fundamental right in the matter of carrying on trade in liquor. The right to manufacture or sell liquor absolutely vests in the State and the State in it regularly power can be taken away the right to vend foreign liquor. In fact the right to vend foreign liequor is a sort of concession given by the Slate by granting licences under which the citizens are permitted to carry on trade in liquor But that right is not an indefeasible one and such right is always at the mercy of the state which can be taker away by introduction of the prohibition Act which is primarily meant for the welfare of the people for the improvement of their health.;(c) Rajasthan Excise Act, 1950 - Sections 35 & 76 and Rajasthan Prohibition Act, 1969--Prohibition Cancellation of licence--Valid licence be cancelled after fulfilling requisite condition by remitting fee.;Admittedly conditions precedent for exercising power of canceling licences under Section 35 having not been fulfilled by remitting the requisite money as contemplated by the section. The petitioners right under the licence will be saved by virtue of Clause (1)(b) of Section 76 of the Act as the Excise Act repealed by virtue of promulgation of the Prohibition Act shall stand repealed but the repeal shall not effect any right privilege acquired accrued under the Excise Act. I am, therefore, of the opinion that the order to bring into force the Prohibition Act in an effective manner, the State Government should take care to firstly validly cancel the licence as provided under Section 35 so that no vestigage of right or privilege is saved under Sub-section (1)(b) of Section 76 may vest in the licence.;(d) Constitution of India - Article 226--Rajasthan Prohibition Act, 1962 Section 3 Rajasthan Excise Act Section 35--Introduction of prohibition--Petitioner can claim amount from Government--Held, extra, ordinary jurisdiction cannot be invoked.;Looking to the public interest and the fact that the prohibition set is a social welfare measure aimed at the improvement of the public health and raising the living standard of the citizens, the requirement of justice is in refusing the relief claimed for by the petitioners. The money which the petitioners are entitled under Section 35 can be recovered from the State and it is also expected of the State to remit the money which the petitioners would have been entitled before their licence could be cancelled.;Writ dismissed - INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES ACT, 1947. Section 2(s): [M.S. Shah, Sharad D. Dave & K.S. Jhaveri,JJ] Workman Part time employees Held, Part time employees are not excluded from the definition of workman in Section 2(s) merely on the ground that they are part time employees. The ex abundante cautela use of the words either whole time or part time by the Legislature in the definition of working journalist in the Working Journalists and Other Newspaper Employees (Conditions of Service and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1955, does not mean that the definition of workman in the prior Act i.e. Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 intended to exclude part-time employees from the definition of workman. The expression part time has nothing to do with the nature of appointment, but it only regulates the duration of working hours for which and appointee is required to work. If a person fulfils the test of a workman, he cannot be excluded from the definition only on the ground that he is a part-time employee. However, the Court will have to apply various tests applicable fort determining the relationship of employer and employee such as the control test, the integration or the organization test. The control test is one of the important tests, but is not to be taken as the sole test. It is also required to be examined whether the person was fully integrated into the employers concern or has remained apart from and independent of it. The other facts which may be relevant are as to who has the power to select and dismiss, to pay remuneration, to organize the work, etc. A full time worker usually works in a week for 40 hours or more depending on the award or agreement. If a person falls under the definition of workman under Section 2(s) and does not fall in any excluded category, he will be covered by the definition of workman under the I.D. Act, and he will be entitled to all the benefits under the said Act. A perusal of Section 2(s) indicates that it does not specifically refer to a part-time workman nor does it specifically exclude a part-time workman from the definition of :workman. Since the number of hours is not the determining criterion for deciding whether a person falls within the definition of workman or not, it cannot be said that a part-time worker is not a workman within the meaning of the provisions of the I.D. Act. However, to decide the status of a worker rendering services for less than 40 hours a week, various aspects are required to be considered. The control test, the integration test and all the other relevant tests are as much applicable for deciding the status of a person rendering service on part-time basis as these tests are required to be applied for deciding the status of a person rendering the services on full-time basis. Since persons may be engaged for part-time work for various reasons, while deciding the question whether a person rendering services on part-time basis is a workman or not, the nature of the industry, the nature of services being rendered by the person, the terms and conditions of engagement and various other factors will have to be taken into consideration before coming to the conclusion whether such a person falls within the definition of workman under Section 2 (s) of the I.D. Act. Sometimes looking to the nature of the establishment and its activities, the employer may need the services of a person only for a few hours in a day. Depending on his requirement, the employer may employ two part-time workers instead of one full-time worker. Similarly, it may be more convenient for the concerned person to do work on part-time basis rather than for full time. However, convenience per se of the employer or the employee by itself does not confirm or negate the status of such person as a workman within the meaning of the I.D. Act, but the tests relevant for determining the status of a workman such as control test and integration test will be required to be applied. If a person is working with two employers on part-time basis on the same day, it may result into an anomalous situation and the Court will have to consider the nature of engagement in both the establishments. However, mere possibility of such an anomaly resulting by itself does not take away the status of the concerned person as a workman from both the establishments, but while granting and moulding the reliefs the Court will take these facts into consideration. - This is matter which relates to the policy of the State and the Government is the best Judge to implement its policy in such manner as will effectively sub-serve the welfare of its people. The argument of the learned counsel in respect of these contentions are like this: It is well settled that there is no fundamental right in the matter of carrying on trade in liquor. It is well to remember here that the issuance of writ is of a discretionary character and the writ or order under Article 226 does not issue as a matter of course. , unless injury complained of is of a substantial character. These facts clearly establish that there will be no substantial injury on account of the licences.', 'caseanalysis' => null, 'casesref' => '', 'citingcases' => '', 'counselplain' => ' C.M. Lodha and; I.J. Lodha, Advs.', 'counseldef' => ' A.K. Mathur, Govt. Adv.', 'court' => 'Rajasthan', 'court_type' => 'HC', 'decidedon' => '1978-01-20', 'deposition' => 'Petition dismissed', 'favorof' => null, 'findings' => null, 'judge' => ' M.L. Joshi, J.', 'judgement' => 'ORDER<p style="text-align: justify;">M.L. Joshi, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. All the petitioners were licensees for vending foreign liquor as retailers for Bali Tehsil for the financial year 1977-1978 commencing from the 1st of April, 1977 and ending on the 31st of March, 1978. In exercise of powers conferred under Sub-section (3) of Section 1 of the Rajasthan Prohibition Act, 1969 (Rajasthan Act 17 of 1969) in short the Prohibition Act, the State Govt. by a notification dated 20th of Oct. 1977 extended the provisions of the Prohibition Act to the area covered by Tehsil Bali with effect from the 1st of Dec. 1977. By another notification of the same date it has been notified that from the 1st of Oct. 1977, it would not be permissible for any one to either possess liquor or to transport it or to import it. All the petitioners have been served with notice issued by Excise Commissioner stating therein that as the State Government is introducing prohibition in the area covered by Tehsil Bali by extending the Prohibition Act from the 1st of Dec. 1977, the licences for sale of foreign liquor in retail are cancelled under Section 35 of the Rajasthan Excise Act hereinafter called the Excise Act. The petitioners, therefore, in all these nine petitions pray for writ, direction or order declaring Sub-section (3) of Section 1 of the Prohibition Act and Section 13 and Sub-section (4) of Section 19 of the Excise Act ultra vires of the <a href="/act/51737/constitution-of-india-complete-act">Constitution of India</a>. They further pray for quashing the notification dated 20th of Oct. 1977, bringing into operation the provisions of the Prohibition Act in Tehsil Bali of District Pali. The petitioners also pray for quashing the notification dated the 20th of Oct. 1977 introducing the prohibition in Bali Tehsil from 1st of 0ec. 1977. The petitioners further pray for quashing the notice cancelling their licences issued by the Excise Commissioner and restraining the respondents from interfering with their right of carrying on trade in vending foreign liquor in retail in their respective licences which are valid up to 31st of March, 1978.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. As the common questions of fact and law are involved in all these 9 writ petitions they are, therefore, being disposed of by a common order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. These cases came up for admission before me for the first time on 23rd of Nov. 1977 on which date I directed that let the notices go to the opposite parties to show cause why these petitions should not be admitted. In response to the show cause notices the State has opposed the admission by submitting written reply wherein it has been prayed that the writ petitions be dismissed in limine.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. I have heard the learned counsel for both the sides at some length. Various contentions have been put forth on behalf of the petitioners by Mr. G. M. Lodiha the learned counsel for the petitioners.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. The first contention of Mr. Lodha is that Sub-section (1) of Section 3 of the Prohibition Act which empowers the State to specify area for extending the operation of the Prohibition Act is ultra vires as it gives unbridled power to the State Government in the matter of including and applying Prohibition Act to any area at any time without prescribing any criterion or principle. It is, therefore, urged that this provision is ultra vires of the Constitution being violative of the Article 14 of the Constitution. Having heard the learned counsel for both the sides I do not find any merit in this contention. Our Constitution contemplates the concept of a welfare State. The Government is supposed to know the conditions and habits of the inhabitants of the particular geographical region of the State and in its wisdom may carve its own policy for the welfare of the people of particular region or particular area and specify the same for introduction of prohibition in that particular area. This is matter which relates to the policy of the State and the Government is the best Judge to implement its policy in such manner as will effectively sub-serve the welfare of its people. The question of absence of guidelines in the matter of introduction of policy is hardly of any relevance because the matter being a matter of policy it is within the plenary power of the State to implement its policy of prohibition in the phased manner looking to overall facts and circumstances and also its financial implications. The matter as it relates to policy is above challenge and cannot be impeached on the ground of violation of Article 14. The challenge to Sub-section (3) of Section 1 is therefore futile and is not substantial in law.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. The next contention put forth on behalf of the petitioner is that in view of the introduction of the Prohibition Act, by virtue of Section 4 of the Prohibition Act the petitioners shall be debarred from carrying on their retail trade in vending foreign liquor and further in view of the cancellation of their licences they will be deprived of their fundamental right of business and right to property and thus there will be infringement of their fundamental right conferred by Articles 19 and 31 of the Constitution. Another contention in regard to plea of violation of fundamental right is based on the infringement of Article 14 of the <a href="/act/51737/constitution-of-india-complete-act">Constitution of India</a>. The argument of the learned counsel in respect of these contentions are like this: The petitioners have right to carry on their trade under Article 19(1)(f) and they have right to reap the benefits under the licence which is valid up to 31st of March, 1978, but due to introduction of the Prohibition Act and cancellation of their licences they will be deprived of carrying on their trade under the licences which are valid up to 31st of March, 1978. It is, therefore, contended that they are being denied right to carry on their trade in violation of Article 19(1)(f) and are further being denied the right to property which they are entitled under the licences granted to them. As regards the violation of Article 14 it has been contended that the Tehsil Bali in which the petitioner have been carrying on their trade of vending foreign liquor on retail basis are being subjected to hostile discrimination without any rational basis as the areas of some of the neighbouring Tehsils have not been declared dry. The contention is that the Tehsil Bali has been arbitrarily picked up without any intelligible differentia between the area covered by Tehsil Bali and the neighbouring area outside the Tehsil Bali. These contentions are fully answered by Article 31C of the Constitution which was introduced by 42nd Amendment Act of the Constitution. Article 31C lays down that notwithstanding anything contained in Article 31 no law giving effect to the policy of the State securing any of the principles laid down in Part IV of the Constitution shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by Articles 14, 19 'or 31 of the Constitution. Now introduction of the Prohibition Act is within the four corners of Article 47. Article 47 finds place in Part IV of the Constitution. Under Article 47 it has been laid down that it shall be the primary duty of the State that it shall give due regard to the raising of the level of the nutrition and standard of living of its people and take it as its primary duty to take steps for the improvement of public health and for that purpose the State shall endeavour to bring about the prohibition of the consumption of liquor or intoxicating drinks except for medicinal purposes as the same are injurious to public health. Indisputably the object underlying the prohibition is to improve the public health and to raise the level and nutrition and standard of living of people. Needless to say that the addiction to drink has, besides cutting through the economy of the community, tended to undermine the public health, thus bringing misery to the community both economically and in the matter of deterioration in health of the community which in its turn has brought ruin to many families of the citizens. The object underlying the introduction of prohibition is to fight this malady. The introduction of the Prohibition Act is, therefore, beyond re-approach as it is covered by blanket protection of Article 31C and is immune from the challenge based on Articles 14, 19, and 31 of the <a href="/act/51737/constitution-of-india-complete-act">Constitution of India</a>. In my opinion therefore, contentions of the learned counsel in this behalf stands conclusively negatived by the provisions of Article 31C of the Constitution. In this view of the matter the contentions based on Articles 14, 19 and 31' of the Constitution cannot be entertained. However, even on merits no valid case has been made out by the petitioners. It is erroneous to contend that the petitioners have fundamental right to carry on trade in foreign liquor. It is well settled that there is no fundamental right in the matter of carrying on trade in liquor. The right to manufacture or sell liquor absolutely vests in the State and the State in its regulatory power can take away the right to vend foreign liquor. In fact the right to vend foreign liquor is a sort of concession given by the State by granting licences under which the citizens are permitted to carry on trade in liquor. But that right is not an indefeasible one and such right is always at the mercy of the State which can be taken away by introduction of the Prohibition Act which is primarily meant for the welfare of the people for the improvement of their health.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The next contention which has been put forth on behalf of the petitioners is that their licences for vending foreign liquor as a retailer have been revoked in contravention of the provisions of Section 35 of the Rajasthan Excise Act. Mr. Lodha contends that licences can be cancelled under Section 35 on the fulfilment of certain preconditions which are conditions precedent for the cancellation of licence under Section 35 of the Excise Act. His submission is that a licence can be cancelled only on remitting a sum equal to the amount of the fee payable in respect thereof for 15 days but in the instant cases preconditions laid down in Section 35 having not been fulfilled the cancellation of licences was illegal being contrary to the provisions of Section 35. It has further been argued that if the cancellation of licences of the petitioners is held to be invalid then the petitioners are entitled to carry on business under the licences despite the introduction of the Prohibition Act as under Section 76 of the Prohibition Act the petitioners' right or privilege acquired under the licences is saved. The question that at once arises is whether the petitioners' licences have been rightly cancelled under Section 35. Admittedly conditions precedent for exercising power of cancelling licences under Section 35 having not been fulfilled by remitting the requisite money as contemplated by that section. The petitioners' right under the licence will be saved by virtue of Clause (1) (b) of Section 76 of the Act as the Excise Act repealed by virtue of promulgation of the Prohibition Act shall stand repealed but the repeal shall not affect any right, privilege acquired, accrued under the Excise Act. I am, therefore, of the opinion that in order to bring into force the Prohibition Act in an effective manner, the State Government should take care to firstly validly cancel the licences as provided under Section 35 so that no vestige of right or privilege as saved under Sub-section (1) (b) of Section 76 may rest in the licences. The State should, therefore, take due care in future to validly cancel the licence in order to avoid unnecessary complication by giving a lever to the licencees to seek the protection under Section 76 of the Prohibition Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Be that as it may, the question that further requires consideration is whether the present are the fit cases where writ or direction asked for should be issued. It is well to remember here that the issuance of writ is of a discretionary character and the writ or order under Article 226 does not issue as a matter of course. Moreover under Article 226 the Court shall not grant any redress of any injury arising by reason of the contravention of any of the provisions of the Constitution or any provision of any enactment or ordinance or any order, rule, regulation, bye-laws etc., unless injury complained of is of a substantial character. Having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case I am firmly of the opinion that there shall occasion no substantial injury in the present cases. In the first place, the amounts at stake in the various petitions which were to be remitted under Section 35 before cancelling the licences are not at all substantial but are rather paltry which fact is amply proved by the supplementary affidavit filed on behalf of the State. Secondly, under Section 4 of the Prohibition Act the possession, transport and consumption of the liquor have been made offence unless a permit is obtained by the consumer on the medical ground. Therefore, the scope for trade in the vending of liquor in retail will be minimal or rather insignificant. These facts clearly establish that there will be no substantial injury on account of the licences. Above all, looking to the public interest and the fact that the Prohibition Act is a social welfare measure aimed at the improvement of the public health and raising the living standard of the citizens, the requirement of justice is in refusing the relief claimed for by the petitioners, The money to which the petitioners are entitled under Section 35 can be recovered from the State and it is also expected of the State to remit the money to which the petitioners would have been entitled before their licence could be cancelled. In this view of the matter the present cases are not fit ones where writ should go against the State. I would, therefore, dismiss these petitions in limine.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Mr. Lodha in the last urged before us that I should issue direction to the State that in case licences are granted in the Ball Tehsil in which the petitioners held licences then they be given preference as displaced licence-holders. I am unable to concede to this request as I have no power to issue such a mandate. However, it is expected from the State that if at all it chooses to grant licences to persons in the Ball Tehsil for vending foreign liquor it may sympathetically consider the cases of the petitioners.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. No other point was argued on pressed before me.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. In view of the foregoing discussion I am not inclined to invoke my extraordinary jurisdiction and dismiss these petitions summarily. I, however make no order as to costs.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">', 'observations' => null, 'overruledby' => null, 'prhistory' => '', 'pubs' => 'AIR1979Raj14; 1978(11)WLN5', 'ratiodecidendi' => '', 'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan and ors.', 'sub' => 'Commercial', 'link' => null, 'circuit' => null ) ), 'args' => array( (int) 0 => '750523' ) ) $title_for_layout = 'Gahlot Engineering Wine Store Etc. Vs. State of Rajasthan and ors. Semantic Analysis' $shops = array( 'LAW' => array( (int) 0 => 'Section 1 of the Rajasthan Prohibition Act', (int) 1 => 'Rajasthan Act 17 of 1969', (int) 2 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 3 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 4 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 5 => 'Section 35', (int) 6 => 'the Excise Act', (int) 7 => 'Section 1 of the Prohibition Act and Section 13', (int) 8 => 'Section 19', (int) 9 => 'the Excise Act', (int) 10 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 11 => 'Section 3 of the Prohibition Act', (int) 12 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 13 => 'Prohibition Act', (int) 14 => 'Constitution', (int) 15 => 'the Article 14 of the Constitution', (int) 16 => 'Article 14', (int) 17 => 'Section 1', (int) 18 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 19 => 'Section 4 of the Prohibition Act', (int) 20 => 'Constitution', (int) 21 => 'Article 14 of the Constitution of India', (int) 22 => 'Article 19(1)(f', (int) 23 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 24 => 'Article 19(1)(f', (int) 25 => 'Article 14', (int) 26 => 'Article 31C of the Constitution', (int) 27 => '42nd Amendment Act', (int) 28 => 'Constitution', (int) 29 => 'Article 31C', (int) 30 => 'Article 31', (int) 31 => 'Constitution', (int) 32 => 'Constitution', (int) 33 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 34 => 'Article 47', (int) 35 => 'Article 47', (int) 36 => 'Constitution', (int) 37 => 'Article 47', (int) 38 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 39 => 'Article 31C', (int) 40 => 'Article 31C of the Constitution', (int) 41 => 'Constitution', (int) 42 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 43 => 'Section 35', (int) 44 => 'Section 35', (int) 45 => 'Section 35', (int) 46 => 'the Excise Act', (int) 47 => 'Section 35', (int) 48 => 'Section 35', (int) 49 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 50 => 'Section 76', (int) 51 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 52 => 'Section 35', (int) 53 => 'Section 35', (int) 54 => 'Section 76 of the Act', (int) 55 => 'the Excise Act', (int) 56 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 57 => 'the Excise Act', (int) 58 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 59 => 'Section 35', (int) 60 => 'Section 76', (int) 61 => 'Section 76', (int) 62 => 'the Prohibition Act.8', (int) 63 => 'Article 226', (int) 64 => 'Article 226 the Court', (int) 65 => 'Constitution', (int) 66 => 'Section 35', (int) 67 => 'Section 4', (int) 68 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 69 => 'the Prohibition Act', (int) 70 => 'Section 35' ), 'PERSON' => array( (int) 0 => 'Joshi', (int) 1 => 'Bali Tehsil', (int) 2 => 'Tehsil Bali', (int) 3 => 'Tehsil Bali', (int) 4 => 'Tehsil Bali', (int) 5 => 'Bali Tehsil', (int) 6 => 'limine.4', (int) 7 => 'G. M. Lodiha', (int) 8 => 'Lodha', (int) 9 => 'Articles 19 and', (int) 10 => 'Tehsil Bali', (int) 11 => 'Tehsil Bali', (int) 12 => 'Tehsil Bali', (int) 13 => 'Tehsil Bali', (int) 14 => 'Articles 14', (int) 15 => 'Articles 14', (int) 16 => 'Articles 14', (int) 17 => 'Lodha', (int) 18 => 'Lodha' ), 'NORP' => array( (int) 0 => 'J.1' ), 'DATE' => array( (int) 0 => 'the financial year 1977-1978', (int) 1 => 'the 1st of April, 1977', (int) 2 => 'the 31st of March, 1978', (int) 3 => '1969', (int) 4 => '20th of Oct. 1977', (int) 5 => 'the 1st of Dec. 1977', (int) 6 => 'the 1st of Oct. 1977', (int) 7 => 'the 1st of Dec. 1977', (int) 8 => '20th of Oct. 1977', (int) 9 => 'the 20th of Oct. 1977', (int) 10 => '1st of 0ec', (int) 11 => '1977', (int) 12 => '31st of March', (int) 13 => '23rd of Nov. 1977', (int) 14 => '31st of March, 1978', (int) 15 => '31st of March, 1978', (int) 16 => '19', (int) 17 => '19', (int) 18 => '15 days' ), 'CARDINAL' => array( (int) 0 => '3', (int) 1 => 'nine', (int) 2 => '3', (int) 3 => '4', (int) 4 => '1978.2', (int) 5 => '9', (int) 6 => '1', (int) 7 => '3', (int) 8 => '31', (int) 9 => '31', (int) 10 => 'four', (int) 11 => '31', (int) 12 => '1', (int) 13 => '1' ), 'ORG' => array( (int) 0 => 'the State Government', (int) 1 => 'District Pali', (int) 2 => 'State', (int) 3 => 'State', (int) 4 => 'the State Government', (int) 5 => 'State', (int) 6 => 'State', (int) 7 => 'State', (int) 8 => 'State', (int) 9 => 'State', (int) 10 => 'State', (int) 11 => 'State', (int) 12 => 'State', (int) 13 => 'State', (int) 14 => 'State', (int) 15 => 'State', (int) 16 => 'the State Government', (int) 17 => 'State', (int) 18 => 'State', (int) 19 => 'State', (int) 20 => 'State', (int) 21 => 'State', (int) 22 => 'State', (int) 23 => 'State' ), 'WORK_OF_ART' => array( (int) 0 => 'the Constitution of India' ), 'ORDINAL' => array( (int) 0 => 'first', (int) 1 => 'first', (int) 2 => 'firstly', (int) 3 => 'first', (int) 4 => 'Secondly' ), 'GPE' => array( (int) 0 => 'law.6', (int) 1 => 'India' ), 'FAC' => array( (int) 0 => 'the Ball Tehsil', (int) 1 => 'the Ball Tehsil' ) ) $desc = array( 'Judgement' => array( 'id' => '750523', 'acts' => 'Rajasthan Prohibition Act, 1969 - Sections 1(3); <a href="/act/51737/constitution-of-india-complete-act">Constitution of India</a> - Articles 13, 14, 19, 31, 31C, 47 and 226; <a href="/act/136918/the-rajasthan-excise-act-1950-complete-act">Rajasthan Excise Act, 1950</a> - Sections 35', 'appealno' => 'Civil Writ Petn. Nos. 563, 585 to 590, 598 and 599 of 1977', 'appellant' => 'Gahlot Engineering Wine Store Etc.', 'authreffered' => '', 'casename' => 'Gahlot Engineering Wine Store Etc. Vs. State of Rajasthan and ors.', 'casenote' => 'Rajasthan Prohibition Act, 1969 - Section 3(1) and Constitution of India Article 14--Prohibition extended to Bali Tehsil--Held, introduction of prohibition in phased manner being a matter of policy is within plenary power of State--It is above challenge and cannot be impeached Under Article 14.;The question of absence of guide lines in the matter of introduction of policy is hardly of any relevance because the matter being a matter of policy it is within the plenary power of the state to implement is policy off prohibition in the phased manner looking to over all facts and circumstances and also its financial implicate us. The matter as it relates to policy is above challenge and cannot be impeached on the ground of violation of Article 14.;(b) Constitution of India - Articles 14, 19 & 31--Right to sell liquor--Held, there is no fundamental right involved--To manufacture & sell liquor vests in the State--To permit sale of foreign liquor is a concession.;It is well settled that there is no fundamental right in the matter of carrying on trade in liquor. The right to manufacture or sell liquor absolutely vests in the State and the State in it regularly power can be taken away the right to vend foreign liquor. In fact the right to vend foreign liequor is a sort of concession given by the Slate by granting licences under which the citizens are permitted to carry on trade in liquor But that right is not an indefeasible one and such right is always at the mercy of the state which can be taker away by introduction of the prohibition Act which is primarily meant for the welfare of the people for the improvement of their health.;(c) Rajasthan Excise Act, 1950 - Sections 35 & 76 and Rajasthan Prohibition Act, 1969--Prohibition Cancellation of licence--Valid licence be cancelled after fulfilling requisite condition by remitting fee.;Admittedly conditions precedent for exercising power of canceling licences under Section 35 having not been fulfilled by remitting the requisite money as contemplated by the section. The petitioners right under the licence will be saved by virtue of Clause (1)(b) of Section 76 of the Act as the Excise Act repealed by virtue of promulgation of the Prohibition Act shall stand repealed but the repeal shall not effect any right privilege acquired accrued under the Excise Act. I am, therefore, of the opinion that the order to bring into force the Prohibition Act in an effective manner, the State Government should take care to firstly validly cancel the licence as provided under Section 35 so that no vestigage of right or privilege is saved under Sub-section (1)(b) of Section 76 may vest in the licence.;(d) Constitution of India - Article 226--Rajasthan Prohibition Act, 1962 Section 3 Rajasthan Excise Act Section 35--Introduction of prohibition--Petitioner can claim amount from Government--Held, extra, ordinary jurisdiction cannot be invoked.;Looking to the public interest and the fact that the prohibition set is a social welfare measure aimed at the improvement of the public health and raising the living standard of the citizens, the requirement of justice is in refusing the relief claimed for by the petitioners. The money which the petitioners are entitled under Section 35 can be recovered from the State and it is also expected of the State to remit the money which the petitioners would have been entitled before their licence could be cancelled.;Writ dismissed - INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES ACT, 1947. Section 2(s): [M.S. Shah, Sharad D. Dave & K.S. Jhaveri,JJ] Workman Part time employees Held, Part time employees are not excluded from the definition of workman in Section 2(s) merely on the ground that they are part time employees. The ex abundante cautela use of the words either whole time or part time by the Legislature in the definition of working journalist in the Working Journalists and Other Newspaper Employees (Conditions of Service and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1955, does not mean that the definition of workman in the prior Act i.e. Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 intended to exclude part-time employees from the definition of workman. The expression part time has nothing to do with the nature of appointment, but it only regulates the duration of working hours for which and appointee is required to work. If a person fulfils the test of a workman, he cannot be excluded from the definition only on the ground that he is a part-time employee. However, the Court will have to apply various tests applicable fort determining the relationship of employer and employee such as the control test, the integration or the organization test. The control test is one of the important tests, but is not to be taken as the sole test. It is also required to be examined whether the person was fully integrated into the employers concern or has remained apart from and independent of it. The other facts which may be relevant are as to who has the power to select and dismiss, to pay remuneration, to organize the work, etc. A full time worker usually works in a week for 40 hours or more depending on the award or agreement. If a person falls under the definition of workman under Section 2(s) and does not fall in any excluded category, he will be covered by the definition of workman under the I.D. Act, and he will be entitled to all the benefits under the said Act. A perusal of Section 2(s) indicates that it does not specifically refer to a part-time workman nor does it specifically exclude a part-time workman from the definition of :workman. Since the number of hours is not the determining criterion for deciding whether a person falls within the definition of workman or not, it cannot be said that a part-time worker is not a workman within the meaning of the provisions of the I.D. Act. However, to decide the status of a worker rendering services for less than 40 hours a week, various aspects are required to be considered. The control test, the integration test and all the other relevant tests are as much applicable for deciding the status of a person rendering service on part-time basis as these tests are required to be applied for deciding the status of a person rendering the services on full-time basis. Since persons may be engaged for part-time work for various reasons, while deciding the question whether a person rendering services on part-time basis is a workman or not, the nature of the industry, the nature of services being rendered by the person, the terms and conditions of engagement and various other factors will have to be taken into consideration before coming to the conclusion whether such a person falls within the definition of workman under Section 2 (s) of the I.D. Act. Sometimes looking to the nature of the establishment and its activities, the employer may need the services of a person only for a few hours in a day. Depending on his requirement, the employer may employ two part-time workers instead of one full-time worker. Similarly, it may be more convenient for the concerned person to do work on part-time basis rather than for full time. However, convenience per se of the employer or the employee by itself does not confirm or negate the status of such person as a workman within the meaning of the I.D. Act, but the tests relevant for determining the status of a workman such as control test and integration test will be required to be applied. If a person is working with two employers on part-time basis on the same day, it may result into an anomalous situation and the Court will have to consider the nature of engagement in both the establishments. However, mere possibility of such an anomaly resulting by itself does not take away the status of the concerned person as a workman from both the establishments, but while granting and moulding the reliefs the Court will take these facts into consideration. - This is matter which relates to the policy of the State and the Government is the best Judge to implement its policy in such manner as will effectively sub-serve the welfare of its people. The argument of the learned counsel in respect of these contentions are like this: It is well settled that there is no fundamental right in the matter of carrying on trade in liquor. It is well to remember here that the issuance of writ is of a discretionary character and the writ or order under Article 226 does not issue as a matter of course. , unless injury complained of is of a substantial character. These facts clearly establish that there will be no substantial injury on account of the licences.', 'caseanalysis' => null, 'casesref' => '', 'citingcases' => '', 'counselplain' => ' C.M. Lodha and; I.J. Lodha, Advs.', 'counseldef' => ' A.K. Mathur, Govt. Adv.', 'court' => 'Rajasthan', 'court_type' => 'HC', 'decidedon' => '1978-01-20', 'deposition' => 'Petition dismissed', 'favorof' => null, 'findings' => null, 'judge' => ' M.L. Joshi, J.', 'judgement' => 'ORDER<p style="text-align: justify;">M.L. Joshi, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. All the petitioners were licensees for vending foreign liquor as retailers for Bali Tehsil for the financial year 1977-1978 commencing from the 1st of April, 1977 and ending on the 31st of March, 1978. In exercise of powers conferred under Sub-section (3) of Section 1 of the Rajasthan Prohibition Act, 1969 (Rajasthan Act 17 of 1969) in short the Prohibition Act, the State Govt. by a notification dated 20th of Oct. 1977 extended the provisions of the Prohibition Act to the area covered by Tehsil Bali with effect from the 1st of Dec. 1977. By another notification of the same date it has been notified that from the 1st of Oct. 1977, it would not be permissible for any one to either possess liquor or to transport it or to import it. All the petitioners have been served with notice issued by Excise Commissioner stating therein that as the State Government is introducing prohibition in the area covered by Tehsil Bali by extending the Prohibition Act from the 1st of Dec. 1977, the licences for sale of foreign liquor in retail are cancelled under Section 35 of the Rajasthan Excise Act hereinafter called the Excise Act. The petitioners, therefore, in all these nine petitions pray for writ, direction or order declaring Sub-section (3) of Section 1 of the Prohibition Act and Section 13 and Sub-section (4) of Section 19 of the Excise Act ultra vires of the <a href="/act/51737/constitution-of-india-complete-act">Constitution of India</a>. They further pray for quashing the notification dated 20th of Oct. 1977, bringing into operation the provisions of the Prohibition Act in Tehsil Bali of District Pali. The petitioners also pray for quashing the notification dated the 20th of Oct. 1977 introducing the prohibition in Bali Tehsil from 1st of 0ec. 1977. The petitioners further pray for quashing the notice cancelling their licences issued by the Excise Commissioner and restraining the respondents from interfering with their right of carrying on trade in vending foreign liquor in retail in their respective licences which are valid up to 31st of March, 1978.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. As the common questions of fact and law are involved in all these 9 writ petitions they are, therefore, being disposed of by a common order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. These cases came up for admission before me for the first time on 23rd of Nov. 1977 on which date I directed that let the notices go to the opposite parties to show cause why these petitions should not be admitted. In response to the show cause notices the State has opposed the admission by submitting written reply wherein it has been prayed that the writ petitions be dismissed in limine.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. I have heard the learned counsel for both the sides at some length. Various contentions have been put forth on behalf of the petitioners by Mr. G. M. Lodiha the learned counsel for the petitioners.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. The first contention of Mr. Lodha is that Sub-section (1) of Section 3 of the Prohibition Act which empowers the State to specify area for extending the operation of the Prohibition Act is ultra vires as it gives unbridled power to the State Government in the matter of including and applying Prohibition Act to any area at any time without prescribing any criterion or principle. It is, therefore, urged that this provision is ultra vires of the Constitution being violative of the Article 14 of the Constitution. Having heard the learned counsel for both the sides I do not find any merit in this contention. Our Constitution contemplates the concept of a welfare State. The Government is supposed to know the conditions and habits of the inhabitants of the particular geographical region of the State and in its wisdom may carve its own policy for the welfare of the people of particular region or particular area and specify the same for introduction of prohibition in that particular area. This is matter which relates to the policy of the State and the Government is the best Judge to implement its policy in such manner as will effectively sub-serve the welfare of its people. The question of absence of guidelines in the matter of introduction of policy is hardly of any relevance because the matter being a matter of policy it is within the plenary power of the State to implement its policy of prohibition in the phased manner looking to overall facts and circumstances and also its financial implications. The matter as it relates to policy is above challenge and cannot be impeached on the ground of violation of Article 14. The challenge to Sub-section (3) of Section 1 is therefore futile and is not substantial in law.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. The next contention put forth on behalf of the petitioner is that in view of the introduction of the Prohibition Act, by virtue of Section 4 of the Prohibition Act the petitioners shall be debarred from carrying on their retail trade in vending foreign liquor and further in view of the cancellation of their licences they will be deprived of their fundamental right of business and right to property and thus there will be infringement of their fundamental right conferred by Articles 19 and 31 of the Constitution. Another contention in regard to plea of violation of fundamental right is based on the infringement of Article 14 of the <a href="/act/51737/constitution-of-india-complete-act">Constitution of India</a>. The argument of the learned counsel in respect of these contentions are like this: The petitioners have right to carry on their trade under Article 19(1)(f) and they have right to reap the benefits under the licence which is valid up to 31st of March, 1978, but due to introduction of the Prohibition Act and cancellation of their licences they will be deprived of carrying on their trade under the licences which are valid up to 31st of March, 1978. It is, therefore, contended that they are being denied right to carry on their trade in violation of Article 19(1)(f) and are further being denied the right to property which they are entitled under the licences granted to them. As regards the violation of Article 14 it has been contended that the Tehsil Bali in which the petitioner have been carrying on their trade of vending foreign liquor on retail basis are being subjected to hostile discrimination without any rational basis as the areas of some of the neighbouring Tehsils have not been declared dry. The contention is that the Tehsil Bali has been arbitrarily picked up without any intelligible differentia between the area covered by Tehsil Bali and the neighbouring area outside the Tehsil Bali. These contentions are fully answered by Article 31C of the Constitution which was introduced by 42nd Amendment Act of the Constitution. Article 31C lays down that notwithstanding anything contained in Article 31 no law giving effect to the policy of the State securing any of the principles laid down in Part IV of the Constitution shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by Articles 14, 19 'or 31 of the Constitution. Now introduction of the Prohibition Act is within the four corners of Article 47. Article 47 finds place in Part IV of the Constitution. Under Article 47 it has been laid down that it shall be the primary duty of the State that it shall give due regard to the raising of the level of the nutrition and standard of living of its people and take it as its primary duty to take steps for the improvement of public health and for that purpose the State shall endeavour to bring about the prohibition of the consumption of liquor or intoxicating drinks except for medicinal purposes as the same are injurious to public health. Indisputably the object underlying the prohibition is to improve the public health and to raise the level and nutrition and standard of living of people. Needless to say that the addiction to drink has, besides cutting through the economy of the community, tended to undermine the public health, thus bringing misery to the community both economically and in the matter of deterioration in health of the community which in its turn has brought ruin to many families of the citizens. The object underlying the introduction of prohibition is to fight this malady. The introduction of the Prohibition Act is, therefore, beyond re-approach as it is covered by blanket protection of Article 31C and is immune from the challenge based on Articles 14, 19, and 31 of the <a href="/act/51737/constitution-of-india-complete-act">Constitution of India</a>. In my opinion therefore, contentions of the learned counsel in this behalf stands conclusively negatived by the provisions of Article 31C of the Constitution. In this view of the matter the contentions based on Articles 14, 19 and 31' of the Constitution cannot be entertained. However, even on merits no valid case has been made out by the petitioners. It is erroneous to contend that the petitioners have fundamental right to carry on trade in foreign liquor. It is well settled that there is no fundamental right in the matter of carrying on trade in liquor. The right to manufacture or sell liquor absolutely vests in the State and the State in its regulatory power can take away the right to vend foreign liquor. In fact the right to vend foreign liquor is a sort of concession given by the State by granting licences under which the citizens are permitted to carry on trade in liquor. But that right is not an indefeasible one and such right is always at the mercy of the State which can be taken away by introduction of the Prohibition Act which is primarily meant for the welfare of the people for the improvement of their health.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The next contention which has been put forth on behalf of the petitioners is that their licences for vending foreign liquor as a retailer have been revoked in contravention of the provisions of Section 35 of the Rajasthan Excise Act. Mr. Lodha contends that licences can be cancelled under Section 35 on the fulfilment of certain preconditions which are conditions precedent for the cancellation of licence under Section 35 of the Excise Act. His submission is that a licence can be cancelled only on remitting a sum equal to the amount of the fee payable in respect thereof for 15 days but in the instant cases preconditions laid down in Section 35 having not been fulfilled the cancellation of licences was illegal being contrary to the provisions of Section 35. It has further been argued that if the cancellation of licences of the petitioners is held to be invalid then the petitioners are entitled to carry on business under the licences despite the introduction of the Prohibition Act as under Section 76 of the Prohibition Act the petitioners' right or privilege acquired under the licences is saved. The question that at once arises is whether the petitioners' licences have been rightly cancelled under Section 35. Admittedly conditions precedent for exercising power of cancelling licences under Section 35 having not been fulfilled by remitting the requisite money as contemplated by that section. The petitioners' right under the licence will be saved by virtue of Clause (1) (b) of Section 76 of the Act as the Excise Act repealed by virtue of promulgation of the Prohibition Act shall stand repealed but the repeal shall not affect any right, privilege acquired, accrued under the Excise Act. I am, therefore, of the opinion that in order to bring into force the Prohibition Act in an effective manner, the State Government should take care to firstly validly cancel the licences as provided under Section 35 so that no vestige of right or privilege as saved under Sub-section (1) (b) of Section 76 may rest in the licences. The State should, therefore, take due care in future to validly cancel the licence in order to avoid unnecessary complication by giving a lever to the licencees to seek the protection under Section 76 of the Prohibition Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Be that as it may, the question that further requires consideration is whether the present are the fit cases where writ or direction asked for should be issued. It is well to remember here that the issuance of writ is of a discretionary character and the writ or order under Article 226 does not issue as a matter of course. Moreover under Article 226 the Court shall not grant any redress of any injury arising by reason of the contravention of any of the provisions of the Constitution or any provision of any enactment or ordinance or any order, rule, regulation, bye-laws etc., unless injury complained of is of a substantial character. Having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case I am firmly of the opinion that there shall occasion no substantial injury in the present cases. In the first place, the amounts at stake in the various petitions which were to be remitted under Section 35 before cancelling the licences are not at all substantial but are rather paltry which fact is amply proved by the supplementary affidavit filed on behalf of the State. Secondly, under Section 4 of the Prohibition Act the possession, transport and consumption of the liquor have been made offence unless a permit is obtained by the consumer on the medical ground. Therefore, the scope for trade in the vending of liquor in retail will be minimal or rather insignificant. These facts clearly establish that there will be no substantial injury on account of the licences. Above all, looking to the public interest and the fact that the Prohibition Act is a social welfare measure aimed at the improvement of the public health and raising the living standard of the citizens, the requirement of justice is in refusing the relief claimed for by the petitioners, The money to which the petitioners are entitled under Section 35 can be recovered from the State and it is also expected of the State to remit the money to which the petitioners would have been entitled before their licence could be cancelled. In this view of the matter the present cases are not fit ones where writ should go against the State. I would, therefore, dismiss these petitions in limine.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Mr. Lodha in the last urged before us that I should issue direction to the State that in case licences are granted in the Ball Tehsil in which the petitioners held licences then they be given preference as displaced licence-holders. I am unable to concede to this request as I have no power to issue such a mandate. However, it is expected from the State that if at all it chooses to grant licences to persons in the Ball Tehsil for vending foreign liquor it may sympathetically consider the cases of the petitioners.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. No other point was argued on pressed before me.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. In view of the foregoing discussion I am not inclined to invoke my extraordinary jurisdiction and dismiss these petitions summarily. I, however make no order as to costs.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">', 'observations' => null, 'overruledby' => null, 'prhistory' => '', 'pubs' => 'AIR1979Raj14; 1978(11)WLN5', 'ratiodecidendi' => '', 'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan and ors.', 'sub' => 'Commercial', 'link' => null, 'circuit' => null ) ) $args = array( (int) 0 => '750523' ) $pattern = '/\(((0[1-9]|[12][0-9]|3[01])[.](0[1-9]|1[012])[.](17|18|19|20)[0-9]{2}).*\)/' $shops2 = nullinclude - APP/View/Case/meta.ctp, line 39 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933 View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473 Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 963 Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 200 Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167 [main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 109
LAW: Section 1 of the Rajasthan Prohibition Act, Rajasthan Act 17 of 1969, the Prohibition Act, the Prohibition Act, the Prohibition Act, Section 35, the Excise Act, Section 1 of the Prohibition Act and Section 13, Section 19, the Excise Act, the Prohibition Act, Section 3 of the Prohibition Act, the Prohibition Act, Prohibition Act, Constitution, the Article 14 of the Constitution, Article 14, Section 1, the Prohibition Act, Section 4 of the Prohibition Act, Constitution, Article 14 of the Constitution of India, Article 19(1)(f, the Prohibition Act, Article 19(1)(f, Article 14, Article 31C of the Constitution, 42nd Amendment Act, Constitution, Article 31C, Article 31, Constitution, Constitution, the Prohibition Act, Article 47, Article 47, Constitution, Article 47, the Prohibition Act, Article 31C, Article 31C of the Constitution, Constitution, the Prohibition Act, Section 35, Section 35, Section 35, the Excise Act, Section 35, Section 35, the Prohibition Act, Section 76, the Prohibition Act, Section 35, Section 35, Section 76 of the Act, the Excise Act, the Prohibition Act, the Excise Act, the Prohibition Act, Section 35, Section 76, Section 76, the Prohibition Act.8, Article 226, Article 226 the Court, Constitution, Section 35, Section 4, the Prohibition Act, the Prohibition Act, Section 35
PERSON: Joshi, Bali Tehsil, Tehsil Bali, Tehsil Bali, Tehsil Bali, Bali Tehsil, limine.4, G. M. Lodiha, Lodha, Articles 19 and, Tehsil Bali, Tehsil Bali, Tehsil Bali, Tehsil Bali, Articles 14, Articles 14, Articles 14, Lodha, Lodha
NORP: J.1
DATE: the financial year 1977-1978, the 1st of April, 1977, the 31st of March, 1978, 1969, 20th of Oct. 1977, the 1st of Dec. 1977, the 1st of Oct. 1977, the 1st of Dec. 1977, 20th of Oct. 1977, the 20th of Oct. 1977, 1st of 0ec, 1977, 31st of March, 23rd of Nov. 1977, 31st of March, 1978, 31st of March, 1978, 19, 19, 15 days
CARDINAL: 3, nine, 3, 4, 1978.2, 9, 1, 3, 31, 31, four, 31, 1, 1
ORG: the State Government, District Pali, State, State, the State Government, State, State, State, State, State, State, State, State, State, State, State, the State Government, State, State, State, State, State, State, State
WORK_OF_ART: the Constitution of India
ORDINAL: first, first, firstly, first, Secondly
GPE: law.6, India
FAC: the Ball Tehsil, the Ball Tehsil