Sri Krishna Pvt. Ltd. Etc. Vs. Income Tax Officer and ors.

Decided On : Mar-16-1996

Court : Supreme Court of India

Notice (8): Undefined index: topics [APP/View/Case/meta.ctp, line 36]
Code Context


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			'appealno' => 'Civil Appeal Nos. 1562 of 1977 (From the judgment & order dt. 5th April, 1976 of the Calcutta Hi',
			'appellant' => 'Sri Krishna Pvt. Ltd. Etc.',
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			'casename' => 'Sri Krishna Pvt. Ltd. Etc. Vs. Income Tax Officer and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Constitution of India. Article 16; [S.B. Sinha & Markandey Katju, JJ] Recruitment  Held, Recruitment to a post must be made strictly in terms of the Rules operating in the field. Essential qualification must be possessed by a person as on the date of issuance of the notification or as specified in the rules and only in the absence thereof, the qualification acquired till the last date of filing of the application would be the relevant date
LABOUR  & SERVICES
Appointment  [S.B. Sinha & Markandey Katju, JJ] Post of Head Master of Secondary School  Essential qualification for appointment by promotion  Experience of teaching High School Classes for 5 years  Held, Experience as Laboratory Assistant or Teacher Grade III does not satisfy the requisite experience. -  1959-60. Immediately, upon receiving the said notice, the assessee approached the Calcutta High Court by way of a writ petition questioning the validity of the notice on the grounds that the ITO had no reasonable ground to believe that income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for the said year on account of any omission or failure on his part to make a full and true disclosure of all material facts. -If (a) the ITO has reason to believe that, by reason of the omission or failure on the part of an assessee to make a return under s. 139 for any assessment year to the ITO or to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for that year, or (b) notwithstanding that there has been no omission or failure as mentioned in cl. 148 after the expiry of eight years from the end of the relevant assessment year, unless the Board is satisfied on the reasons recorded by the ITO that it is a fit case for the issue of such notice. 148 after the expiry of four years from the end of the relevant assessment year, unless the CIT is satisfied on the reasons recorded by the ITO that it is a fit case for the issue of such notice. If at any subsequent point of time, it is found that either on account of an omission or failure of the assessee to file the return or on account of his omission or failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for that year, the ITO is entitled to reopen the assessment in accordance with the procedure prescribed by the Act. 148 proposing to reopen the assessment only where he has reason to believe that on account of either the omission or failure on the part of the assessee to file the return or on account of the omission or failure on the part of the assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income has escaped assessment. , the CIT or the Board, as the case may be, has to be satisfied, on the basis of the reasons recorded by the ITO, that it is a fit case for issuance of such a notice. 8,53,298 as per balance sheet as on 16th April, 1959. I have, therefore, reasons to believe that by reason of omission or failure on the part of the assessee company to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for its assessment of 1959-60 in regard to these accounts, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment. 148 was not warranted ? Can it be said in the face of the above facts that the ITO had no reason to believe that on account of the assessees omission/failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for that year. 148(2)], he had stated clearly that in the course of assessment proceedings for the succeeding assessment year, it was found that out of the unsecured hundi loans put forward by the assessee, a large number were found to be bogus and that many of the so-called lenders were found to be near relations of the directors or the principal shareholders. 1959-60 as well. Evidently, this is what he meant in the context, when he spoke of 'similar loans' being noticed for the year in question as well. 34 in the following word :To confer jurisdiction under this section to issue notice in respect of assessments beyond the period of four years, but within a period of eight years, from the end of the relevant year two conditions have, therefore, to be satisfied. The second is that he must have also reason to believe that such under-assessment has occurred by reason of either (i) omission or failure on the part of an assessee to make a return of his income under s. 22, or (ii) omission or failure on the part of an assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year. Both these conditions are conditions precedent to be satisfied before the ITO could have jurisdiction to issue a notice for the assessment or reassessment beyond the period of four years, but within the period of eight years, from the end of the year in question. ..The words used are omission or failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year. ' In that case, the alleged non-disclosure of material facts fully and truly -to put it in the words of the Court -was the failure of the assessee to disclose 'the true intention behind the sale of the shares'.The assessee had stated during the assessment proceedings that the sale of shares during the relevant assessment years was a casual transaction in the nature of mere change of investment. The case of the Revenue was that the assessee ought to have stated that they were trading transactions and that his assertion that they were casual transactions, in the nature of change of investment, amounted to 'omission or failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year' within the meaning of s. 34. This contention of the Revenue was rejected holding that the true nature of transaction, being a matter capable of different opinions, is not a material or primary fact but a matter of inference and hence, it cannot be said that there was an omission or failure of the nature contemplated by s. Does it not furnish a reasonable ground for the ITO to believe that on account of the failure -indeed not a mere failure but a positive design to mislead -of the assessee to disclose all material facts, fully and truly, necessary for his assessment for that year, income has escaped assessment ? We are of the firm opinion that it does. 148/147. The enquiry at this stage is only to see whether there are reasonable grounds for the ITO to believe and not whether the omission/failure and the escapement of income is established. ' 7. Learned counsel for the assessee, Sri Gupta, placed strong reliance upon the decisions of this Court in Chhugamal Rajpal vs .S. The principle is well-settled by Calcutta Discount (supra) and it is not reasonable to suggest that any different proposition was sought to be enunciated in the said decisions. Calcutta Discount (supra) emphasises repeatedly the assessees obligation to disclose all material facts necessary for his assessment fully and truly in the context of the two requirements -called conditions precedent which must be satisfied before the ITO gets the jurisdiction to reopen the assessment under s. 8. It is brought to our notice that certain other decisions of this Court have rightly emphasised the requirement of full and true disclosure and have held that failure or omission to do so, legitimately attracts the power under s. 147(a) of the Act have been satisfied in this case. The first is that the ITO must have reason to believe that the income chargeable to income-tax had been under-assessed and the second that such under-assessment has occurred by reason of omission or failure on the part of the assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for its assessment for the year 1953-54. So far as the first condition is concerned, the ITO, in his recorded reasons, has relied upon the fact as found by the Customs authorities that the appellant had under-invoiced the goods it exported. We are satisfied that the first condition to invoke the jurisdiction of the ITO under s. 147(a) of the Act was satisfied. The proven charge of under-invoicing per se satisfied the second condition. If the true price has not been disclosed and there was under-invoicing, the logical conclusion prima facie is that there has been failure on the part of the appellant to disclose fully and truly all material facts before the ITO. We are, therefore, satisfied that both the conditions required to attract the provisions of s. 148 is good in respect of one item, it cannot be quashed under Art. 1562 of 1977 would govern these cases as well.',
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			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B. P. JEEVAN REDDY, J. :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Civil Appeal No. 1562 of 1977</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This is an appeal preferred by the assessee against the judgment and order of a Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court allowing the writ appeal preferred by the Revenue [ITO, Central Circle-VI & Ors.] against the judgment of a learned Single Judge. The learned Single Judge had allowed the writ petition filed by the assessee questioning the validity of a notice issued under s. 148 r/w s. 147 of the IT Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. In the return filed for the asst. yr. 1959-60, the assessee had shown certain hundi loans totalling Rs. 8,53,298 said to have been taken from a number of persons. The ITO accepted the averment and made the assessment. During the assessment proceedings for the succeeding year, 1960-61, the assessee again showed hundi loans in a sum of more than Rupees seventeen lakhs. The ITO enquired into the truth of the averment and found that many of them were bogus claims while some of the alleged lenders were found to be near relations of directors or principal shareholders of the assessee. The ITO held that out of the hundi loans of more than Rupees seventeen lakhs claimed by the assessee, loans totalling Rs. 11,15,275 were not established to be genuine loans and accordingly added that amount as income from undisclosed sources. Having regard to the similarity of the claims and the persons who are said to have advanced the said unsecured hundi loans during the accounting year relevant to the asst. yr. 1959-60, the ITO issued a notice under s. 148 calling upon the assessee to file a revised return for the asst. yr. 1959-60. Immediately, upon receiving the said notice, the assessee approached the Calcutta High Court by way of a writ petition questioning the validity of the notice on the grounds that the ITO had no reasonable ground to believe that income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for the said year on account of any omission or failure on his part to make a full and true disclosure of all material facts. The writ petition was allowed by a learned Single Judge, as stated above, whose decision has been reversed in appeal by the Division Bench. This Court entertained the Special Leave Petition filed by the assessee and granted leave on 26th July, 1977. This Court, however, did not stay the proceedings pursuant to the impugned notice. It directed that the ITO may proceed to complete the assessment proceedings but will not issue a demand notice. The ITO has accordingly completed the reassessment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Secs. 147, 148 and 151, as they stood at the relevant time, read as follows :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'147. Income escaping assessment. - If</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(a) the ITO has reason to believe that, by reason of the omission or failure on the part of an assessee to make a return under s. 139 for any assessment year to the ITO or to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for that year, or</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(b) notwithstanding that there has been no omission or failure as mentioned in cl. (a) on the part of the assessee, the ITO has in consequence of information in his possession reason to believe that income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for any assessment year,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">he may, subject to the provisions of ss. 148 to 153, assess or reassess such income or recompute the loss or the depreciation allowance, as the case may be, for the assessment year concerned (hereinafter in ss. 148 to 153 referred to as the relevant assessment year).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Explanation 1. - For the purposes of this section, the following shall also be deemed to be cases where income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment, namely :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(a) where income chargeable to tax has been underassessed; or</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(b) where such income has been assessed at too low a rate; or</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(c) where such income has been made the subject of excessive relief under this Act or under the Indian IT Act, 1922 (11 of 1922); or</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(d) where excessive loss or depreciation allowance has been computed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Explanation 2. - Production before the ITO of account books or other evidence from which material evidence could with due diligence have been discovered by the ITO will not necessarily amount to disclosure within the meaning of this section.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">148. Issue of notice where income has escaped assessment. - (1) Before making the assessment, reassessment or recomputation under s. 147, the ITO shall serve on the assessee a notice containing all or any of the requirements which may be included in a notice under sub-s. (2) of s. 139; and the provisions of this Act shall, so far as may be, apply accordingly as if the notice were a notice issued under that sub-section.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) The ITO shall, before issuing any notice under this section, record his reasons for doing so.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">151. Sanction for issue of notice. - (1) No notice shall be issued under s. 148 after the expiry of eight years from the end of the relevant assessment year, unless the Board is satisfied on the reasons recorded by the ITO that it is a fit case for the issue of such notice.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) No notice shall be issued under s. 148 after the expiry of four years from the end of the relevant assessment year, unless the CIT is satisfied on the reasons recorded by the ITO that it is a fit case for the issue of such notice.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Sec. 139 places an obligation upon every person to furnish voluntarily a return of his total income if such income during the previous year exceeded the maximum amount which is not chargeable to income-tax. The obligation so placed involves the further obligation to disclose all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year fully and truly. If at any subsequent point of time, it is found that either on account of an omission or failure of the assessee to file the return or on account of his omission or failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for that year, the ITO is entitled to reopen the assessment in accordance with the procedure prescribed by the Act. To be more precise, he can issue the notice under s. 148 proposing to reopen the assessment only where he has reason to believe that on account of either the omission or failure on the part of the assessee to file the return or on account of the omission or failure on the part of the assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income has escaped assessment. The existence of the reason(s) to believe is supposed to be the check, a limitation, upon his power to reopen the assessment. [See the leading decision on this subject in Barium Chemicals vs . Company Law Board : [1967]1SCR898 . Sec. 148(2) imposes a further check upon the said power, viz., the requirement of recording of reasons for such reopening by the ITO. Sec. 151 imposes yet another check upon the said power, viz., the CIT or the Board, as the case may be, has to be satisfied, on the basis of the reasons recorded by the ITO, that it is a fit case for issuance of such a notice. The power conferred upon the ITO by ss. 147 and 148 is thus not an unbridled one. It is hedged in with several safeguards conceived in the interest of eliminating room for abuse of this power by the AOs. The idea was to save the assessees from harassment resulting from mechanical reopening of assessment but this protection avails only those assessees who disclose all material facts truly and fully.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Coming to the facts of this case, the reasons recorded by the ITO for reopening the assessment for the year 1959-60 are to the following effect :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'In the course of the assessment proceeding for the asst. yr. 1960-61 investigations were made into the unsecured loans of Rs. 17,32,298 which was the position of the last day of the accounting year relevant to the asst. yr. 1960-61. These investigations disclosed that a large number of them were bogus Hundi loans or loans from near relations of the directors or principal shareholders. Hence, the amounts credited to some of these accounts have been assessed as income from undisclosed sources to the extent of Rs. 11,51,275.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Similar loans are noticed for the asst. yr. 1959-60 and they stand at Rs. 8,53,298 as per balance sheet as on 16th April, 1959.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">I have, therefore, reasons to believe that by reason of omission or failure on the part of the assessee company to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for its assessment of 1959-60 in regard to these accounts, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">I, therefore, propose action under s. 147(a) of IT Act, 1961.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">We may also mention that after hearing this appeal for some time, we found it appropriate to look into the relevant record and accordingly made the following order on 10th Oct., 1995 :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'After hearing the appeals for some time, we find it necessary to look into the record to satisfy ourselves with respect to the following fact :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Whether, at the time of issuing of notice under s. 148, the ITO had material before him showing the persons who have lent the sum of Rs. 8,53,298 during the accounting year relevant to asst. yr. 1959-60, were the very same persons who are said to have lent Rs. 11,51,275 (bogus loans) during the accounting year relevant to asst. yr. 1960-61, and disallowed by the ITO in that assessment year ?</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Adjourned for eight weeks.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accordingly, the ITO has submitted a chart showing that out of the unsecured hundi loans of Rs. 8,53,298 claimed by the assessee, ten persons who are said to have lent a total amount of Rs. 3,80,000 were common to both the asst. yrs. 1959-60 and 1960-61. In other words, these very ten persons are said to have advanced loans again during the next year and all the ten were found to be bogus lenders as recorded in the assessment proceedings relating to asst. yr. 1960-61. Now, the question is, can it be said in the above facts that the issuance of the notice under s. 148 was not warranted Can it be said in the face of the above facts that the ITO had no reason to believe that on account of the assessees omission/failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for that year. In the reasons recorded by the ITO [as required by s. 148(2)], he had stated clearly that in the course of assessment proceedings for the succeeding assessment year, it was found that out of the unsecured hundi loans put forward by the assessee, a large number were found to be bogus and that many of the so-called lenders were found to be near relations of the directors or the principal shareholders. He stated that similar loans are also noticed for the asst. yr. 1959-60 and, therefore, he has reason to believe that there has been no true and full disclosure of all material facts by the assessee for the asst. yr. 1959-60 leading to escapement of income. It is not alleged by the assessee that the ITO had not checked up or tallied the names of the alleged lenders for both the assessment years and that he merely went by the fact that there were unsecured hundi loans for both the assessment years. In the absence of any such allegation - which allegation, if made, could have afforded an opportunity to the ITO to answer the said averment - we must presume that the ITO did find that a large number of alleged lenders who were found to be bogus during the asst. yr. 1960-61 were also put forward as lenders during the asst. yr. 1959-60 as well. Evidently, this is what he meant in the context, when he spoke of 'similar loans' being noticed for the year in question as well. In such a situation, it is impossible to say that the ITO had no reasonable ground to believe that there has been no full and true disclosure of all material facts by the assessee during the relevant assessment year and that on that account, income chargeable to tax had escaped assessment. As we shall emphasise hereinafter, every disclosure is not and cannot be treated to be a true and full disclosure. A disclosure may be a false one or true one. It may be a full disclosure or it may not be. A partial disclosure may very often be a misleading one. What is required is a full and true disclosure of all material facts necessary for making assessment for that year. This calls for an examination of the decisions of this Court analysing and elucidating ss. 147 and 148 of the Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. The first and foremost is the decision of the Constitution Bench in Calcutta Discount Co. Ltd. vs . ITO & Anr. : [1961]41ITR191(SC) . The case arose under s. 34 of the IT Act [as amended in 1951]. In material particulars, the provisions in s. 34 were similar to those in s. 147. Having regard to the fact that it is the only Constitution Bench decision on the point, it is necessary to examine it in some detail. The Constitution Bench explained the purport of s. 34 in the following word :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'To confer jurisdiction under this section to issue notice in respect of assessments beyond the period of four years, but within a period of eight years, from the end of the relevant year two conditions have, therefore, to be satisfied. The first is that the ITO must have reason to believe that income, profits or gains chargeable to income-tax have been under-assessed. The second is that he must have also reason to believe that such under-assessment has occurred by reason of either (i) omission or failure on the part of an assessee to make a return of his income under s. 22, or (ii) omission or failure on the part of an assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year. Both these conditions are conditions precedent to be satisfied before the ITO could have jurisdiction to issue a notice for the assessment or reassessment beyond the period of four years, but within the period of eight years, from the end of the year in question..... The words used are omission or failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year. It postulates a duty on every assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment. What facts are material and necessary for assessment will differ from case to case. In every assessment proceeding, the assessing authority will, for the purpose of computing or determining the proper tax due from an assessee, require to know all the facts which help him in coming to the correct conclusion. From the primary facts in his possession, whether on disclosure by the assessee, or discovered by him on the basis of the facts disclosed, or otherwise, the assessing authority has to draw inferences as regards certain other facts; and ultimately, from the primary facts and the further facts inferred from them, the authority has to draw the proper legal inferences, and ascertain on a correct interpretation of the taxing enactment, the proper tax leviable. Thus, when a question arises whether certain income received by an assessee is capital receipt, or revenue receipt, the assessing authority has to find out what primary facts have been proved, what other facts can be inferred from them, and, taking all these together, to decide what the legal inference should be..... We have, therefore, come to the conclusion that while the duty of the assessee is to disclose fully and truly all primary relevant facts, it does not extend beyond this.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In that case, the alleged non-disclosure of material facts fully and truly - to put it in the words of the Court -was the failure of the assessee to disclose 'the true intention behind the sale of the shares'. The assessee had stated during the assessment proceedings that the sale of shares during the relevant assessment years was a casual transaction in the nature of mere change of investment. The ITO found later that those sales were really in the nature of trading transactions. The case of the Revenue was that the assessee ought to have stated that they were trading transactions and that his assertion that they were casual transactions, in the nature of change of investment, amounted to 'omission or failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year' within the meaning of s. 34. This contention of the Revenue was rejected holding that the true nature of transaction, being a matter capable of different opinions, is not a material or primary fact but a matter of inference and hence, it cannot be said that there was an omission or failure of the nature contemplated by s. 34 on the part of the assessee. Now, what needs to be emphasised is that the obligation on the assessee to disclose the material facts - or what are called, primary facts - is not a mere disclosure but a disclosure which is full and true. A false disclosure is not a true disclosure. The disclosure must not only be true but must be full - 'fully and truly'. A false assertion, or statement, of material fact, therefore, attracts the jurisdiction of the ITO under s. 34/147. Take this very case : the ITO says that on the basis of investigations and enquiries made during the assessment proceedings relating to the subsequent assessment year, he has come into possession of material, on the basis of which, he has reasons to believe that the assessee had put forward certain bogus and false unsecured hundi loans said to have been taken by him from non-existent persons or his dummies, as the case may be, and that on that account income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment. According to him, this was a false assertion to the knowledge of the assessee. The ITO says that during the assessment relating to subsequent assessment year, similar loans [from some of these very persons] were found to be bogus. On that basis, he seeks to reopen the assessment. It is necessary to remember that we are at the stage of reopening only. The question is whether, in the above circumstances, the assessee can say, with any justification, that he had fully and truly disclosed the material facts necessary for his assessment for that year. Having created and recorded bogus entries of loans, with what face can the assessee say that he had truly and fully disclosed all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year. True it is that ITO could have investigated the truth of the said assertion - which he actually did in the subsequent assessment year - but that does not relieve the assessee of his obligation, placed upon him by the statute, to disclose fully and truly all material facts. Indubitably, whether a loan, alleged to have been taken by the assessee, is true or false, is a material fact - and not an inference, factual or legal, to be drawn from given facts. In this case, it is shown to us that ten persons [who are alleged to have advanced loans to the assessee in a total sum of Rs. 3,80,000 out of the total hundi loans of Rs. 8,53,298] were established to be bogus persons or mere name lenders in the assessment proceedings relating to the subsequent assessment year. Does it not furnish a reasonable ground for the ITO to believe that on account of the failure - indeed not a mere failure but a positive design to mislead - of the assessee to disclose all material facts, fully and truly, necessary for his assessment for that year, income has escaped assessment We are of the firm opinion that it does. It is necessary to reiterate that we are now at the stage of the validity of the notice under s. 148/147. The enquiry at this stage is only to see whether there are reasonable grounds for the ITO to believe and not whether the omission/failure and the escapement of income is established. It is necessary to keep this distinction in mind.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. A recent decision of this Court in Phool Chand Bajranglal vs . ITO : [1993]203ITR456(SC) , we are gratified to note, adopts an identical view of law and we are in respectful agreement with it. The decision rightly emphasises the obligation of the assessee to disclose all material facts necessary for making his assessment fully and truly. A false disclosure, it is held, does not satisfy the said requirement. We are also in respectful agreement with the following holding in the said decision :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Since the belief is that of the ITO, the sufficiency of reasons for forming the belief is not for the Court of judge but it is open to an assessee to establish that there in fact existed no belief or that the belief was not at all a bona fide one or was based on vague, irrelevant and non-specific information. To that limited extent, the Court may look into the conclusion arrived at by the ITO and examine whether there was any material available on the record from which the requisite belief could be formed by the ITO and further whether that material had any rational connection or a live link for the formation of the requisite belief.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Learned counsel for the assessee, Sri Gupta, placed strong reliance upon the decisions of this Court in Chhugamal Rajpal vs . S. P. Chaliha & Ors. : [1971]79ITR603(SC) , ITO vs . Lakhmani Mewal Das : [1976]103ITR437(SC) and CIT vs . Burlop Dealers Ltd. : [1971]79ITR609(SC) as laying down propositions contrary to those laid down in Phool Chand Bajranglal (supra). We cannot agree. The principle is well-settled by Calcutta Discount (supra) and it is not reasonable to suggest that any different proposition was sought to be enunciated in the said decisions. Calcutta Discount (supra) emphasises repeatedly the assessees obligation to disclose all material facts necessary for his assessment fully and truly in the context of the two requirements - called conditions precedent which must be satisfied before the ITO gets the jurisdiction to reopen the assessment under s. 147/148. This obligation can neither be ignored nor watered down. Nor can anyone suggest that a false disclosure satisfies the requirement of full and true disclosure. All the requirements stipulated by s. 147 must be given due and equal weight. Finality of proceedings is certainly a consideration but that avails one who has fully and truly disclosed all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year - and not to others. All the decisions relied upon by Sri Gupta have been elaborately discussed and distinguished in Phool Chand Bajranglal (supra) and we fully agree with the same. We think it unnecessary to repeat those reasons. In particular, we agree with the reasons given in Phool Chand Bajranglal (supra) for holding that the decision of this Court in Burlop Dealers (supra) must be confined to the particular fact-situation of that case and that it cannot be construed to be of universal application irrespective of the facts and circumstances of the case before the Court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. It is brought to our notice that certain other decisions of this Court have rightly emphasised the requirement of full and true disclosure and have held that failure or omission to do so, legitimately attracts the power under s. 147. In IAC vs . VIP Industries Ltd. : [1991]191ITR661(SC) , a three-Judge Bench had this to say :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'After hearing learned counsel for both the parties, we are unable to uphold the order of the High Court. It appears that, subsequently, facts have come to the notice of the IT Department that the facts disclosed in the return are not a true and correct declaration of facts. In that view of the matter, we set aside the order of the High Court passed in Writ Petn. No. 1634 of 1988 with Writ Petn. No. 2919 of 1988 [VIP Industries vs . IAC : [1991]187ITR639(Bom) ], and send the case back on remand to the ITO for a decision in accordance with law after giving an opportunity of hearing to the parties concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The special leave petitions are disposed of.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In Central Provinces Manganese Ore Co. Ltd. vs . ITO : [1991]191ITR662(SC) again, this Court observed :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The only question which arises for our consideration is as to whether the two conditions required to confer jurisdiction on the ITO under s. 147(a) of the Act have been satisfied in this case. The first is that the ITO must have reason to believe that the income chargeable to income-tax had been under-assessed and the second that such under-assessment has occurred by reason of omission or failure on the part of the assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for its assessment for the year 1953-54.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">So far as the first condition is concerned, the ITO, in his recorded reasons, has relied upon the fact as found by the Customs authorities that the appellant had under-invoiced the goods it exported. It is no doubt correct that the said finding may not be binding upon the IT authorities but it can be a valid reason to believe that the chargeable income has been under-assessed. The final outcome of the proceedings is not relevant. What is relevant is the existence of reasons to make the ITO believe that there has been under-assessment of the assessees income for a particular year. We are satisfied that the first condition to invoke the jurisdiction of the ITO under s. 147(a) of the Act was satisfied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As regards the second condition, the appellant did not produce the books of account kept by them at their head office in London nor the original contracts of sale which were entered into at London with the buyers. The appellant did not produce before the ITO any of the accounts which related to the foreign buyers. No reasons were given for the supply of manganese ore at a rate lower than the market rate. It is for the assessee to disclose all the primary facts before the ITO to enable him to account for the true income of the assessee. The proven charge of under-invoicing per se satisfied the second condition. The appellants assessable income has to be determined on the basis of the price received by it for the goods exported. If the true price has not been disclosed and there was under-invoicing, the logical conclusion prima facie is that there has been failure on the part of the appellant to disclose fully and truly all material facts before the ITO. We are, therefore, satisfied that both the conditions required to attract the provisions of s. 147(a) have been complied with in this case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In ITO vs . Mewalal Dwarka Prasad : [1989]176ITR529(SC) , this Court held that if the notice issued under s. 148 is good in respect of one item, it cannot be quashed under Art. 226 on the ground that it may not be valid in respect of some other items. We need not, however, dilate on this aspect for the reason that no argument has been urged before us to the effect that since the notice under s. 148 is found to be justifiable in respect of some loans disclosed and not with respect to other loans, it is invalid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. For the above reasons, the appeal fails and is dismissed with costs. Advocates fee Rupees ten thousand consolidated.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Civil Appeal Nos. 2101-03 of 1980 :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. No separate arguments have been addressed in these appeals obviously because the decision in Civil Appeal No. 1562 of 1977 would govern these cases as well. For the reasons given for dismissing Civil Appeal No. 1562 of 1977, these appeals are also dismissed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No costs.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		(int) 33 => 'ten',
		(int) 34 => '148(2',
		(int) 35 => '1959-60',
		(int) 36 => '147',
		(int) 37 => '148',
		(int) 38 => '1961]41ITR191(SC',
		(int) 39 => '34',
		(int) 40 => '147',
		(int) 41 => '34',
		(int) 42 => 'two',
		(int) 43 => '34',
		(int) 44 => 'ten',
		(int) 45 => '3,80,000',
		(int) 46 => '1993]203ITR456(SC',
		(int) 47 => '1976]103ITR437(SC',
		(int) 48 => 'two',
		(int) 49 => '147',
		(int) 50 => '1991]191ITR661(SC',
		(int) 51 => 'three',
		(int) 52 => '1991]187ITR639(Bom',
		(int) 53 => '1991]191ITR662(SC',
		(int) 54 => 'two',
		(int) 55 => '1989]176ITR529(SC',
		(int) 56 => '148',
		(int) 57 => 'one',
		(int) 58 => '226',
		(int) 59 => 'ten thousand',
		(int) 60 => '10'
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		(int) 0 => 'AOs'
	),
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		(int) 0 => 'Act.5',
		(int) 1 => 'Phool',
		(int) 2 => 'Phool',
		(int) 3 => 'Phool',
		(int) 4 => 'Phool',
		(int) 5 => 'London',
		(int) 6 => 'London',
		(int) 7 => 'Mewalal'
	),
	'ORDINAL' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'first',
		(int) 1 => 'first',
		(int) 2 => 'second',
		(int) 3 => 'first',
		(int) 4 => 'second',
		(int) 5 => 'first',
		(int) 6 => 'first',
		(int) 7 => 'second',
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$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '674604',
		'acts' => '',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Appeal Nos. 1562 of 1977 (From the judgment &amp; order dt. 5th April, 1976 of the Calcutta Hi',
		'appellant' => 'Sri Krishna Pvt. Ltd. Etc.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sri Krishna Pvt. Ltd. Etc. Vs. Income Tax Officer and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Constitution of India. Article 16; [S.B. Sinha & Markandey Katju, JJ] Recruitment  Held, Recruitment to a post must be made strictly in terms of the Rules operating in the field. Essential qualification must be possessed by a person as on the date of issuance of the notification or as specified in the rules and only in the absence thereof, the qualification acquired till the last date of filing of the application would be the relevant date
LABOUR  & SERVICES
Appointment  [S.B. Sinha & Markandey Katju, JJ] Post of Head Master of Secondary School  Essential qualification for appointment by promotion  Experience of teaching High School Classes for 5 years  Held, Experience as Laboratory Assistant or Teacher Grade III does not satisfy the requisite experience. -  1959-60. Immediately, upon receiving the said notice, the assessee approached the Calcutta High Court by way of a writ petition questioning the validity of the notice on the grounds that the ITO had no reasonable ground to believe that income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for the said year on account of any omission or failure on his part to make a full and true disclosure of all material facts. -If (a) the ITO has reason to believe that, by reason of the omission or failure on the part of an assessee to make a return under s. 139 for any assessment year to the ITO or to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for that year, or (b) notwithstanding that there has been no omission or failure as mentioned in cl. 148 after the expiry of eight years from the end of the relevant assessment year, unless the Board is satisfied on the reasons recorded by the ITO that it is a fit case for the issue of such notice. 148 after the expiry of four years from the end of the relevant assessment year, unless the CIT is satisfied on the reasons recorded by the ITO that it is a fit case for the issue of such notice. If at any subsequent point of time, it is found that either on account of an omission or failure of the assessee to file the return or on account of his omission or failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for that year, the ITO is entitled to reopen the assessment in accordance with the procedure prescribed by the Act. 148 proposing to reopen the assessment only where he has reason to believe that on account of either the omission or failure on the part of the assessee to file the return or on account of the omission or failure on the part of the assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income has escaped assessment. , the CIT or the Board, as the case may be, has to be satisfied, on the basis of the reasons recorded by the ITO, that it is a fit case for issuance of such a notice. 8,53,298 as per balance sheet as on 16th April, 1959. I have, therefore, reasons to believe that by reason of omission or failure on the part of the assessee company to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for its assessment of 1959-60 in regard to these accounts, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment. 148 was not warranted ? Can it be said in the face of the above facts that the ITO had no reason to believe that on account of the assessees omission/failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for that year. 148(2)], he had stated clearly that in the course of assessment proceedings for the succeeding assessment year, it was found that out of the unsecured hundi loans put forward by the assessee, a large number were found to be bogus and that many of the so-called lenders were found to be near relations of the directors or the principal shareholders. 1959-60 as well. Evidently, this is what he meant in the context, when he spoke of 'similar loans' being noticed for the year in question as well. 34 in the following word :To confer jurisdiction under this section to issue notice in respect of assessments beyond the period of four years, but within a period of eight years, from the end of the relevant year two conditions have, therefore, to be satisfied. The second is that he must have also reason to believe that such under-assessment has occurred by reason of either (i) omission or failure on the part of an assessee to make a return of his income under s. 22, or (ii) omission or failure on the part of an assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year. Both these conditions are conditions precedent to be satisfied before the ITO could have jurisdiction to issue a notice for the assessment or reassessment beyond the period of four years, but within the period of eight years, from the end of the year in question. ..The words used are omission or failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year. ' In that case, the alleged non-disclosure of material facts fully and truly -to put it in the words of the Court -was the failure of the assessee to disclose 'the true intention behind the sale of the shares'.The assessee had stated during the assessment proceedings that the sale of shares during the relevant assessment years was a casual transaction in the nature of mere change of investment. The case of the Revenue was that the assessee ought to have stated that they were trading transactions and that his assertion that they were casual transactions, in the nature of change of investment, amounted to 'omission or failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year' within the meaning of s. 34. This contention of the Revenue was rejected holding that the true nature of transaction, being a matter capable of different opinions, is not a material or primary fact but a matter of inference and hence, it cannot be said that there was an omission or failure of the nature contemplated by s. Does it not furnish a reasonable ground for the ITO to believe that on account of the failure -indeed not a mere failure but a positive design to mislead -of the assessee to disclose all material facts, fully and truly, necessary for his assessment for that year, income has escaped assessment ? We are of the firm opinion that it does. 148/147. The enquiry at this stage is only to see whether there are reasonable grounds for the ITO to believe and not whether the omission/failure and the escapement of income is established. ' 7. Learned counsel for the assessee, Sri Gupta, placed strong reliance upon the decisions of this Court in Chhugamal Rajpal vs .S. The principle is well-settled by Calcutta Discount (supra) and it is not reasonable to suggest that any different proposition was sought to be enunciated in the said decisions. Calcutta Discount (supra) emphasises repeatedly the assessees obligation to disclose all material facts necessary for his assessment fully and truly in the context of the two requirements -called conditions precedent which must be satisfied before the ITO gets the jurisdiction to reopen the assessment under s. 8. It is brought to our notice that certain other decisions of this Court have rightly emphasised the requirement of full and true disclosure and have held that failure or omission to do so, legitimately attracts the power under s. 147(a) of the Act have been satisfied in this case. The first is that the ITO must have reason to believe that the income chargeable to income-tax had been under-assessed and the second that such under-assessment has occurred by reason of omission or failure on the part of the assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for its assessment for the year 1953-54. So far as the first condition is concerned, the ITO, in his recorded reasons, has relied upon the fact as found by the Customs authorities that the appellant had under-invoiced the goods it exported. We are satisfied that the first condition to invoke the jurisdiction of the ITO under s. 147(a) of the Act was satisfied. The proven charge of under-invoicing per se satisfied the second condition. If the true price has not been disclosed and there was under-invoicing, the logical conclusion prima facie is that there has been failure on the part of the appellant to disclose fully and truly all material facts before the ITO. We are, therefore, satisfied that both the conditions required to attract the provisions of s. 148 is good in respect of one item, it cannot be quashed under Art. 1562 of 1977 would govern these cases as well.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => '',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '1996-03-16',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => '',
		'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B. P. JEEVAN REDDY, J. :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Civil Appeal No. 1562 of 1977</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This is an appeal preferred by the assessee against the judgment and order of a Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court allowing the writ appeal preferred by the Revenue [ITO, Central Circle-VI & Ors.] against the judgment of a learned Single Judge. The learned Single Judge had allowed the writ petition filed by the assessee questioning the validity of a notice issued under s. 148 r/w s. 147 of the IT Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. In the return filed for the asst. yr. 1959-60, the assessee had shown certain hundi loans totalling Rs. 8,53,298 said to have been taken from a number of persons. The ITO accepted the averment and made the assessment. During the assessment proceedings for the succeeding year, 1960-61, the assessee again showed hundi loans in a sum of more than Rupees seventeen lakhs. The ITO enquired into the truth of the averment and found that many of them were bogus claims while some of the alleged lenders were found to be near relations of directors or principal shareholders of the assessee. The ITO held that out of the hundi loans of more than Rupees seventeen lakhs claimed by the assessee, loans totalling Rs. 11,15,275 were not established to be genuine loans and accordingly added that amount as income from undisclosed sources. Having regard to the similarity of the claims and the persons who are said to have advanced the said unsecured hundi loans during the accounting year relevant to the asst. yr. 1959-60, the ITO issued a notice under s. 148 calling upon the assessee to file a revised return for the asst. yr. 1959-60. Immediately, upon receiving the said notice, the assessee approached the Calcutta High Court by way of a writ petition questioning the validity of the notice on the grounds that the ITO had no reasonable ground to believe that income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for the said year on account of any omission or failure on his part to make a full and true disclosure of all material facts. The writ petition was allowed by a learned Single Judge, as stated above, whose decision has been reversed in appeal by the Division Bench. This Court entertained the Special Leave Petition filed by the assessee and granted leave on 26th July, 1977. This Court, however, did not stay the proceedings pursuant to the impugned notice. It directed that the ITO may proceed to complete the assessment proceedings but will not issue a demand notice. The ITO has accordingly completed the reassessment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Secs. 147, 148 and 151, as they stood at the relevant time, read as follows :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'147. Income escaping assessment. - If</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(a) the ITO has reason to believe that, by reason of the omission or failure on the part of an assessee to make a return under s. 139 for any assessment year to the ITO or to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for that year, or</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(b) notwithstanding that there has been no omission or failure as mentioned in cl. (a) on the part of the assessee, the ITO has in consequence of information in his possession reason to believe that income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for any assessment year,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">he may, subject to the provisions of ss. 148 to 153, assess or reassess such income or recompute the loss or the depreciation allowance, as the case may be, for the assessment year concerned (hereinafter in ss. 148 to 153 referred to as the relevant assessment year).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Explanation 1. - For the purposes of this section, the following shall also be deemed to be cases where income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment, namely :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(a) where income chargeable to tax has been underassessed; or</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(b) where such income has been assessed at too low a rate; or</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(c) where such income has been made the subject of excessive relief under this Act or under the Indian IT Act, 1922 (11 of 1922); or</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(d) where excessive loss or depreciation allowance has been computed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Explanation 2. - Production before the ITO of account books or other evidence from which material evidence could with due diligence have been discovered by the ITO will not necessarily amount to disclosure within the meaning of this section.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">148. Issue of notice where income has escaped assessment. - (1) Before making the assessment, reassessment or recomputation under s. 147, the ITO shall serve on the assessee a notice containing all or any of the requirements which may be included in a notice under sub-s. (2) of s. 139; and the provisions of this Act shall, so far as may be, apply accordingly as if the notice were a notice issued under that sub-section.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) The ITO shall, before issuing any notice under this section, record his reasons for doing so.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">151. Sanction for issue of notice. - (1) No notice shall be issued under s. 148 after the expiry of eight years from the end of the relevant assessment year, unless the Board is satisfied on the reasons recorded by the ITO that it is a fit case for the issue of such notice.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) No notice shall be issued under s. 148 after the expiry of four years from the end of the relevant assessment year, unless the CIT is satisfied on the reasons recorded by the ITO that it is a fit case for the issue of such notice.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Sec. 139 places an obligation upon every person to furnish voluntarily a return of his total income if such income during the previous year exceeded the maximum amount which is not chargeable to income-tax. The obligation so placed involves the further obligation to disclose all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year fully and truly. If at any subsequent point of time, it is found that either on account of an omission or failure of the assessee to file the return or on account of his omission or failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for that year, the ITO is entitled to reopen the assessment in accordance with the procedure prescribed by the Act. To be more precise, he can issue the notice under s. 148 proposing to reopen the assessment only where he has reason to believe that on account of either the omission or failure on the part of the assessee to file the return or on account of the omission or failure on the part of the assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income has escaped assessment. The existence of the reason(s) to believe is supposed to be the check, a limitation, upon his power to reopen the assessment. [See the leading decision on this subject in Barium Chemicals vs . Company Law Board : [1967]1SCR898 . Sec. 148(2) imposes a further check upon the said power, viz., the requirement of recording of reasons for such reopening by the ITO. Sec. 151 imposes yet another check upon the said power, viz., the CIT or the Board, as the case may be, has to be satisfied, on the basis of the reasons recorded by the ITO, that it is a fit case for issuance of such a notice. The power conferred upon the ITO by ss. 147 and 148 is thus not an unbridled one. It is hedged in with several safeguards conceived in the interest of eliminating room for abuse of this power by the AOs. The idea was to save the assessees from harassment resulting from mechanical reopening of assessment but this protection avails only those assessees who disclose all material facts truly and fully.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Coming to the facts of this case, the reasons recorded by the ITO for reopening the assessment for the year 1959-60 are to the following effect :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'In the course of the assessment proceeding for the asst. yr. 1960-61 investigations were made into the unsecured loans of Rs. 17,32,298 which was the position of the last day of the accounting year relevant to the asst. yr. 1960-61. These investigations disclosed that a large number of them were bogus Hundi loans or loans from near relations of the directors or principal shareholders. Hence, the amounts credited to some of these accounts have been assessed as income from undisclosed sources to the extent of Rs. 11,51,275.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Similar loans are noticed for the asst. yr. 1959-60 and they stand at Rs. 8,53,298 as per balance sheet as on 16th April, 1959.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">I have, therefore, reasons to believe that by reason of omission or failure on the part of the assessee company to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for its assessment of 1959-60 in regard to these accounts, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">I, therefore, propose action under s. 147(a) of IT Act, 1961.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">We may also mention that after hearing this appeal for some time, we found it appropriate to look into the relevant record and accordingly made the following order on 10th Oct., 1995 :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'After hearing the appeals for some time, we find it necessary to look into the record to satisfy ourselves with respect to the following fact :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Whether, at the time of issuing of notice under s. 148, the ITO had material before him showing the persons who have lent the sum of Rs. 8,53,298 during the accounting year relevant to asst. yr. 1959-60, were the very same persons who are said to have lent Rs. 11,51,275 (bogus loans) during the accounting year relevant to asst. yr. 1960-61, and disallowed by the ITO in that assessment year ?</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Adjourned for eight weeks.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accordingly, the ITO has submitted a chart showing that out of the unsecured hundi loans of Rs. 8,53,298 claimed by the assessee, ten persons who are said to have lent a total amount of Rs. 3,80,000 were common to both the asst. yrs. 1959-60 and 1960-61. In other words, these very ten persons are said to have advanced loans again during the next year and all the ten were found to be bogus lenders as recorded in the assessment proceedings relating to asst. yr. 1960-61. Now, the question is, can it be said in the above facts that the issuance of the notice under s. 148 was not warranted Can it be said in the face of the above facts that the ITO had no reason to believe that on account of the assessees omission/failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for that year. In the reasons recorded by the ITO [as required by s. 148(2)], he had stated clearly that in the course of assessment proceedings for the succeeding assessment year, it was found that out of the unsecured hundi loans put forward by the assessee, a large number were found to be bogus and that many of the so-called lenders were found to be near relations of the directors or the principal shareholders. He stated that similar loans are also noticed for the asst. yr. 1959-60 and, therefore, he has reason to believe that there has been no true and full disclosure of all material facts by the assessee for the asst. yr. 1959-60 leading to escapement of income. It is not alleged by the assessee that the ITO had not checked up or tallied the names of the alleged lenders for both the assessment years and that he merely went by the fact that there were unsecured hundi loans for both the assessment years. In the absence of any such allegation - which allegation, if made, could have afforded an opportunity to the ITO to answer the said averment - we must presume that the ITO did find that a large number of alleged lenders who were found to be bogus during the asst. yr. 1960-61 were also put forward as lenders during the asst. yr. 1959-60 as well. Evidently, this is what he meant in the context, when he spoke of 'similar loans' being noticed for the year in question as well. In such a situation, it is impossible to say that the ITO had no reasonable ground to believe that there has been no full and true disclosure of all material facts by the assessee during the relevant assessment year and that on that account, income chargeable to tax had escaped assessment. As we shall emphasise hereinafter, every disclosure is not and cannot be treated to be a true and full disclosure. A disclosure may be a false one or true one. It may be a full disclosure or it may not be. A partial disclosure may very often be a misleading one. What is required is a full and true disclosure of all material facts necessary for making assessment for that year. This calls for an examination of the decisions of this Court analysing and elucidating ss. 147 and 148 of the Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. The first and foremost is the decision of the Constitution Bench in Calcutta Discount Co. Ltd. vs . ITO & Anr. : [1961]41ITR191(SC) . The case arose under s. 34 of the IT Act [as amended in 1951]. In material particulars, the provisions in s. 34 were similar to those in s. 147. Having regard to the fact that it is the only Constitution Bench decision on the point, it is necessary to examine it in some detail. The Constitution Bench explained the purport of s. 34 in the following word :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'To confer jurisdiction under this section to issue notice in respect of assessments beyond the period of four years, but within a period of eight years, from the end of the relevant year two conditions have, therefore, to be satisfied. The first is that the ITO must have reason to believe that income, profits or gains chargeable to income-tax have been under-assessed. The second is that he must have also reason to believe that such under-assessment has occurred by reason of either (i) omission or failure on the part of an assessee to make a return of his income under s. 22, or (ii) omission or failure on the part of an assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year. Both these conditions are conditions precedent to be satisfied before the ITO could have jurisdiction to issue a notice for the assessment or reassessment beyond the period of four years, but within the period of eight years, from the end of the year in question..... The words used are omission or failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year. It postulates a duty on every assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment. What facts are material and necessary for assessment will differ from case to case. In every assessment proceeding, the assessing authority will, for the purpose of computing or determining the proper tax due from an assessee, require to know all the facts which help him in coming to the correct conclusion. From the primary facts in his possession, whether on disclosure by the assessee, or discovered by him on the basis of the facts disclosed, or otherwise, the assessing authority has to draw inferences as regards certain other facts; and ultimately, from the primary facts and the further facts inferred from them, the authority has to draw the proper legal inferences, and ascertain on a correct interpretation of the taxing enactment, the proper tax leviable. Thus, when a question arises whether certain income received by an assessee is capital receipt, or revenue receipt, the assessing authority has to find out what primary facts have been proved, what other facts can be inferred from them, and, taking all these together, to decide what the legal inference should be..... We have, therefore, come to the conclusion that while the duty of the assessee is to disclose fully and truly all primary relevant facts, it does not extend beyond this.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In that case, the alleged non-disclosure of material facts fully and truly - to put it in the words of the Court -was the failure of the assessee to disclose 'the true intention behind the sale of the shares'. The assessee had stated during the assessment proceedings that the sale of shares during the relevant assessment years was a casual transaction in the nature of mere change of investment. The ITO found later that those sales were really in the nature of trading transactions. The case of the Revenue was that the assessee ought to have stated that they were trading transactions and that his assertion that they were casual transactions, in the nature of change of investment, amounted to 'omission or failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year' within the meaning of s. 34. This contention of the Revenue was rejected holding that the true nature of transaction, being a matter capable of different opinions, is not a material or primary fact but a matter of inference and hence, it cannot be said that there was an omission or failure of the nature contemplated by s. 34 on the part of the assessee. Now, what needs to be emphasised is that the obligation on the assessee to disclose the material facts - or what are called, primary facts - is not a mere disclosure but a disclosure which is full and true. A false disclosure is not a true disclosure. The disclosure must not only be true but must be full - 'fully and truly'. A false assertion, or statement, of material fact, therefore, attracts the jurisdiction of the ITO under s. 34/147. Take this very case : the ITO says that on the basis of investigations and enquiries made during the assessment proceedings relating to the subsequent assessment year, he has come into possession of material, on the basis of which, he has reasons to believe that the assessee had put forward certain bogus and false unsecured hundi loans said to have been taken by him from non-existent persons or his dummies, as the case may be, and that on that account income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment. According to him, this was a false assertion to the knowledge of the assessee. The ITO says that during the assessment relating to subsequent assessment year, similar loans [from some of these very persons] were found to be bogus. On that basis, he seeks to reopen the assessment. It is necessary to remember that we are at the stage of reopening only. The question is whether, in the above circumstances, the assessee can say, with any justification, that he had fully and truly disclosed the material facts necessary for his assessment for that year. Having created and recorded bogus entries of loans, with what face can the assessee say that he had truly and fully disclosed all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year. True it is that ITO could have investigated the truth of the said assertion - which he actually did in the subsequent assessment year - but that does not relieve the assessee of his obligation, placed upon him by the statute, to disclose fully and truly all material facts. Indubitably, whether a loan, alleged to have been taken by the assessee, is true or false, is a material fact - and not an inference, factual or legal, to be drawn from given facts. In this case, it is shown to us that ten persons [who are alleged to have advanced loans to the assessee in a total sum of Rs. 3,80,000 out of the total hundi loans of Rs. 8,53,298] were established to be bogus persons or mere name lenders in the assessment proceedings relating to the subsequent assessment year. Does it not furnish a reasonable ground for the ITO to believe that on account of the failure - indeed not a mere failure but a positive design to mislead - of the assessee to disclose all material facts, fully and truly, necessary for his assessment for that year, income has escaped assessment We are of the firm opinion that it does. It is necessary to reiterate that we are now at the stage of the validity of the notice under s. 148/147. The enquiry at this stage is only to see whether there are reasonable grounds for the ITO to believe and not whether the omission/failure and the escapement of income is established. It is necessary to keep this distinction in mind.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. A recent decision of this Court in Phool Chand Bajranglal vs . ITO : [1993]203ITR456(SC) , we are gratified to note, adopts an identical view of law and we are in respectful agreement with it. The decision rightly emphasises the obligation of the assessee to disclose all material facts necessary for making his assessment fully and truly. A false disclosure, it is held, does not satisfy the said requirement. We are also in respectful agreement with the following holding in the said decision :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Since the belief is that of the ITO, the sufficiency of reasons for forming the belief is not for the Court of judge but it is open to an assessee to establish that there in fact existed no belief or that the belief was not at all a bona fide one or was based on vague, irrelevant and non-specific information. To that limited extent, the Court may look into the conclusion arrived at by the ITO and examine whether there was any material available on the record from which the requisite belief could be formed by the ITO and further whether that material had any rational connection or a live link for the formation of the requisite belief.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Learned counsel for the assessee, Sri Gupta, placed strong reliance upon the decisions of this Court in Chhugamal Rajpal vs . S. P. Chaliha & Ors. : [1971]79ITR603(SC) , ITO vs . Lakhmani Mewal Das : [1976]103ITR437(SC) and CIT vs . Burlop Dealers Ltd. : [1971]79ITR609(SC) as laying down propositions contrary to those laid down in Phool Chand Bajranglal (supra). We cannot agree. The principle is well-settled by Calcutta Discount (supra) and it is not reasonable to suggest that any different proposition was sought to be enunciated in the said decisions. Calcutta Discount (supra) emphasises repeatedly the assessees obligation to disclose all material facts necessary for his assessment fully and truly in the context of the two requirements - called conditions precedent which must be satisfied before the ITO gets the jurisdiction to reopen the assessment under s. 147/148. This obligation can neither be ignored nor watered down. Nor can anyone suggest that a false disclosure satisfies the requirement of full and true disclosure. All the requirements stipulated by s. 147 must be given due and equal weight. Finality of proceedings is certainly a consideration but that avails one who has fully and truly disclosed all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year - and not to others. All the decisions relied upon by Sri Gupta have been elaborately discussed and distinguished in Phool Chand Bajranglal (supra) and we fully agree with the same. We think it unnecessary to repeat those reasons. In particular, we agree with the reasons given in Phool Chand Bajranglal (supra) for holding that the decision of this Court in Burlop Dealers (supra) must be confined to the particular fact-situation of that case and that it cannot be construed to be of universal application irrespective of the facts and circumstances of the case before the Court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. It is brought to our notice that certain other decisions of this Court have rightly emphasised the requirement of full and true disclosure and have held that failure or omission to do so, legitimately attracts the power under s. 147. In IAC vs . VIP Industries Ltd. : [1991]191ITR661(SC) , a three-Judge Bench had this to say :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'After hearing learned counsel for both the parties, we are unable to uphold the order of the High Court. It appears that, subsequently, facts have come to the notice of the IT Department that the facts disclosed in the return are not a true and correct declaration of facts. In that view of the matter, we set aside the order of the High Court passed in Writ Petn. No. 1634 of 1988 with Writ Petn. No. 2919 of 1988 [VIP Industries vs . IAC : [1991]187ITR639(Bom) ], and send the case back on remand to the ITO for a decision in accordance with law after giving an opportunity of hearing to the parties concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The special leave petitions are disposed of.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In Central Provinces Manganese Ore Co. Ltd. vs . ITO : [1991]191ITR662(SC) again, this Court observed :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The only question which arises for our consideration is as to whether the two conditions required to confer jurisdiction on the ITO under s. 147(a) of the Act have been satisfied in this case. The first is that the ITO must have reason to believe that the income chargeable to income-tax had been under-assessed and the second that such under-assessment has occurred by reason of omission or failure on the part of the assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for its assessment for the year 1953-54.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">So far as the first condition is concerned, the ITO, in his recorded reasons, has relied upon the fact as found by the Customs authorities that the appellant had under-invoiced the goods it exported. It is no doubt correct that the said finding may not be binding upon the IT authorities but it can be a valid reason to believe that the chargeable income has been under-assessed. The final outcome of the proceedings is not relevant. What is relevant is the existence of reasons to make the ITO believe that there has been under-assessment of the assessees income for a particular year. We are satisfied that the first condition to invoke the jurisdiction of the ITO under s. 147(a) of the Act was satisfied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As regards the second condition, the appellant did not produce the books of account kept by them at their head office in London nor the original contracts of sale which were entered into at London with the buyers. The appellant did not produce before the ITO any of the accounts which related to the foreign buyers. No reasons were given for the supply of manganese ore at a rate lower than the market rate. It is for the assessee to disclose all the primary facts before the ITO to enable him to account for the true income of the assessee. The proven charge of under-invoicing per se satisfied the second condition. The appellants assessable income has to be determined on the basis of the price received by it for the goods exported. If the true price has not been disclosed and there was under-invoicing, the logical conclusion prima facie is that there has been failure on the part of the appellant to disclose fully and truly all material facts before the ITO. We are, therefore, satisfied that both the conditions required to attract the provisions of s. 147(a) have been complied with in this case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In ITO vs . Mewalal Dwarka Prasad : [1989]176ITR529(SC) , this Court held that if the notice issued under s. 148 is good in respect of one item, it cannot be quashed under Art. 226 on the ground that it may not be valid in respect of some other items. We need not, however, dilate on this aspect for the reason that no argument has been urged before us to the effect that since the notice under s. 148 is found to be justifiable in respect of some loans disclosed and not with respect to other loans, it is invalid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. For the above reasons, the appeal fails and is dismissed with costs. Advocates fee Rupees ten thousand consolidated.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Civil Appeal Nos. 2101-03 of 1980 :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. No separate arguments have been addressed in these appeals obviously because the decision in Civil Appeal No. 1562 of 1977 would govern these cases as well. For the reasons given for dismissing Civil Appeal No. 1562 of 1977, these appeals are also dismissed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No costs.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'appealno' => 'Civil Appeal Nos. 1562 of 1977 (From the judgment & order dt. 5th April, 1976 of the Calcutta Hi',
			'appellant' => 'Sri Krishna Pvt. Ltd. Etc.',
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			'casename' => 'Sri Krishna Pvt. Ltd. Etc. Vs. Income Tax Officer and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Constitution of India. Article 16; [S.B. Sinha & Markandey Katju, JJ] Recruitment  Held, Recruitment to a post must be made strictly in terms of the Rules operating in the field. Essential qualification must be possessed by a person as on the date of issuance of the notification or as specified in the rules and only in the absence thereof, the qualification acquired till the last date of filing of the application would be the relevant date
LABOUR  & SERVICES
Appointment  [S.B. Sinha & Markandey Katju, JJ] Post of Head Master of Secondary School  Essential qualification for appointment by promotion  Experience of teaching High School Classes for 5 years  Held, Experience as Laboratory Assistant or Teacher Grade III does not satisfy the requisite experience. -  1959-60. Immediately, upon receiving the said notice, the assessee approached the Calcutta High Court by way of a writ petition questioning the validity of the notice on the grounds that the ITO had no reasonable ground to believe that income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for the said year on account of any omission or failure on his part to make a full and true disclosure of all material facts. -If (a) the ITO has reason to believe that, by reason of the omission or failure on the part of an assessee to make a return under s. 139 for any assessment year to the ITO or to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for that year, or (b) notwithstanding that there has been no omission or failure as mentioned in cl. 148 after the expiry of eight years from the end of the relevant assessment year, unless the Board is satisfied on the reasons recorded by the ITO that it is a fit case for the issue of such notice. 148 after the expiry of four years from the end of the relevant assessment year, unless the CIT is satisfied on the reasons recorded by the ITO that it is a fit case for the issue of such notice. If at any subsequent point of time, it is found that either on account of an omission or failure of the assessee to file the return or on account of his omission or failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for that year, the ITO is entitled to reopen the assessment in accordance with the procedure prescribed by the Act. 148 proposing to reopen the assessment only where he has reason to believe that on account of either the omission or failure on the part of the assessee to file the return or on account of the omission or failure on the part of the assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income has escaped assessment. , the CIT or the Board, as the case may be, has to be satisfied, on the basis of the reasons recorded by the ITO, that it is a fit case for issuance of such a notice. 8,53,298 as per balance sheet as on 16th April, 1959. I have, therefore, reasons to believe that by reason of omission or failure on the part of the assessee company to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for its assessment of 1959-60 in regard to these accounts, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment. 148 was not warranted ? Can it be said in the face of the above facts that the ITO had no reason to believe that on account of the assessees omission/failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for that year. 148(2)], he had stated clearly that in the course of assessment proceedings for the succeeding assessment year, it was found that out of the unsecured hundi loans put forward by the assessee, a large number were found to be bogus and that many of the so-called lenders were found to be near relations of the directors or the principal shareholders. 1959-60 as well. Evidently, this is what he meant in the context, when he spoke of 'similar loans' being noticed for the year in question as well. 34 in the following word :To confer jurisdiction under this section to issue notice in respect of assessments beyond the period of four years, but within a period of eight years, from the end of the relevant year two conditions have, therefore, to be satisfied. The second is that he must have also reason to believe that such under-assessment has occurred by reason of either (i) omission or failure on the part of an assessee to make a return of his income under s. 22, or (ii) omission or failure on the part of an assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year. Both these conditions are conditions precedent to be satisfied before the ITO could have jurisdiction to issue a notice for the assessment or reassessment beyond the period of four years, but within the period of eight years, from the end of the year in question. ..The words used are omission or failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year. ' In that case, the alleged non-disclosure of material facts fully and truly -to put it in the words of the Court -was the failure of the assessee to disclose 'the true intention behind the sale of the shares'.The assessee had stated during the assessment proceedings that the sale of shares during the relevant assessment years was a casual transaction in the nature of mere change of investment. The case of the Revenue was that the assessee ought to have stated that they were trading transactions and that his assertion that they were casual transactions, in the nature of change of investment, amounted to 'omission or failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year' within the meaning of s. 34. This contention of the Revenue was rejected holding that the true nature of transaction, being a matter capable of different opinions, is not a material or primary fact but a matter of inference and hence, it cannot be said that there was an omission or failure of the nature contemplated by s. Does it not furnish a reasonable ground for the ITO to believe that on account of the failure -indeed not a mere failure but a positive design to mislead -of the assessee to disclose all material facts, fully and truly, necessary for his assessment for that year, income has escaped assessment ? We are of the firm opinion that it does. 148/147. The enquiry at this stage is only to see whether there are reasonable grounds for the ITO to believe and not whether the omission/failure and the escapement of income is established. ' 7. Learned counsel for the assessee, Sri Gupta, placed strong reliance upon the decisions of this Court in Chhugamal Rajpal vs .S. The principle is well-settled by Calcutta Discount (supra) and it is not reasonable to suggest that any different proposition was sought to be enunciated in the said decisions. Calcutta Discount (supra) emphasises repeatedly the assessees obligation to disclose all material facts necessary for his assessment fully and truly in the context of the two requirements -called conditions precedent which must be satisfied before the ITO gets the jurisdiction to reopen the assessment under s. 8. It is brought to our notice that certain other decisions of this Court have rightly emphasised the requirement of full and true disclosure and have held that failure or omission to do so, legitimately attracts the power under s. 147(a) of the Act have been satisfied in this case. The first is that the ITO must have reason to believe that the income chargeable to income-tax had been under-assessed and the second that such under-assessment has occurred by reason of omission or failure on the part of the assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for its assessment for the year 1953-54. So far as the first condition is concerned, the ITO, in his recorded reasons, has relied upon the fact as found by the Customs authorities that the appellant had under-invoiced the goods it exported. We are satisfied that the first condition to invoke the jurisdiction of the ITO under s. 147(a) of the Act was satisfied. The proven charge of under-invoicing per se satisfied the second condition. If the true price has not been disclosed and there was under-invoicing, the logical conclusion prima facie is that there has been failure on the part of the appellant to disclose fully and truly all material facts before the ITO. We are, therefore, satisfied that both the conditions required to attract the provisions of s. 148 is good in respect of one item, it cannot be quashed under Art. 1562 of 1977 would govern these cases as well.',
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			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B. P. JEEVAN REDDY, J. :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Civil Appeal No. 1562 of 1977</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This is an appeal preferred by the assessee against the judgment and order of a Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court allowing the writ appeal preferred by the Revenue [ITO, Central Circle-VI & Ors.] against the judgment of a learned Single Judge. The learned Single Judge had allowed the writ petition filed by the assessee questioning the validity of a notice issued under s. 148 r/w s. 147 of the IT Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. In the return filed for the asst. yr. 1959-60, the assessee had shown certain hundi loans totalling Rs. 8,53,298 said to have been taken from a number of persons. The ITO accepted the averment and made the assessment. During the assessment proceedings for the succeeding year, 1960-61, the assessee again showed hundi loans in a sum of more than Rupees seventeen lakhs. The ITO enquired into the truth of the averment and found that many of them were bogus claims while some of the alleged lenders were found to be near relations of directors or principal shareholders of the assessee. The ITO held that out of the hundi loans of more than Rupees seventeen lakhs claimed by the assessee, loans totalling Rs. 11,15,275 were not established to be genuine loans and accordingly added that amount as income from undisclosed sources. Having regard to the similarity of the claims and the persons who are said to have advanced the said unsecured hundi loans during the accounting year relevant to the asst. yr. 1959-60, the ITO issued a notice under s. 148 calling upon the assessee to file a revised return for the asst. yr. 1959-60. Immediately, upon receiving the said notice, the assessee approached the Calcutta High Court by way of a writ petition questioning the validity of the notice on the grounds that the ITO had no reasonable ground to believe that income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for the said year on account of any omission or failure on his part to make a full and true disclosure of all material facts. The writ petition was allowed by a learned Single Judge, as stated above, whose decision has been reversed in appeal by the Division Bench. This Court entertained the Special Leave Petition filed by the assessee and granted leave on 26th July, 1977. This Court, however, did not stay the proceedings pursuant to the impugned notice. It directed that the ITO may proceed to complete the assessment proceedings but will not issue a demand notice. The ITO has accordingly completed the reassessment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Secs. 147, 148 and 151, as they stood at the relevant time, read as follows :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'147. Income escaping assessment. - If</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(a) the ITO has reason to believe that, by reason of the omission or failure on the part of an assessee to make a return under s. 139 for any assessment year to the ITO or to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for that year, or</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(b) notwithstanding that there has been no omission or failure as mentioned in cl. (a) on the part of the assessee, the ITO has in consequence of information in his possession reason to believe that income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for any assessment year,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">he may, subject to the provisions of ss. 148 to 153, assess or reassess such income or recompute the loss or the depreciation allowance, as the case may be, for the assessment year concerned (hereinafter in ss. 148 to 153 referred to as the relevant assessment year).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Explanation 1. - For the purposes of this section, the following shall also be deemed to be cases where income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment, namely :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(a) where income chargeable to tax has been underassessed; or</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(b) where such income has been assessed at too low a rate; or</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(c) where such income has been made the subject of excessive relief under this Act or under the Indian IT Act, 1922 (11 of 1922); or</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(d) where excessive loss or depreciation allowance has been computed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Explanation 2. - Production before the ITO of account books or other evidence from which material evidence could with due diligence have been discovered by the ITO will not necessarily amount to disclosure within the meaning of this section.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">148. Issue of notice where income has escaped assessment. - (1) Before making the assessment, reassessment or recomputation under s. 147, the ITO shall serve on the assessee a notice containing all or any of the requirements which may be included in a notice under sub-s. (2) of s. 139; and the provisions of this Act shall, so far as may be, apply accordingly as if the notice were a notice issued under that sub-section.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) The ITO shall, before issuing any notice under this section, record his reasons for doing so.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">151. Sanction for issue of notice. - (1) No notice shall be issued under s. 148 after the expiry of eight years from the end of the relevant assessment year, unless the Board is satisfied on the reasons recorded by the ITO that it is a fit case for the issue of such notice.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) No notice shall be issued under s. 148 after the expiry of four years from the end of the relevant assessment year, unless the CIT is satisfied on the reasons recorded by the ITO that it is a fit case for the issue of such notice.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Sec. 139 places an obligation upon every person to furnish voluntarily a return of his total income if such income during the previous year exceeded the maximum amount which is not chargeable to income-tax. The obligation so placed involves the further obligation to disclose all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year fully and truly. If at any subsequent point of time, it is found that either on account of an omission or failure of the assessee to file the return or on account of his omission or failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for that year, the ITO is entitled to reopen the assessment in accordance with the procedure prescribed by the Act. To be more precise, he can issue the notice under s. 148 proposing to reopen the assessment only where he has reason to believe that on account of either the omission or failure on the part of the assessee to file the return or on account of the omission or failure on the part of the assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income has escaped assessment. The existence of the reason(s) to believe is supposed to be the check, a limitation, upon his power to reopen the assessment. [See the leading decision on this subject in Barium Chemicals vs . Company Law Board : [1967]1SCR898 . Sec. 148(2) imposes a further check upon the said power, viz., the requirement of recording of reasons for such reopening by the ITO. Sec. 151 imposes yet another check upon the said power, viz., the CIT or the Board, as the case may be, has to be satisfied, on the basis of the reasons recorded by the ITO, that it is a fit case for issuance of such a notice. The power conferred upon the ITO by ss. 147 and 148 is thus not an unbridled one. It is hedged in with several safeguards conceived in the interest of eliminating room for abuse of this power by the AOs. The idea was to save the assessees from harassment resulting from mechanical reopening of assessment but this protection avails only those assessees who disclose all material facts truly and fully.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Coming to the facts of this case, the reasons recorded by the ITO for reopening the assessment for the year 1959-60 are to the following effect :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'In the course of the assessment proceeding for the asst. yr. 1960-61 investigations were made into the unsecured loans of Rs. 17,32,298 which was the position of the last day of the accounting year relevant to the asst. yr. 1960-61. These investigations disclosed that a large number of them were bogus Hundi loans or loans from near relations of the directors or principal shareholders. Hence, the amounts credited to some of these accounts have been assessed as income from undisclosed sources to the extent of Rs. 11,51,275.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Similar loans are noticed for the asst. yr. 1959-60 and they stand at Rs. 8,53,298 as per balance sheet as on 16th April, 1959.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">I have, therefore, reasons to believe that by reason of omission or failure on the part of the assessee company to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for its assessment of 1959-60 in regard to these accounts, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">I, therefore, propose action under s. 147(a) of IT Act, 1961.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">We may also mention that after hearing this appeal for some time, we found it appropriate to look into the relevant record and accordingly made the following order on 10th Oct., 1995 :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'After hearing the appeals for some time, we find it necessary to look into the record to satisfy ourselves with respect to the following fact :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Whether, at the time of issuing of notice under s. 148, the ITO had material before him showing the persons who have lent the sum of Rs. 8,53,298 during the accounting year relevant to asst. yr. 1959-60, were the very same persons who are said to have lent Rs. 11,51,275 (bogus loans) during the accounting year relevant to asst. yr. 1960-61, and disallowed by the ITO in that assessment year ?</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Adjourned for eight weeks.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accordingly, the ITO has submitted a chart showing that out of the unsecured hundi loans of Rs. 8,53,298 claimed by the assessee, ten persons who are said to have lent a total amount of Rs. 3,80,000 were common to both the asst. yrs. 1959-60 and 1960-61. In other words, these very ten persons are said to have advanced loans again during the next year and all the ten were found to be bogus lenders as recorded in the assessment proceedings relating to asst. yr. 1960-61. Now, the question is, can it be said in the above facts that the issuance of the notice under s. 148 was not warranted Can it be said in the face of the above facts that the ITO had no reason to believe that on account of the assessees omission/failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for that year. In the reasons recorded by the ITO [as required by s. 148(2)], he had stated clearly that in the course of assessment proceedings for the succeeding assessment year, it was found that out of the unsecured hundi loans put forward by the assessee, a large number were found to be bogus and that many of the so-called lenders were found to be near relations of the directors or the principal shareholders. He stated that similar loans are also noticed for the asst. yr. 1959-60 and, therefore, he has reason to believe that there has been no true and full disclosure of all material facts by the assessee for the asst. yr. 1959-60 leading to escapement of income. It is not alleged by the assessee that the ITO had not checked up or tallied the names of the alleged lenders for both the assessment years and that he merely went by the fact that there were unsecured hundi loans for both the assessment years. In the absence of any such allegation - which allegation, if made, could have afforded an opportunity to the ITO to answer the said averment - we must presume that the ITO did find that a large number of alleged lenders who were found to be bogus during the asst. yr. 1960-61 were also put forward as lenders during the asst. yr. 1959-60 as well. Evidently, this is what he meant in the context, when he spoke of 'similar loans' being noticed for the year in question as well. In such a situation, it is impossible to say that the ITO had no reasonable ground to believe that there has been no full and true disclosure of all material facts by the assessee during the relevant assessment year and that on that account, income chargeable to tax had escaped assessment. As we shall emphasise hereinafter, every disclosure is not and cannot be treated to be a true and full disclosure. A disclosure may be a false one or true one. It may be a full disclosure or it may not be. A partial disclosure may very often be a misleading one. What is required is a full and true disclosure of all material facts necessary for making assessment for that year. This calls for an examination of the decisions of this Court analysing and elucidating ss. 147 and 148 of the Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. The first and foremost is the decision of the Constitution Bench in Calcutta Discount Co. Ltd. vs . ITO & Anr. : [1961]41ITR191(SC) . The case arose under s. 34 of the IT Act [as amended in 1951]. In material particulars, the provisions in s. 34 were similar to those in s. 147. Having regard to the fact that it is the only Constitution Bench decision on the point, it is necessary to examine it in some detail. The Constitution Bench explained the purport of s. 34 in the following word :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'To confer jurisdiction under this section to issue notice in respect of assessments beyond the period of four years, but within a period of eight years, from the end of the relevant year two conditions have, therefore, to be satisfied. The first is that the ITO must have reason to believe that income, profits or gains chargeable to income-tax have been under-assessed. The second is that he must have also reason to believe that such under-assessment has occurred by reason of either (i) omission or failure on the part of an assessee to make a return of his income under s. 22, or (ii) omission or failure on the part of an assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year. Both these conditions are conditions precedent to be satisfied before the ITO could have jurisdiction to issue a notice for the assessment or reassessment beyond the period of four years, but within the period of eight years, from the end of the year in question..... The words used are omission or failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year. It postulates a duty on every assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment. What facts are material and necessary for assessment will differ from case to case. In every assessment proceeding, the assessing authority will, for the purpose of computing or determining the proper tax due from an assessee, require to know all the facts which help him in coming to the correct conclusion. From the primary facts in his possession, whether on disclosure by the assessee, or discovered by him on the basis of the facts disclosed, or otherwise, the assessing authority has to draw inferences as regards certain other facts; and ultimately, from the primary facts and the further facts inferred from them, the authority has to draw the proper legal inferences, and ascertain on a correct interpretation of the taxing enactment, the proper tax leviable. Thus, when a question arises whether certain income received by an assessee is capital receipt, or revenue receipt, the assessing authority has to find out what primary facts have been proved, what other facts can be inferred from them, and, taking all these together, to decide what the legal inference should be..... We have, therefore, come to the conclusion that while the duty of the assessee is to disclose fully and truly all primary relevant facts, it does not extend beyond this.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In that case, the alleged non-disclosure of material facts fully and truly - to put it in the words of the Court -was the failure of the assessee to disclose 'the true intention behind the sale of the shares'. The assessee had stated during the assessment proceedings that the sale of shares during the relevant assessment years was a casual transaction in the nature of mere change of investment. The ITO found later that those sales were really in the nature of trading transactions. The case of the Revenue was that the assessee ought to have stated that they were trading transactions and that his assertion that they were casual transactions, in the nature of change of investment, amounted to 'omission or failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year' within the meaning of s. 34. This contention of the Revenue was rejected holding that the true nature of transaction, being a matter capable of different opinions, is not a material or primary fact but a matter of inference and hence, it cannot be said that there was an omission or failure of the nature contemplated by s. 34 on the part of the assessee. Now, what needs to be emphasised is that the obligation on the assessee to disclose the material facts - or what are called, primary facts - is not a mere disclosure but a disclosure which is full and true. A false disclosure is not a true disclosure. The disclosure must not only be true but must be full - 'fully and truly'. A false assertion, or statement, of material fact, therefore, attracts the jurisdiction of the ITO under s. 34/147. Take this very case : the ITO says that on the basis of investigations and enquiries made during the assessment proceedings relating to the subsequent assessment year, he has come into possession of material, on the basis of which, he has reasons to believe that the assessee had put forward certain bogus and false unsecured hundi loans said to have been taken by him from non-existent persons or his dummies, as the case may be, and that on that account income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment. According to him, this was a false assertion to the knowledge of the assessee. The ITO says that during the assessment relating to subsequent assessment year, similar loans [from some of these very persons] were found to be bogus. On that basis, he seeks to reopen the assessment. It is necessary to remember that we are at the stage of reopening only. The question is whether, in the above circumstances, the assessee can say, with any justification, that he had fully and truly disclosed the material facts necessary for his assessment for that year. Having created and recorded bogus entries of loans, with what face can the assessee say that he had truly and fully disclosed all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year. True it is that ITO could have investigated the truth of the said assertion - which he actually did in the subsequent assessment year - but that does not relieve the assessee of his obligation, placed upon him by the statute, to disclose fully and truly all material facts. Indubitably, whether a loan, alleged to have been taken by the assessee, is true or false, is a material fact - and not an inference, factual or legal, to be drawn from given facts. In this case, it is shown to us that ten persons [who are alleged to have advanced loans to the assessee in a total sum of Rs. 3,80,000 out of the total hundi loans of Rs. 8,53,298] were established to be bogus persons or mere name lenders in the assessment proceedings relating to the subsequent assessment year. Does it not furnish a reasonable ground for the ITO to believe that on account of the failure - indeed not a mere failure but a positive design to mislead - of the assessee to disclose all material facts, fully and truly, necessary for his assessment for that year, income has escaped assessment We are of the firm opinion that it does. It is necessary to reiterate that we are now at the stage of the validity of the notice under s. 148/147. The enquiry at this stage is only to see whether there are reasonable grounds for the ITO to believe and not whether the omission/failure and the escapement of income is established. It is necessary to keep this distinction in mind.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. A recent decision of this Court in Phool Chand Bajranglal vs . ITO : [1993]203ITR456(SC) , we are gratified to note, adopts an identical view of law and we are in respectful agreement with it. The decision rightly emphasises the obligation of the assessee to disclose all material facts necessary for making his assessment fully and truly. A false disclosure, it is held, does not satisfy the said requirement. We are also in respectful agreement with the following holding in the said decision :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Since the belief is that of the ITO, the sufficiency of reasons for forming the belief is not for the Court of judge but it is open to an assessee to establish that there in fact existed no belief or that the belief was not at all a bona fide one or was based on vague, irrelevant and non-specific information. To that limited extent, the Court may look into the conclusion arrived at by the ITO and examine whether there was any material available on the record from which the requisite belief could be formed by the ITO and further whether that material had any rational connection or a live link for the formation of the requisite belief.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Learned counsel for the assessee, Sri Gupta, placed strong reliance upon the decisions of this Court in Chhugamal Rajpal vs . S. P. Chaliha & Ors. : [1971]79ITR603(SC) , ITO vs . Lakhmani Mewal Das : [1976]103ITR437(SC) and CIT vs . Burlop Dealers Ltd. : [1971]79ITR609(SC) as laying down propositions contrary to those laid down in Phool Chand Bajranglal (supra). We cannot agree. The principle is well-settled by Calcutta Discount (supra) and it is not reasonable to suggest that any different proposition was sought to be enunciated in the said decisions. Calcutta Discount (supra) emphasises repeatedly the assessees obligation to disclose all material facts necessary for his assessment fully and truly in the context of the two requirements - called conditions precedent which must be satisfied before the ITO gets the jurisdiction to reopen the assessment under s. 147/148. This obligation can neither be ignored nor watered down. Nor can anyone suggest that a false disclosure satisfies the requirement of full and true disclosure. All the requirements stipulated by s. 147 must be given due and equal weight. Finality of proceedings is certainly a consideration but that avails one who has fully and truly disclosed all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year - and not to others. All the decisions relied upon by Sri Gupta have been elaborately discussed and distinguished in Phool Chand Bajranglal (supra) and we fully agree with the same. We think it unnecessary to repeat those reasons. In particular, we agree with the reasons given in Phool Chand Bajranglal (supra) for holding that the decision of this Court in Burlop Dealers (supra) must be confined to the particular fact-situation of that case and that it cannot be construed to be of universal application irrespective of the facts and circumstances of the case before the Court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. It is brought to our notice that certain other decisions of this Court have rightly emphasised the requirement of full and true disclosure and have held that failure or omission to do so, legitimately attracts the power under s. 147. In IAC vs . VIP Industries Ltd. : [1991]191ITR661(SC) , a three-Judge Bench had this to say :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'After hearing learned counsel for both the parties, we are unable to uphold the order of the High Court. It appears that, subsequently, facts have come to the notice of the IT Department that the facts disclosed in the return are not a true and correct declaration of facts. In that view of the matter, we set aside the order of the High Court passed in Writ Petn. No. 1634 of 1988 with Writ Petn. No. 2919 of 1988 [VIP Industries vs . IAC : [1991]187ITR639(Bom) ], and send the case back on remand to the ITO for a decision in accordance with law after giving an opportunity of hearing to the parties concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The special leave petitions are disposed of.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In Central Provinces Manganese Ore Co. Ltd. vs . ITO : [1991]191ITR662(SC) again, this Court observed :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The only question which arises for our consideration is as to whether the two conditions required to confer jurisdiction on the ITO under s. 147(a) of the Act have been satisfied in this case. The first is that the ITO must have reason to believe that the income chargeable to income-tax had been under-assessed and the second that such under-assessment has occurred by reason of omission or failure on the part of the assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for its assessment for the year 1953-54.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">So far as the first condition is concerned, the ITO, in his recorded reasons, has relied upon the fact as found by the Customs authorities that the appellant had under-invoiced the goods it exported. It is no doubt correct that the said finding may not be binding upon the IT authorities but it can be a valid reason to believe that the chargeable income has been under-assessed. The final outcome of the proceedings is not relevant. What is relevant is the existence of reasons to make the ITO believe that there has been under-assessment of the assessees income for a particular year. We are satisfied that the first condition to invoke the jurisdiction of the ITO under s. 147(a) of the Act was satisfied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As regards the second condition, the appellant did not produce the books of account kept by them at their head office in London nor the original contracts of sale which were entered into at London with the buyers. The appellant did not produce before the ITO any of the accounts which related to the foreign buyers. No reasons were given for the supply of manganese ore at a rate lower than the market rate. It is for the assessee to disclose all the primary facts before the ITO to enable him to account for the true income of the assessee. The proven charge of under-invoicing per se satisfied the second condition. The appellants assessable income has to be determined on the basis of the price received by it for the goods exported. If the true price has not been disclosed and there was under-invoicing, the logical conclusion prima facie is that there has been failure on the part of the appellant to disclose fully and truly all material facts before the ITO. We are, therefore, satisfied that both the conditions required to attract the provisions of s. 147(a) have been complied with in this case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In ITO vs . Mewalal Dwarka Prasad : [1989]176ITR529(SC) , this Court held that if the notice issued under s. 148 is good in respect of one item, it cannot be quashed under Art. 226 on the ground that it may not be valid in respect of some other items. We need not, however, dilate on this aspect for the reason that no argument has been urged before us to the effect that since the notice under s. 148 is found to be justifiable in respect of some loans disclosed and not with respect to other loans, it is invalid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. For the above reasons, the appeal fails and is dismissed with costs. Advocates fee Rupees ten thousand consolidated.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Civil Appeal Nos. 2101-03 of 1980 :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. No separate arguments have been addressed in these appeals obviously because the decision in Civil Appeal No. 1562 of 1977 would govern these cases as well. For the reasons given for dismissing Civil Appeal No. 1562 of 1977, these appeals are also dismissed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No costs.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '674604',
		'acts' => '',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Appeal Nos. 1562 of 1977 (From the judgment &amp; order dt. 5th April, 1976 of the Calcutta Hi',
		'appellant' => 'Sri Krishna Pvt. Ltd. Etc.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sri Krishna Pvt. Ltd. Etc. Vs. Income Tax Officer and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Constitution of India. Article 16; [S.B. Sinha & Markandey Katju, JJ] Recruitment  Held, Recruitment to a post must be made strictly in terms of the Rules operating in the field. Essential qualification must be possessed by a person as on the date of issuance of the notification or as specified in the rules and only in the absence thereof, the qualification acquired till the last date of filing of the application would be the relevant date
LABOUR  & SERVICES
Appointment  [S.B. Sinha & Markandey Katju, JJ] Post of Head Master of Secondary School  Essential qualification for appointment by promotion  Experience of teaching High School Classes for 5 years  Held, Experience as Laboratory Assistant or Teacher Grade III does not satisfy the requisite experience. -  1959-60. Immediately, upon receiving the said notice, the assessee approached the Calcutta High Court by way of a writ petition questioning the validity of the notice on the grounds that the ITO had no reasonable ground to believe that income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for the said year on account of any omission or failure on his part to make a full and true disclosure of all material facts. -If (a) the ITO has reason to believe that, by reason of the omission or failure on the part of an assessee to make a return under s. 139 for any assessment year to the ITO or to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for that year, or (b) notwithstanding that there has been no omission or failure as mentioned in cl. 148 after the expiry of eight years from the end of the relevant assessment year, unless the Board is satisfied on the reasons recorded by the ITO that it is a fit case for the issue of such notice. 148 after the expiry of four years from the end of the relevant assessment year, unless the CIT is satisfied on the reasons recorded by the ITO that it is a fit case for the issue of such notice. If at any subsequent point of time, it is found that either on account of an omission or failure of the assessee to file the return or on account of his omission or failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for that year, the ITO is entitled to reopen the assessment in accordance with the procedure prescribed by the Act. 148 proposing to reopen the assessment only where he has reason to believe that on account of either the omission or failure on the part of the assessee to file the return or on account of the omission or failure on the part of the assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income has escaped assessment. , the CIT or the Board, as the case may be, has to be satisfied, on the basis of the reasons recorded by the ITO, that it is a fit case for issuance of such a notice. 8,53,298 as per balance sheet as on 16th April, 1959. I have, therefore, reasons to believe that by reason of omission or failure on the part of the assessee company to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for its assessment of 1959-60 in regard to these accounts, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment. 148 was not warranted ? Can it be said in the face of the above facts that the ITO had no reason to believe that on account of the assessees omission/failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for that year. 148(2)], he had stated clearly that in the course of assessment proceedings for the succeeding assessment year, it was found that out of the unsecured hundi loans put forward by the assessee, a large number were found to be bogus and that many of the so-called lenders were found to be near relations of the directors or the principal shareholders. 1959-60 as well. Evidently, this is what he meant in the context, when he spoke of 'similar loans' being noticed for the year in question as well. 34 in the following word :To confer jurisdiction under this section to issue notice in respect of assessments beyond the period of four years, but within a period of eight years, from the end of the relevant year two conditions have, therefore, to be satisfied. The second is that he must have also reason to believe that such under-assessment has occurred by reason of either (i) omission or failure on the part of an assessee to make a return of his income under s. 22, or (ii) omission or failure on the part of an assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year. Both these conditions are conditions precedent to be satisfied before the ITO could have jurisdiction to issue a notice for the assessment or reassessment beyond the period of four years, but within the period of eight years, from the end of the year in question. ..The words used are omission or failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year. ' In that case, the alleged non-disclosure of material facts fully and truly -to put it in the words of the Court -was the failure of the assessee to disclose 'the true intention behind the sale of the shares'.The assessee had stated during the assessment proceedings that the sale of shares during the relevant assessment years was a casual transaction in the nature of mere change of investment. The case of the Revenue was that the assessee ought to have stated that they were trading transactions and that his assertion that they were casual transactions, in the nature of change of investment, amounted to 'omission or failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year' within the meaning of s. 34. This contention of the Revenue was rejected holding that the true nature of transaction, being a matter capable of different opinions, is not a material or primary fact but a matter of inference and hence, it cannot be said that there was an omission or failure of the nature contemplated by s. Does it not furnish a reasonable ground for the ITO to believe that on account of the failure -indeed not a mere failure but a positive design to mislead -of the assessee to disclose all material facts, fully and truly, necessary for his assessment for that year, income has escaped assessment ? We are of the firm opinion that it does. 148/147. The enquiry at this stage is only to see whether there are reasonable grounds for the ITO to believe and not whether the omission/failure and the escapement of income is established. ' 7. Learned counsel for the assessee, Sri Gupta, placed strong reliance upon the decisions of this Court in Chhugamal Rajpal vs .S. The principle is well-settled by Calcutta Discount (supra) and it is not reasonable to suggest that any different proposition was sought to be enunciated in the said decisions. Calcutta Discount (supra) emphasises repeatedly the assessees obligation to disclose all material facts necessary for his assessment fully and truly in the context of the two requirements -called conditions precedent which must be satisfied before the ITO gets the jurisdiction to reopen the assessment under s. 8. It is brought to our notice that certain other decisions of this Court have rightly emphasised the requirement of full and true disclosure and have held that failure or omission to do so, legitimately attracts the power under s. 147(a) of the Act have been satisfied in this case. The first is that the ITO must have reason to believe that the income chargeable to income-tax had been under-assessed and the second that such under-assessment has occurred by reason of omission or failure on the part of the assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for its assessment for the year 1953-54. So far as the first condition is concerned, the ITO, in his recorded reasons, has relied upon the fact as found by the Customs authorities that the appellant had under-invoiced the goods it exported. We are satisfied that the first condition to invoke the jurisdiction of the ITO under s. 147(a) of the Act was satisfied. The proven charge of under-invoicing per se satisfied the second condition. If the true price has not been disclosed and there was under-invoicing, the logical conclusion prima facie is that there has been failure on the part of the appellant to disclose fully and truly all material facts before the ITO. We are, therefore, satisfied that both the conditions required to attract the provisions of s. 148 is good in respect of one item, it cannot be quashed under Art. 1562 of 1977 would govern these cases as well.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => '',
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		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '1996-03-16',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => '',
		'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B. P. JEEVAN REDDY, J. :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Civil Appeal No. 1562 of 1977</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This is an appeal preferred by the assessee against the judgment and order of a Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court allowing the writ appeal preferred by the Revenue [ITO, Central Circle-VI & Ors.] against the judgment of a learned Single Judge. The learned Single Judge had allowed the writ petition filed by the assessee questioning the validity of a notice issued under s. 148 r/w s. 147 of the IT Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. In the return filed for the asst. yr. 1959-60, the assessee had shown certain hundi loans totalling Rs. 8,53,298 said to have been taken from a number of persons. The ITO accepted the averment and made the assessment. During the assessment proceedings for the succeeding year, 1960-61, the assessee again showed hundi loans in a sum of more than Rupees seventeen lakhs. The ITO enquired into the truth of the averment and found that many of them were bogus claims while some of the alleged lenders were found to be near relations of directors or principal shareholders of the assessee. The ITO held that out of the hundi loans of more than Rupees seventeen lakhs claimed by the assessee, loans totalling Rs. 11,15,275 were not established to be genuine loans and accordingly added that amount as income from undisclosed sources. Having regard to the similarity of the claims and the persons who are said to have advanced the said unsecured hundi loans during the accounting year relevant to the asst. yr. 1959-60, the ITO issued a notice under s. 148 calling upon the assessee to file a revised return for the asst. yr. 1959-60. Immediately, upon receiving the said notice, the assessee approached the Calcutta High Court by way of a writ petition questioning the validity of the notice on the grounds that the ITO had no reasonable ground to believe that income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for the said year on account of any omission or failure on his part to make a full and true disclosure of all material facts. The writ petition was allowed by a learned Single Judge, as stated above, whose decision has been reversed in appeal by the Division Bench. This Court entertained the Special Leave Petition filed by the assessee and granted leave on 26th July, 1977. This Court, however, did not stay the proceedings pursuant to the impugned notice. It directed that the ITO may proceed to complete the assessment proceedings but will not issue a demand notice. The ITO has accordingly completed the reassessment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Secs. 147, 148 and 151, as they stood at the relevant time, read as follows :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'147. Income escaping assessment. - If</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(a) the ITO has reason to believe that, by reason of the omission or failure on the part of an assessee to make a return under s. 139 for any assessment year to the ITO or to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for that year, or</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(b) notwithstanding that there has been no omission or failure as mentioned in cl. (a) on the part of the assessee, the ITO has in consequence of information in his possession reason to believe that income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for any assessment year,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">he may, subject to the provisions of ss. 148 to 153, assess or reassess such income or recompute the loss or the depreciation allowance, as the case may be, for the assessment year concerned (hereinafter in ss. 148 to 153 referred to as the relevant assessment year).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Explanation 1. - For the purposes of this section, the following shall also be deemed to be cases where income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment, namely :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(a) where income chargeable to tax has been underassessed; or</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(b) where such income has been assessed at too low a rate; or</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(c) where such income has been made the subject of excessive relief under this Act or under the Indian IT Act, 1922 (11 of 1922); or</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(d) where excessive loss or depreciation allowance has been computed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Explanation 2. - Production before the ITO of account books or other evidence from which material evidence could with due diligence have been discovered by the ITO will not necessarily amount to disclosure within the meaning of this section.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">148. Issue of notice where income has escaped assessment. - (1) Before making the assessment, reassessment or recomputation under s. 147, the ITO shall serve on the assessee a notice containing all or any of the requirements which may be included in a notice under sub-s. (2) of s. 139; and the provisions of this Act shall, so far as may be, apply accordingly as if the notice were a notice issued under that sub-section.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) The ITO shall, before issuing any notice under this section, record his reasons for doing so.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">151. Sanction for issue of notice. - (1) No notice shall be issued under s. 148 after the expiry of eight years from the end of the relevant assessment year, unless the Board is satisfied on the reasons recorded by the ITO that it is a fit case for the issue of such notice.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) No notice shall be issued under s. 148 after the expiry of four years from the end of the relevant assessment year, unless the CIT is satisfied on the reasons recorded by the ITO that it is a fit case for the issue of such notice.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Sec. 139 places an obligation upon every person to furnish voluntarily a return of his total income if such income during the previous year exceeded the maximum amount which is not chargeable to income-tax. The obligation so placed involves the further obligation to disclose all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year fully and truly. If at any subsequent point of time, it is found that either on account of an omission or failure of the assessee to file the return or on account of his omission or failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for that year, the ITO is entitled to reopen the assessment in accordance with the procedure prescribed by the Act. To be more precise, he can issue the notice under s. 148 proposing to reopen the assessment only where he has reason to believe that on account of either the omission or failure on the part of the assessee to file the return or on account of the omission or failure on the part of the assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income has escaped assessment. The existence of the reason(s) to believe is supposed to be the check, a limitation, upon his power to reopen the assessment. [See the leading decision on this subject in Barium Chemicals vs . Company Law Board : [1967]1SCR898 . Sec. 148(2) imposes a further check upon the said power, viz., the requirement of recording of reasons for such reopening by the ITO. Sec. 151 imposes yet another check upon the said power, viz., the CIT or the Board, as the case may be, has to be satisfied, on the basis of the reasons recorded by the ITO, that it is a fit case for issuance of such a notice. The power conferred upon the ITO by ss. 147 and 148 is thus not an unbridled one. It is hedged in with several safeguards conceived in the interest of eliminating room for abuse of this power by the AOs. The idea was to save the assessees from harassment resulting from mechanical reopening of assessment but this protection avails only those assessees who disclose all material facts truly and fully.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Coming to the facts of this case, the reasons recorded by the ITO for reopening the assessment for the year 1959-60 are to the following effect :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'In the course of the assessment proceeding for the asst. yr. 1960-61 investigations were made into the unsecured loans of Rs. 17,32,298 which was the position of the last day of the accounting year relevant to the asst. yr. 1960-61. These investigations disclosed that a large number of them were bogus Hundi loans or loans from near relations of the directors or principal shareholders. Hence, the amounts credited to some of these accounts have been assessed as income from undisclosed sources to the extent of Rs. 11,51,275.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Similar loans are noticed for the asst. yr. 1959-60 and they stand at Rs. 8,53,298 as per balance sheet as on 16th April, 1959.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">I have, therefore, reasons to believe that by reason of omission or failure on the part of the assessee company to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for its assessment of 1959-60 in regard to these accounts, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">I, therefore, propose action under s. 147(a) of IT Act, 1961.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">We may also mention that after hearing this appeal for some time, we found it appropriate to look into the relevant record and accordingly made the following order on 10th Oct., 1995 :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'After hearing the appeals for some time, we find it necessary to look into the record to satisfy ourselves with respect to the following fact :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Whether, at the time of issuing of notice under s. 148, the ITO had material before him showing the persons who have lent the sum of Rs. 8,53,298 during the accounting year relevant to asst. yr. 1959-60, were the very same persons who are said to have lent Rs. 11,51,275 (bogus loans) during the accounting year relevant to asst. yr. 1960-61, and disallowed by the ITO in that assessment year ?</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Adjourned for eight weeks.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accordingly, the ITO has submitted a chart showing that out of the unsecured hundi loans of Rs. 8,53,298 claimed by the assessee, ten persons who are said to have lent a total amount of Rs. 3,80,000 were common to both the asst. yrs. 1959-60 and 1960-61. In other words, these very ten persons are said to have advanced loans again during the next year and all the ten were found to be bogus lenders as recorded in the assessment proceedings relating to asst. yr. 1960-61. Now, the question is, can it be said in the above facts that the issuance of the notice under s. 148 was not warranted Can it be said in the face of the above facts that the ITO had no reason to believe that on account of the assessees omission/failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for that year. In the reasons recorded by the ITO [as required by s. 148(2)], he had stated clearly that in the course of assessment proceedings for the succeeding assessment year, it was found that out of the unsecured hundi loans put forward by the assessee, a large number were found to be bogus and that many of the so-called lenders were found to be near relations of the directors or the principal shareholders. He stated that similar loans are also noticed for the asst. yr. 1959-60 and, therefore, he has reason to believe that there has been no true and full disclosure of all material facts by the assessee for the asst. yr. 1959-60 leading to escapement of income. It is not alleged by the assessee that the ITO had not checked up or tallied the names of the alleged lenders for both the assessment years and that he merely went by the fact that there were unsecured hundi loans for both the assessment years. In the absence of any such allegation - which allegation, if made, could have afforded an opportunity to the ITO to answer the said averment - we must presume that the ITO did find that a large number of alleged lenders who were found to be bogus during the asst. yr. 1960-61 were also put forward as lenders during the asst. yr. 1959-60 as well. Evidently, this is what he meant in the context, when he spoke of 'similar loans' being noticed for the year in question as well. In such a situation, it is impossible to say that the ITO had no reasonable ground to believe that there has been no full and true disclosure of all material facts by the assessee during the relevant assessment year and that on that account, income chargeable to tax had escaped assessment. As we shall emphasise hereinafter, every disclosure is not and cannot be treated to be a true and full disclosure. A disclosure may be a false one or true one. It may be a full disclosure or it may not be. A partial disclosure may very often be a misleading one. What is required is a full and true disclosure of all material facts necessary for making assessment for that year. This calls for an examination of the decisions of this Court analysing and elucidating ss. 147 and 148 of the Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. The first and foremost is the decision of the Constitution Bench in Calcutta Discount Co. Ltd. vs . ITO & Anr. : [1961]41ITR191(SC) . The case arose under s. 34 of the IT Act [as amended in 1951]. In material particulars, the provisions in s. 34 were similar to those in s. 147. Having regard to the fact that it is the only Constitution Bench decision on the point, it is necessary to examine it in some detail. The Constitution Bench explained the purport of s. 34 in the following word :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'To confer jurisdiction under this section to issue notice in respect of assessments beyond the period of four years, but within a period of eight years, from the end of the relevant year two conditions have, therefore, to be satisfied. The first is that the ITO must have reason to believe that income, profits or gains chargeable to income-tax have been under-assessed. The second is that he must have also reason to believe that such under-assessment has occurred by reason of either (i) omission or failure on the part of an assessee to make a return of his income under s. 22, or (ii) omission or failure on the part of an assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year. Both these conditions are conditions precedent to be satisfied before the ITO could have jurisdiction to issue a notice for the assessment or reassessment beyond the period of four years, but within the period of eight years, from the end of the year in question..... The words used are omission or failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year. It postulates a duty on every assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment. What facts are material and necessary for assessment will differ from case to case. In every assessment proceeding, the assessing authority will, for the purpose of computing or determining the proper tax due from an assessee, require to know all the facts which help him in coming to the correct conclusion. From the primary facts in his possession, whether on disclosure by the assessee, or discovered by him on the basis of the facts disclosed, or otherwise, the assessing authority has to draw inferences as regards certain other facts; and ultimately, from the primary facts and the further facts inferred from them, the authority has to draw the proper legal inferences, and ascertain on a correct interpretation of the taxing enactment, the proper tax leviable. Thus, when a question arises whether certain income received by an assessee is capital receipt, or revenue receipt, the assessing authority has to find out what primary facts have been proved, what other facts can be inferred from them, and, taking all these together, to decide what the legal inference should be..... We have, therefore, come to the conclusion that while the duty of the assessee is to disclose fully and truly all primary relevant facts, it does not extend beyond this.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In that case, the alleged non-disclosure of material facts fully and truly - to put it in the words of the Court -was the failure of the assessee to disclose 'the true intention behind the sale of the shares'. The assessee had stated during the assessment proceedings that the sale of shares during the relevant assessment years was a casual transaction in the nature of mere change of investment. The ITO found later that those sales were really in the nature of trading transactions. The case of the Revenue was that the assessee ought to have stated that they were trading transactions and that his assertion that they were casual transactions, in the nature of change of investment, amounted to 'omission or failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year' within the meaning of s. 34. This contention of the Revenue was rejected holding that the true nature of transaction, being a matter capable of different opinions, is not a material or primary fact but a matter of inference and hence, it cannot be said that there was an omission or failure of the nature contemplated by s. 34 on the part of the assessee. Now, what needs to be emphasised is that the obligation on the assessee to disclose the material facts - or what are called, primary facts - is not a mere disclosure but a disclosure which is full and true. A false disclosure is not a true disclosure. The disclosure must not only be true but must be full - 'fully and truly'. A false assertion, or statement, of material fact, therefore, attracts the jurisdiction of the ITO under s. 34/147. Take this very case : the ITO says that on the basis of investigations and enquiries made during the assessment proceedings relating to the subsequent assessment year, he has come into possession of material, on the basis of which, he has reasons to believe that the assessee had put forward certain bogus and false unsecured hundi loans said to have been taken by him from non-existent persons or his dummies, as the case may be, and that on that account income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment. According to him, this was a false assertion to the knowledge of the assessee. The ITO says that during the assessment relating to subsequent assessment year, similar loans [from some of these very persons] were found to be bogus. On that basis, he seeks to reopen the assessment. It is necessary to remember that we are at the stage of reopening only. The question is whether, in the above circumstances, the assessee can say, with any justification, that he had fully and truly disclosed the material facts necessary for his assessment for that year. Having created and recorded bogus entries of loans, with what face can the assessee say that he had truly and fully disclosed all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year. True it is that ITO could have investigated the truth of the said assertion - which he actually did in the subsequent assessment year - but that does not relieve the assessee of his obligation, placed upon him by the statute, to disclose fully and truly all material facts. Indubitably, whether a loan, alleged to have been taken by the assessee, is true or false, is a material fact - and not an inference, factual or legal, to be drawn from given facts. In this case, it is shown to us that ten persons [who are alleged to have advanced loans to the assessee in a total sum of Rs. 3,80,000 out of the total hundi loans of Rs. 8,53,298] were established to be bogus persons or mere name lenders in the assessment proceedings relating to the subsequent assessment year. Does it not furnish a reasonable ground for the ITO to believe that on account of the failure - indeed not a mere failure but a positive design to mislead - of the assessee to disclose all material facts, fully and truly, necessary for his assessment for that year, income has escaped assessment We are of the firm opinion that it does. It is necessary to reiterate that we are now at the stage of the validity of the notice under s. 148/147. The enquiry at this stage is only to see whether there are reasonable grounds for the ITO to believe and not whether the omission/failure and the escapement of income is established. It is necessary to keep this distinction in mind.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. A recent decision of this Court in Phool Chand Bajranglal vs . ITO : [1993]203ITR456(SC) , we are gratified to note, adopts an identical view of law and we are in respectful agreement with it. The decision rightly emphasises the obligation of the assessee to disclose all material facts necessary for making his assessment fully and truly. A false disclosure, it is held, does not satisfy the said requirement. We are also in respectful agreement with the following holding in the said decision :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Since the belief is that of the ITO, the sufficiency of reasons for forming the belief is not for the Court of judge but it is open to an assessee to establish that there in fact existed no belief or that the belief was not at all a bona fide one or was based on vague, irrelevant and non-specific information. To that limited extent, the Court may look into the conclusion arrived at by the ITO and examine whether there was any material available on the record from which the requisite belief could be formed by the ITO and further whether that material had any rational connection or a live link for the formation of the requisite belief.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Learned counsel for the assessee, Sri Gupta, placed strong reliance upon the decisions of this Court in Chhugamal Rajpal vs . S. P. Chaliha & Ors. : [1971]79ITR603(SC) , ITO vs . Lakhmani Mewal Das : [1976]103ITR437(SC) and CIT vs . Burlop Dealers Ltd. : [1971]79ITR609(SC) as laying down propositions contrary to those laid down in Phool Chand Bajranglal (supra). We cannot agree. The principle is well-settled by Calcutta Discount (supra) and it is not reasonable to suggest that any different proposition was sought to be enunciated in the said decisions. Calcutta Discount (supra) emphasises repeatedly the assessees obligation to disclose all material facts necessary for his assessment fully and truly in the context of the two requirements - called conditions precedent which must be satisfied before the ITO gets the jurisdiction to reopen the assessment under s. 147/148. This obligation can neither be ignored nor watered down. Nor can anyone suggest that a false disclosure satisfies the requirement of full and true disclosure. All the requirements stipulated by s. 147 must be given due and equal weight. Finality of proceedings is certainly a consideration but that avails one who has fully and truly disclosed all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year - and not to others. All the decisions relied upon by Sri Gupta have been elaborately discussed and distinguished in Phool Chand Bajranglal (supra) and we fully agree with the same. We think it unnecessary to repeat those reasons. In particular, we agree with the reasons given in Phool Chand Bajranglal (supra) for holding that the decision of this Court in Burlop Dealers (supra) must be confined to the particular fact-situation of that case and that it cannot be construed to be of universal application irrespective of the facts and circumstances of the case before the Court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. It is brought to our notice that certain other decisions of this Court have rightly emphasised the requirement of full and true disclosure and have held that failure or omission to do so, legitimately attracts the power under s. 147. In IAC vs . VIP Industries Ltd. : [1991]191ITR661(SC) , a three-Judge Bench had this to say :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'After hearing learned counsel for both the parties, we are unable to uphold the order of the High Court. It appears that, subsequently, facts have come to the notice of the IT Department that the facts disclosed in the return are not a true and correct declaration of facts. In that view of the matter, we set aside the order of the High Court passed in Writ Petn. No. 1634 of 1988 with Writ Petn. No. 2919 of 1988 [VIP Industries vs . IAC : [1991]187ITR639(Bom) ], and send the case back on remand to the ITO for a decision in accordance with law after giving an opportunity of hearing to the parties concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The special leave petitions are disposed of.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In Central Provinces Manganese Ore Co. Ltd. vs . ITO : [1991]191ITR662(SC) again, this Court observed :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The only question which arises for our consideration is as to whether the two conditions required to confer jurisdiction on the ITO under s. 147(a) of the Act have been satisfied in this case. The first is that the ITO must have reason to believe that the income chargeable to income-tax had been under-assessed and the second that such under-assessment has occurred by reason of omission or failure on the part of the assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for its assessment for the year 1953-54.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">So far as the first condition is concerned, the ITO, in his recorded reasons, has relied upon the fact as found by the Customs authorities that the appellant had under-invoiced the goods it exported. It is no doubt correct that the said finding may not be binding upon the IT authorities but it can be a valid reason to believe that the chargeable income has been under-assessed. The final outcome of the proceedings is not relevant. What is relevant is the existence of reasons to make the ITO believe that there has been under-assessment of the assessees income for a particular year. We are satisfied that the first condition to invoke the jurisdiction of the ITO under s. 147(a) of the Act was satisfied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As regards the second condition, the appellant did not produce the books of account kept by them at their head office in London nor the original contracts of sale which were entered into at London with the buyers. The appellant did not produce before the ITO any of the accounts which related to the foreign buyers. No reasons were given for the supply of manganese ore at a rate lower than the market rate. It is for the assessee to disclose all the primary facts before the ITO to enable him to account for the true income of the assessee. The proven charge of under-invoicing per se satisfied the second condition. The appellants assessable income has to be determined on the basis of the price received by it for the goods exported. If the true price has not been disclosed and there was under-invoicing, the logical conclusion prima facie is that there has been failure on the part of the appellant to disclose fully and truly all material facts before the ITO. We are, therefore, satisfied that both the conditions required to attract the provisions of s. 147(a) have been complied with in this case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In ITO vs . Mewalal Dwarka Prasad : [1989]176ITR529(SC) , this Court held that if the notice issued under s. 148 is good in respect of one item, it cannot be quashed under Art. 226 on the ground that it may not be valid in respect of some other items. We need not, however, dilate on this aspect for the reason that no argument has been urged before us to the effect that since the notice under s. 148 is found to be justifiable in respect of some loans disclosed and not with respect to other loans, it is invalid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. For the above reasons, the appeal fails and is dismissed with costs. Advocates fee Rupees ten thousand consolidated.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Civil Appeal Nos. 2101-03 of 1980 :</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. No separate arguments have been addressed in these appeals obviously because the decision in Civil Appeal No. 1562 of 1977 would govern these cases as well. For the reasons given for dismissing Civil Appeal No. 1562 of 1977, these appeals are also dismissed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No costs.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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LAW: the Indian IT Act, the Constitution Bench, the IT Act, Constitution Bench, The Constitution Bench

PERSON: B. P. JEEVAN REDDY, 8,53,298, 8,53,298, 8,53,298, Sri Gupta, S. P. Chaliha & Ors, Calcutta Discount, Calcutta Discount, Sri Gupta, Bench, Art

DATE: 1562, 1959-60, 1960-61, the accounting year, 1959-60, 1959-60, year, 26th July, 1977, that year, that year, the assessment year, 1922, 11 of 1922, the expiry of eight years, year, four years, year, the previous year, that year, that year, that year, that year, the year 1959-60, the last day, 1960-61, 1959-60, 16th April, 1959-60, 1961.'We, 10th Oct., 1995 :'After, the accounting year, 1959-60, the accounting year, 1960-61, eight weeks, 1959-60, 1960-61, the next year, 1960-61, that year, that year, 1959-60, years, 1960-61, 1959-60, the year, year, that year, 1951, four years, a period of, eight years, that year, four years, the period of eight years, the end of the year, that year, years, that year', that year, that year, that year, 1971]79ITR603(SC, 1971]79ITR609(SC, 1634, 1988, the year 1953-54.So, a particular year, 2101-03, 1980, 1977, 1977

ORG: the Calcutta High Court, ITO, ITO, Rupees, ITO, ITO, Rupees, ITO, the Calcutta High Court, ITO, the Division Bench, Court, the Special Leave Petition, ITO, ITO, ITO, ITO, ITO, or(d, ITO, ITO, ITO, ITO, Board, ITO, CIT, ITO, ITO, Barium Chemicals, Company Law Board, ITO, CIT, Board, ITO, ITO, ITO, Hundi, ITO, ITO, ITO, ITO, ITO, ITO, ITO, ITO, ITO, Court, Calcutta Discount Co. Ltd., ITO & Anr, ITO, ITO, Court, ITO, ITO, ITO, ITO, ITO, ITO, ITO, mind.6, Court, ITO, ITO, Court, Court, ITO, ITO, Court, Chhugamal Rajpal, ITO, Lakhmani Mewal Das, CIT, Burlop Dealers Ltd., ITO, Court, Burlop Dealers, Court, IAC, VIP Industries Ltd., the High Court, the IT Department, the High Court, VIP Industries, ITO, Central Provinces Manganese Ore Co. Ltd., ITO, Court, ITO, ITO, ITO, Customs, ITO, ITO, ITO, ITO, ITO, ITO, Court

LOC: Central Circle-VI & Ors, Single, Single, Single

CARDINAL: 148, seventeen, seventeen, 11,15,275, 148, 147, 148, 151, 147, 139, 148, 153, 148, 153, 1, 2, 1, 2, 139, 1, 139, 148, 1967]1SCR898, 148(2, 151, 147, 148, 1960-61, 11,51,275.Similar, 1959.I, ten, 3,80,000, ten, ten, 148(2, 1959-60, 147, 148, 1961]41ITR191(SC, 34, 147, 34, two, 34, ten, 3,80,000, 1993]203ITR456(SC, 1976]103ITR437(SC, two, 147, 1991]191ITR661(SC, three, 1991]187ITR639(Bom, 1991]191ITR662(SC, two, 1989]176ITR529(SC, 148, one, 226, ten thousand, 10

PRODUCT: AOs

GPE: Act.5, Phool, Phool, Phool, Phool, London, London, Mewalal

ORDINAL: first, first, second, first, second, first, first, second, second