Semantic Analysis by spaCy
Mahesh Choudhary Vs. State of Rajasthan and anr.
Decided On : Mar-03-2009
Court : Supreme Court of India
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Sinha', (int) 1 => 'M/s Saraswati Exports', (int) 2 => 'The Complainant Vikram Kapoor', (int) 3 => 'inter alia', (int) 4 => 'the FIRST PARTY', (int) 5 => 'the FIRST PARTY', (int) 6 => 'the FIRST PARTY', (int) 7 => 'the FIRST PARTY', (int) 8 => 'the FIRST PARTY', (int) 9 => 'FIRST PARTY', (int) 10 => '31.3.2003', (int) 11 => 'Judicial Magistrate', (int) 12 => 'Magistrate', (int) 13 => 'the Brahmpuri Police Station', (int) 14 => 'FIR', (int) 15 => 'FIR', (int) 16 => 'Saraswati Export', (int) 17 => 'Saraswati Export', (int) 18 => 'Saraswati Export', (int) 19 => 'Saraswati Export', (int) 20 => 'IPC', (int) 21 => 'Saraswati Export', (int) 22 => 'Saraswati Export', (int) 23 => 'Shri Mahesh Chaudhary', (int) 24 => 'IPC', (int) 25 => 'the Rajasthan High Court', (int) 26 => '31.3.2003', (int) 27 => 'Court', (int) 28 => 'inter alia', (int) 29 => 'FIR', (int) 30 => 'the Complaint Petition', (int) 31 => 'FIR', (int) 32 => 'Complaint Petition', (int) 33 => 'Court', (int) 34 => 'Court', (int) 35 => 'Kamaladevi Agarwal', (int) 36 => 'State of W.B.', (int) 37 => 'Court', (int) 38 => 'Court', (int) 39 => 'FIR', (int) 40 => 'the High Court', (int) 41 => 'Court', (int) 42 => 'Court', (int) 43 => 'FIR', (int) 44 => 'Court', (int) 45 => 'Sections 482', (int) 46 => 'Parliament', (int) 47 => 'the Superior Courts', (int) 48 => 'Magistrate', (int) 49 => 'Magistrate', (int) 50 => 'Magistrate' ), 'NORP' => array( (int) 0 => 'J.1', (int) 1 => 'R.' ), 'FAC' => array( (int) 0 => '`Saraswati Exim Pvt. Ltd.'' ), 'DATE' => array( (int) 0 => '1932', (int) 1 => 'a period of two years', (int) 2 => 'the year 2002-2003', (int) 3 => '22', (int) 4 => '467', (int) 5 => 'annual', (int) 6 => '2005', (int) 7 => '467', (int) 8 => '21.2.1973', (int) 9 => '467', (int) 10 => '21.2.1973', (int) 11 => 'four weeks' ), 'CARDINAL' => array( (int) 0 => '2', (int) 1 => 'two', (int) 2 => 'about 1.4.2001', (int) 3 => '3', (int) 4 => '23', (int) 5 => '24', (int) 6 => '25', (int) 7 => 'one', (int) 8 => '1.4.2003', (int) 9 => '17', (int) 10 => '4,49,85,581/-', (int) 11 => '9', (int) 12 => 'about 13.08.2004.7', (int) 13 => 'about 8.1.2007', (int) 14 => '8', (int) 15 => '468', (int) 16 => '3', (int) 17 => 'one', (int) 18 => '200.5', (int) 19 => '468', (int) 20 => '9.1.2007', (int) 21 => '3,21,06,910/-', (int) 22 => '420', (int) 23 => '468', (int) 24 => 'about 200', (int) 25 => '2', (int) 26 => 'one', (int) 27 => '2001CriLJ4733', (int) 28 => '2008CriLJ431', (int) 29 => 'two', (int) 30 => '29.9.2005', (int) 31 => '2009)1SCC516', (int) 32 => '1', (int) 33 => '2', (int) 34 => '3', (int) 35 => '4', (int) 36 => '10', (int) 37 => '483', (int) 38 => 'One' ), 'PERCENT' => array( (int) 0 => '10%', (int) 1 => '10%', (int) 2 => '15%' ), 'ORDINAL' => array( (int) 0 => 'SECOND', (int) 1 => 'SECOND', (int) 2 => 'SECOND', (int) 3 => 'SECOND', (int) 4 => 'FIRST', (int) 5 => 'SECOND', (int) 6 => 'first' ), 'PERSON' => array( (int) 0 => 'xxx xxx xxx', (int) 1 => 'Hand Knotted Carpet', (int) 2 => 'Jaipur', (int) 3 => 'Saraswati Exim', (int) 4 => 'Shri Kapoor', (int) 5 => 'Saraswati Exim', (int) 6 => 'Saraswati Exim', (int) 7 => 'Shri Kapoor', (int) 8 => 'Shri Kapoor', (int) 9 => 'Judicial Magistrate', (int) 10 => 'Jagdeep Dhankar', (int) 11 => 'L.N. Rao', (int) 12 => 'Sharifa Bee', (int) 13 => 'Anr', (int) 14 => 'Janak C. Mehta', (int) 15 => 'Dhankar' ), 'GPE' => array( (int) 0 => 'Jaipur City', (int) 1 => 'Shri Kapoor', (int) 2 => 'US', (int) 3 => 'US', (int) 4 => 'us' ), 'MONEY' => array( (int) 0 => '34096.00' ) ), 'desc' => array( 'Judgement' => array( 'id' => '654721', 'acts' => '<a href="/act/51017/indian-partnership-act-1932-complete-act">Indian Partnership Act, 1932</a>; Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 420, 467 ans 468; Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) - Sections 482 and 483; <a href="/act/51737/constitution-of-india-complete-act">Constitution of India</a> - Article 142', 'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 417 of 2009 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition (Criminal) No. 6769 of 2007)', 'appellant' => 'Mahesh Choudhary', 'authreffered' => '', 'casename' => 'Mahesh Choudhary Vs. State of Rajasthan and anr.', 'casenote' => ' - INDIAN SUCCESSION ACT (39 OF 1925), Section 276: [S.B. Sinha, Lokeshwar Singh Panta & B. Sudershan Reddy, JJ] Forgery of Will - Pendency of probate proceedings vis-a-vis criminal case involving allegations of forgery of Will Whether a civil suit or a criminal case should be stayed in the event both are pending - Held, Ordinarily a criminal proceeding will have primacy over the civil proceeding. Precedence to a criminal proceeding is given having regard to the fact that disposal of a civil proceeding ordinarily takes a long time and in the interest of justice the former should be disposed of as expeditiously as possible. Whether civil proceedings or criminal proceedings shall be stayed depends upon the fact and circumstances of each case INDIAN EVIDENCE ACT, 1872 Sections 41 - 43: [S.B. Sinha, Lokeshwar Singh Panta & B. Sudershan Reddy, JJ] Held, Section 41 of the Evidence Act would become applicable only when a final judgment is rendered. Rendition of a final judgment which would be binding on the whole world being conclusive in nature shall take a long time. As and when a judgment is rendered in one proceeding subject to the admissibility thereof keeping in view Section 43 of the Evidence Act may be produced in another proceeding-It is, however, beyond any cavil that a judgment rendered by a probate court is a judgment in rem. It is binding on all courts and authorities. Being a judgment in rem it will have effect over other judgments. A judgment in rem indisputably is conclusive in a criminal as well as in a civil proceeding - 13. The principle providing for exercise of the power by a High Court under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure to quash a criminal proceeding is well known. 14. It is also well settled that save and except very exceptional circumstances, the court would not look to any document relied upon by the accused in support of his defence. She, for reasons best known to her, did not choose to do so. (2) For the said purpose, the Court, save and except in very exceptional circumstances, would not look to any document relied upon by the defence. 10. It is furthermore well known that no hard and fast rule can be laid down.', 'caseanalysis' => null, 'casesref' => 'R. Kalyani v. Janak C. Mehta and Ors.;', 'citingcases' => ' ; xxx xxx xxx; xxx xxx xxx', 'counselplain' => ' Jagdeep Dhankar, Sr. Adv.,; Sunil Kumar and; Aneesh Mittal', 'counseldef' => ' L.N. Rao and ; Siddharth Luthra, Sr. Advs., ; Randhir Singh', 'court' => 'Supreme Court of India', 'court_type' => 'SC', 'decidedon' => '2009-03-03', 'deposition' => 'Appeal dismissed', 'favorof' => null, 'findings' => null, 'judge' => ' S.B. Sinha and; Asok Kumar Ganguly, JJ.', 'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">S.B. Sinha, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Leave granted.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Appellant was a partner of a firm known as M/s Saraswati Exports. He is also Director of a Company known as `Saraswati Exim Pvt. Ltd.' (for short, 'the company').</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. M/s S.N.Kapur Exports is a firm registered under the <a href="/act/51017/indian-partnership-act-1932-complete-act">Indian Partnership Act, 1932</a> (for short, 'firm'). The Complainant Vikram Kapoor (Respondent No. 2 herein) is a partner thereof. The firm was engaged in manufacturing, selling and export of carpets, mats, etc. It developed various types of hand knotted new designs of carpets and acquired special skill therein.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Indisputably, the two firms entered into a contract on or about 1.4.2001 in terms whereof, inter alia, the firm agreed to help and assist the appellant with regard to production, i.e., designing, colouring, dyeing, finishing, etc. The firm also agreed to provide knowledge and know-how for the carpet production by the appellant for making their products readily saleable and more-marketable. The firm for the said purpose was to receive 10% commission on the invoice value of each and every invoice and total sales made directly or indirectly by the firm.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Some of the clauses of the said agreement are as under:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. That the SECOND PARTY shall have an office provided by the FIRST PARTY to carry out supervising of all the work of designing etc. and auditing/checking of account records/books.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> xxx xxx xxx14. That the SECOND PARTY shall have right to auditing, checking of accounts books/records etc., through their auditor at any time and the FIRST PARTY will cooperate in this regard.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. That if the sum due on account of 10% commission is not paid promptly as soon as the sum due becomes Rs. 3 Lacs, the SECOND PARTY shall on the strength of this agreement alone, file a law suit for the recovery of dues and bringing a stay from the law court of the business and its total activity till the full payment has been made along with 15% interest for the period of delay and full cost of law suit has been cleared and paid in full by the FIRST PARTY.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> xxx xxx xxx 23. That the FIRST PARTY has an assurance from SECOND PARTY that sales (export sales of Hand Knotted Carpet) will be done with the help of SECOND PARTY.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 24. That the FIRST PARTY is singly taking up to produce only Hand Knotted Carpets without any compromise in execution of quality. Any defective carpets produced by the FIRST PARTY shall be entirely FIRST PARTY's responsibilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 25. That neither FIRST PARTY nor SECOND PARTY can enter into such agreement with any one else.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. The said agreement continued till 31.3.2003. Indisputably again with effect from 1.4.2003, another agreement has been entered into by and between the parties thereto whereby and whereunder it was agreed that the appellant would pay a sum of Rs. 17 lakhs per month to the firm for a period of two years. It is furthermore not in dispute that whereas the firm claims a sum of Rs. 4,49,85,581/- towards commission payable to it towards export but only a sum of Rs. 3,21,06,910/- has been paid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Inter alia alleging that the appellant herein has committed the offences of criminal breach of trust and/or of cheating and forgery, on the premise that he had made sale of about Rs. 9 crores in the year 2002-2003 through a sister concern wherefor no commission was paid although the technical know-how was made available by the firm, a complaint petition was filed in the court of Judicial Magistrate No. 22, Jaipur City, Jaipur on or about 13.08.2004.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The learned Magistrate directed the officer-in-charge of the Brahmpuri Police Station to lodge a First Information Report (FIR). Pursuant thereto or in furtherance thereof, a FIR was lodged. On completion of investigation, a detailed charge-sheet has been submitted on or about 8.1.2007. In the said charge-sheet, it was, inter alia, opined that no manipulation in the records has been committed for showing sale of carpet through the sister concern, stating:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Even it is assumed that the sale made by Saraswati Exim is the indirect sale of Saraswati Export, yet no commission is payable to Shri Kapoor on the sale of tufted carpets and hand knotted carpets purchased from other firms. No such fact has come into light from the entire records of sale made by Saraswati Export and Saraswati Exim that sale made by Saraswati Export has been shown to be the sale made by Saraswati Exim by committing any manipulation in the records. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Analyzing the terms of the contract, it was stated that the complainant did not raise any protest from time to time with regard to the purported breaches thereof on the part of the appellant and in any event, the same gives rise to a civil dispute.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It was, however, found that different invoices were presented to the bank showing different amounts and quantities vis-`-vis the firm, stating:.Thus, partners of Saraswati Export by showing the amount of commission in the invoices falsely and wrongly and by deducting the amount of commission from the total sale value in wrong and false manner have shown the less sale turnover and consequently, an offence under Section 420, 467, 468 IPC is found proved for paying less commission than the actual due commission to Shri Kapoor and commission of breach of trust.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 3. Invoice No. 1610/23.4.02 which has been submitted by Saraswati Export with the bank, rate of carpets is shown at higher rate and the rate of carpet in the invoice given to the complainant is shown lower. Thus, no satisfactory explanation regarding difference in the sale rate of carpet in the copies of the above invoices is available on record. However, in comparison to the annual sale turnover of Saraswati Export, difference of total sale value of US $ 34096.00 of the above one bill and difference amount 2005 US $ is ignorable, but it is proved that Shri Mahesh Chaudhary by making the false entry in the invoices has saved the commission of 200.5 US $ payable to Shri Kapoor and has not paid the same to Shri Kapoor against which offence punishable under Sections 420, 467, 468 IPC is found proved.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. The learned Chief Judicial Magistrate took cognizance of the offences against the appellant by an order dated 9.1.2007. Appellant thereafter filed an application for quashing of the said order before the Rajasthan High Court which has been dismissed by reason of the impugned judgment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. Mr. Jagdeep Dhankar, learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant, would submit:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">i) The transaction in terms of the aforementioned agreement dated 21.2.1973 having continued upto 31.3.2003 and a sum of Rs. 3,21,06,910/- having been paid by way of commission to the firm, the charge-sheet even if given face value and taken to be correct in its entirely does not constitute offences punishable under Sections 420, 467 and 468 of the Indian Penal Code.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> ii) The observations made in the charge-sheet against the appellant being related to about 200 US $ only, it is absurd to think that the appellant would commit such an offence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> iii) In any event, the disputes and differences between the parties being pertaining to breach of contract resulting in civil dispute, the same should be directed to be resolved through arbitration or any other dispute resolution mechanism.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. Mr. L.N. Rao, learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of the respondent, on the other hand, would contend:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">i) Appellant illegally and wrongfully diverted the business to its sister concern and, thus, cheated the respondent No. 2 of a huge amount of commission.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> ii) In any event, a charge-sheet having been filed upon arriving at a finding that the accused had committed an offence of forgery in respect of invoices, which are valuable security, this Court should not interfere with the impugned order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The principle providing for exercise of the power by a High Court under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure to quash a criminal proceeding is well known. The court shall ordinarily exercise the said jurisdiction, inter alia, in the event the allegations contained in the FIR or the Complaint Petition even if on face value are taken to be correct in their entirety, does not disclose commission of an offence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. It is also well settled that save and except very exceptional circumstances, the court would not look to any document relied upon by the accused in support of his defence. Although allegations contained in the complaint petition may disclose a civil dispute, the same by itself may not be a ground to hold that the criminal proceedings should not be allowed to continue. For the purpose of exercising its jurisdiction, the superior courts are also required to consider as to whether the allegations made in the FIR or Complaint Petition fulfill the ingredients of the offences alleged against the accused.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Indisputably, the question as to whether the complainant was entitled to a higher amount of commission in terms of the agreement dated 21.2.1973 is essentially a civil dispute. The complainant in terms of the said agreement was not only entitled to inspect the documents maintained by the accused but also to get the same audited. It is, therefore, difficult to hold as has rightly been opined by the Investigating Officer that a case for imposing a criminal liability on the accused on that score has been made out. While saying so, we are not unmindful of the limitations of the court's power under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure which is primarily for one either to prevent abuse of the process of any Court or otherwise to secure the ends of justice. The court at that stage would not embark upon appreciation of evidence. The Court shall moreover consider the materials on record as a whole.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In Kamaladevi Agarwal v. State of W.B. and Ors. : 2001CriLJ4733 , this Court opined:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. This Court has consistently held that the revisional or inherent powers of quashing the proceedings at the initial stage should be exercised sparingly and only where the allegations made in the complaint or the FIR, even if taken it at the face value and accepted in entirety, do not prima facie disclose the commission of an offence. Disputed and controversial facts cannot be made the basis for the exercise of the jurisdiction. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was furthermore observed that the High Court should be slow in interfering with the proceedings at the initial stage and that merely because the nature of the dispute is primarily of a civil nature, the criminal prosecution cannot be quashed because in cases of forgery and fraud there would always be some element of civil nature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court in B. Suresh Yadav v. Sharifa Bee and Anr. : 2008CriLJ431 opined as under:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. For the purpose of establishing the offence of cheating, the complainant is required to show that the accused had fraudulent or dishonest intention at the time of making promise or representation. In a case of this nature, it is permissible in law to consider the stand taken by a party in a pending civil litigation. We do not, however, mean to lay down a law that the liability of a person cannot be both civil and criminal at the same time. But when a stand has been taken in a complaint petition which is contrary to or inconsistent with the stand taken by him in a civil suit, it assumes significance. Had the fact as purported to have been represented before us that the appellant herein got the said two rooms demolished and concealed the said fact at the time of execution of the deed of sale, the matter might have been different. As the deed of sale was executed on 30.9.2005 and the purported demolition took place on 29.9.2005, it was expected that the complainant/first respondent would come out with her real grievance in the written statement filed by her in the aforementioned suit. She, for reasons best known to her, did not choose to do so. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Recently in R. Kalyani v. Janak C. Mehta and Ors. : (2009)1SCC516 , this Court laid down the law in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Propositions of law which emerge from the said decisions are:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) The High Court ordinarily would not exercise its inherent jurisdiction to quash a criminal proceeding and, in particular, a First Information Report unless the allegations contained therein, even if given face value and taken to be correct in their entirety, disclosed no cognizable offence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) For the said purpose, the Court, save and except in very exceptional circumstances, would not look to any document relied upon by the defence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (3) Such a power should be exercised very sparingly. If the allegations made in the FIR disclose commission of an offence, the court shall not go beyond the same and pass an order in favour of the accused to hold absence of any mens rea or actus reus.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (4) If the allegation discloses a civil dispute, the same by itself may not be a ground to hold that the criminal proceedings should not be allowed to continue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 10. It is furthermore well known that no hard and fast rule can be laid down. Each case has to be considered on its own merits. The Court, while exercising its inherent jurisdiction, although would not interfere with a genuine complaint keeping in view the purport and object for which the provisions of Sections 482 and 483 of the Code of Criminal Procedure had been introduced by the Parliament but would not hesitate to exercise its jurisdiction in appropriate cases. One of the paramount duties of the Superior Courts is to see that a person who is apparently innocent is not subjected to persecution and humiliation on the basis of a false and wholly untenable complaint.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. The charge-sheet, in our opinion, prima facie discloses commission of offences. A fair investigation was carried out by the Investigating Officer. The charge-sheet is a detailed one. If an order of cognizance has been passed relying on or on the basis thereof by the learned Magistrate, in our opinion, no exception thereto can be taken. We, therefore, do not find any legal infirmity in the impugned orders.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. We, however, must place on record that before us Mr. Dhankar stated that the appellant is ready and willing to get the disputes and differences between the parties settled. In that view of the matter and keeping in view the peculiar facts and circumstances of this case and with a view to do complete justice to the parties, we, in exercise of our jurisdiction under Article 142 of the <a href="/act/51737/constitution-of-india-complete-act">Constitution of India</a>, direct that in the event the appellant appears before the learned Magistrate within a period of four weeks from date and files an application for grant of bail, he shall be released on bail on such terms and conditions as the learned Magistrate may seem fit and proper. In the event, the appellant files an application for exemption from his personal appearance, the same may also be considered on its own merits. It would be open to the complainant to consider the offer of the appellant.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Subject to the aforementioned directions, the appeal is dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">', 'observations' => null, 'overruledby' => null, 'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 10.10.07 of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan at Jaipur Bench, Jaipur in S.B. Criminal Misc. Petition No. 178/2007 ', 'pubs' => 'JT2009(3)SC314; 2009(4)SCALE66; (2009)4SCC439', 'ratiodecidendi' => '', 'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan and anr.', 'sub' => 'Criminal', 'link' => null, 'circuit' => null ) ), 'args' => array( (int) 0 => '654721' ) ) $title_for_layout = 'Mahesh Choudhary Vs. State of Rajasthan and anr. Semantic Analysis' $shops = array( 'LAW' => array( (int) 0 => 'the Indian Partnership Act', (int) 1 => 'Section 420', (int) 2 => 'the Indian Penal Code. ii', (int) 3 => 'Section 482', (int) 4 => 'Section 482', (int) 5 => 'Article 142 of the Constitution of India' ), 'ORG' => array( (int) 0 => 'S.B. Sinha', (int) 1 => 'M/s Saraswati Exports', (int) 2 => 'The Complainant Vikram Kapoor', (int) 3 => 'inter alia', (int) 4 => 'the FIRST PARTY', (int) 5 => 'the FIRST PARTY', (int) 6 => 'the FIRST PARTY', (int) 7 => 'the FIRST PARTY', (int) 8 => 'the FIRST PARTY', (int) 9 => 'FIRST PARTY', (int) 10 => '31.3.2003', (int) 11 => 'Judicial Magistrate', (int) 12 => 'Magistrate', (int) 13 => 'the Brahmpuri Police Station', (int) 14 => 'FIR', (int) 15 => 'FIR', (int) 16 => 'Saraswati Export', (int) 17 => 'Saraswati Export', (int) 18 => 'Saraswati Export', (int) 19 => 'Saraswati Export', (int) 20 => 'IPC', (int) 21 => 'Saraswati Export', (int) 22 => 'Saraswati Export', (int) 23 => 'Shri Mahesh Chaudhary', (int) 24 => 'IPC', (int) 25 => 'the Rajasthan High Court', (int) 26 => '31.3.2003', (int) 27 => 'Court', (int) 28 => 'inter alia', (int) 29 => 'FIR', (int) 30 => 'the Complaint Petition', (int) 31 => 'FIR', (int) 32 => 'Complaint Petition', (int) 33 => 'Court', (int) 34 => 'Court', (int) 35 => 'Kamaladevi Agarwal', (int) 36 => 'State of W.B.', (int) 37 => 'Court', (int) 38 => 'Court', (int) 39 => 'FIR', (int) 40 => 'the High Court', (int) 41 => 'Court', (int) 42 => 'Court', (int) 43 => 'FIR', (int) 44 => 'Court', (int) 45 => 'Sections 482', (int) 46 => 'Parliament', (int) 47 => 'the Superior Courts', (int) 48 => 'Magistrate', (int) 49 => 'Magistrate', (int) 50 => 'Magistrate' ), 'NORP' => array( (int) 0 => 'J.1', (int) 1 => 'R.' ), 'FAC' => array( (int) 0 => '`Saraswati Exim Pvt. Ltd.'' ), 'DATE' => array( (int) 0 => '1932', (int) 1 => 'a period of two years', (int) 2 => 'the year 2002-2003', (int) 3 => '22', (int) 4 => '467', (int) 5 => 'annual', (int) 6 => '2005', (int) 7 => '467', (int) 8 => '21.2.1973', (int) 9 => '467', (int) 10 => '21.2.1973', (int) 11 => 'four weeks' ), 'CARDINAL' => array( (int) 0 => '2', (int) 1 => 'two', (int) 2 => 'about 1.4.2001', (int) 3 => '3', (int) 4 => '23', (int) 5 => '24', (int) 6 => '25', (int) 7 => 'one', (int) 8 => '1.4.2003', (int) 9 => '17', (int) 10 => '4,49,85,581/-', (int) 11 => '9', (int) 12 => 'about 13.08.2004.7', (int) 13 => 'about 8.1.2007', (int) 14 => '8', (int) 15 => '468', (int) 16 => '3', (int) 17 => 'one', (int) 18 => '200.5', (int) 19 => '468', (int) 20 => '9.1.2007', (int) 21 => '3,21,06,910/-', (int) 22 => '420', (int) 23 => '468', (int) 24 => 'about 200', (int) 25 => '2', (int) 26 => 'one', (int) 27 => '2001CriLJ4733', (int) 28 => '2008CriLJ431', (int) 29 => 'two', (int) 30 => '29.9.2005', (int) 31 => '2009)1SCC516', (int) 32 => '1', (int) 33 => '2', (int) 34 => '3', (int) 35 => '4', (int) 36 => '10', (int) 37 => '483', (int) 38 => 'One' ), 'PERCENT' => array( (int) 0 => '10%', (int) 1 => '10%', (int) 2 => '15%' ), 'ORDINAL' => array( (int) 0 => 'SECOND', (int) 1 => 'SECOND', (int) 2 => 'SECOND', (int) 3 => 'SECOND', (int) 4 => 'FIRST', (int) 5 => 'SECOND', (int) 6 => 'first' ), 'PERSON' => array( (int) 0 => 'xxx xxx xxx', (int) 1 => 'Hand Knotted Carpet', (int) 2 => 'Jaipur', (int) 3 => 'Saraswati Exim', (int) 4 => 'Shri Kapoor', (int) 5 => 'Saraswati Exim', (int) 6 => 'Saraswati Exim', (int) 7 => 'Shri Kapoor', (int) 8 => 'Shri Kapoor', (int) 9 => 'Judicial Magistrate', (int) 10 => 'Jagdeep Dhankar', (int) 11 => 'L.N. Rao', (int) 12 => 'Sharifa Bee', (int) 13 => 'Anr', (int) 14 => 'Janak C. Mehta', (int) 15 => 'Dhankar' ), 'GPE' => array( (int) 0 => 'Jaipur City', (int) 1 => 'Shri Kapoor', (int) 2 => 'US', (int) 3 => 'US', (int) 4 => 'us' ), 'MONEY' => array( (int) 0 => '34096.00' ) ) $desc = array( 'Judgement' => array( 'id' => '654721', 'acts' => '<a href="/act/51017/indian-partnership-act-1932-complete-act">Indian Partnership Act, 1932</a>; Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 420, 467 ans 468; Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) - Sections 482 and 483; <a href="/act/51737/constitution-of-india-complete-act">Constitution of India</a> - Article 142', 'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 417 of 2009 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition (Criminal) No. 6769 of 2007)', 'appellant' => 'Mahesh Choudhary', 'authreffered' => '', 'casename' => 'Mahesh Choudhary Vs. State of Rajasthan and anr.', 'casenote' => ' - INDIAN SUCCESSION ACT (39 OF 1925), Section 276: [S.B. Sinha, Lokeshwar Singh Panta & B. Sudershan Reddy, JJ] Forgery of Will - Pendency of probate proceedings vis-a-vis criminal case involving allegations of forgery of Will Whether a civil suit or a criminal case should be stayed in the event both are pending - Held, Ordinarily a criminal proceeding will have primacy over the civil proceeding. Precedence to a criminal proceeding is given having regard to the fact that disposal of a civil proceeding ordinarily takes a long time and in the interest of justice the former should be disposed of as expeditiously as possible. Whether civil proceedings or criminal proceedings shall be stayed depends upon the fact and circumstances of each case INDIAN EVIDENCE ACT, 1872 Sections 41 - 43: [S.B. Sinha, Lokeshwar Singh Panta & B. Sudershan Reddy, JJ] Held, Section 41 of the Evidence Act would become applicable only when a final judgment is rendered. Rendition of a final judgment which would be binding on the whole world being conclusive in nature shall take a long time. As and when a judgment is rendered in one proceeding subject to the admissibility thereof keeping in view Section 43 of the Evidence Act may be produced in another proceeding-It is, however, beyond any cavil that a judgment rendered by a probate court is a judgment in rem. It is binding on all courts and authorities. Being a judgment in rem it will have effect over other judgments. A judgment in rem indisputably is conclusive in a criminal as well as in a civil proceeding - 13. The principle providing for exercise of the power by a High Court under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure to quash a criminal proceeding is well known. 14. It is also well settled that save and except very exceptional circumstances, the court would not look to any document relied upon by the accused in support of his defence. She, for reasons best known to her, did not choose to do so. (2) For the said purpose, the Court, save and except in very exceptional circumstances, would not look to any document relied upon by the defence. 10. It is furthermore well known that no hard and fast rule can be laid down.', 'caseanalysis' => null, 'casesref' => 'R. Kalyani v. Janak C. Mehta and Ors.;', 'citingcases' => ' ; xxx xxx xxx; xxx xxx xxx', 'counselplain' => ' Jagdeep Dhankar, Sr. Adv.,; Sunil Kumar and; Aneesh Mittal', 'counseldef' => ' L.N. Rao and ; Siddharth Luthra, Sr. Advs., ; Randhir Singh', 'court' => 'Supreme Court of India', 'court_type' => 'SC', 'decidedon' => '2009-03-03', 'deposition' => 'Appeal dismissed', 'favorof' => null, 'findings' => null, 'judge' => ' S.B. Sinha and; Asok Kumar Ganguly, JJ.', 'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">S.B. Sinha, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Leave granted.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Appellant was a partner of a firm known as M/s Saraswati Exports. He is also Director of a Company known as `Saraswati Exim Pvt. Ltd.' (for short, 'the company').</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. M/s S.N.Kapur Exports is a firm registered under the <a href="/act/51017/indian-partnership-act-1932-complete-act">Indian Partnership Act, 1932</a> (for short, 'firm'). The Complainant Vikram Kapoor (Respondent No. 2 herein) is a partner thereof. The firm was engaged in manufacturing, selling and export of carpets, mats, etc. It developed various types of hand knotted new designs of carpets and acquired special skill therein.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Indisputably, the two firms entered into a contract on or about 1.4.2001 in terms whereof, inter alia, the firm agreed to help and assist the appellant with regard to production, i.e., designing, colouring, dyeing, finishing, etc. The firm also agreed to provide knowledge and know-how for the carpet production by the appellant for making their products readily saleable and more-marketable. The firm for the said purpose was to receive 10% commission on the invoice value of each and every invoice and total sales made directly or indirectly by the firm.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Some of the clauses of the said agreement are as under:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. That the SECOND PARTY shall have an office provided by the FIRST PARTY to carry out supervising of all the work of designing etc. and auditing/checking of account records/books.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> xxx xxx xxx14. That the SECOND PARTY shall have right to auditing, checking of accounts books/records etc., through their auditor at any time and the FIRST PARTY will cooperate in this regard.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. That if the sum due on account of 10% commission is not paid promptly as soon as the sum due becomes Rs. 3 Lacs, the SECOND PARTY shall on the strength of this agreement alone, file a law suit for the recovery of dues and bringing a stay from the law court of the business and its total activity till the full payment has been made along with 15% interest for the period of delay and full cost of law suit has been cleared and paid in full by the FIRST PARTY.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> xxx xxx xxx 23. That the FIRST PARTY has an assurance from SECOND PARTY that sales (export sales of Hand Knotted Carpet) will be done with the help of SECOND PARTY.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 24. That the FIRST PARTY is singly taking up to produce only Hand Knotted Carpets without any compromise in execution of quality. Any defective carpets produced by the FIRST PARTY shall be entirely FIRST PARTY's responsibilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 25. That neither FIRST PARTY nor SECOND PARTY can enter into such agreement with any one else.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. The said agreement continued till 31.3.2003. Indisputably again with effect from 1.4.2003, another agreement has been entered into by and between the parties thereto whereby and whereunder it was agreed that the appellant would pay a sum of Rs. 17 lakhs per month to the firm for a period of two years. It is furthermore not in dispute that whereas the firm claims a sum of Rs. 4,49,85,581/- towards commission payable to it towards export but only a sum of Rs. 3,21,06,910/- has been paid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Inter alia alleging that the appellant herein has committed the offences of criminal breach of trust and/or of cheating and forgery, on the premise that he had made sale of about Rs. 9 crores in the year 2002-2003 through a sister concern wherefor no commission was paid although the technical know-how was made available by the firm, a complaint petition was filed in the court of Judicial Magistrate No. 22, Jaipur City, Jaipur on or about 13.08.2004.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The learned Magistrate directed the officer-in-charge of the Brahmpuri Police Station to lodge a First Information Report (FIR). Pursuant thereto or in furtherance thereof, a FIR was lodged. On completion of investigation, a detailed charge-sheet has been submitted on or about 8.1.2007. In the said charge-sheet, it was, inter alia, opined that no manipulation in the records has been committed for showing sale of carpet through the sister concern, stating:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Even it is assumed that the sale made by Saraswati Exim is the indirect sale of Saraswati Export, yet no commission is payable to Shri Kapoor on the sale of tufted carpets and hand knotted carpets purchased from other firms. No such fact has come into light from the entire records of sale made by Saraswati Export and Saraswati Exim that sale made by Saraswati Export has been shown to be the sale made by Saraswati Exim by committing any manipulation in the records. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Analyzing the terms of the contract, it was stated that the complainant did not raise any protest from time to time with regard to the purported breaches thereof on the part of the appellant and in any event, the same gives rise to a civil dispute.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It was, however, found that different invoices were presented to the bank showing different amounts and quantities vis-`-vis the firm, stating:.Thus, partners of Saraswati Export by showing the amount of commission in the invoices falsely and wrongly and by deducting the amount of commission from the total sale value in wrong and false manner have shown the less sale turnover and consequently, an offence under Section 420, 467, 468 IPC is found proved for paying less commission than the actual due commission to Shri Kapoor and commission of breach of trust.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 3. Invoice No. 1610/23.4.02 which has been submitted by Saraswati Export with the bank, rate of carpets is shown at higher rate and the rate of carpet in the invoice given to the complainant is shown lower. Thus, no satisfactory explanation regarding difference in the sale rate of carpet in the copies of the above invoices is available on record. However, in comparison to the annual sale turnover of Saraswati Export, difference of total sale value of US $ 34096.00 of the above one bill and difference amount 2005 US $ is ignorable, but it is proved that Shri Mahesh Chaudhary by making the false entry in the invoices has saved the commission of 200.5 US $ payable to Shri Kapoor and has not paid the same to Shri Kapoor against which offence punishable under Sections 420, 467, 468 IPC is found proved.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. The learned Chief Judicial Magistrate took cognizance of the offences against the appellant by an order dated 9.1.2007. Appellant thereafter filed an application for quashing of the said order before the Rajasthan High Court which has been dismissed by reason of the impugned judgment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. Mr. Jagdeep Dhankar, learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant, would submit:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">i) The transaction in terms of the aforementioned agreement dated 21.2.1973 having continued upto 31.3.2003 and a sum of Rs. 3,21,06,910/- having been paid by way of commission to the firm, the charge-sheet even if given face value and taken to be correct in its entirely does not constitute offences punishable under Sections 420, 467 and 468 of the Indian Penal Code.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> ii) The observations made in the charge-sheet against the appellant being related to about 200 US $ only, it is absurd to think that the appellant would commit such an offence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> iii) In any event, the disputes and differences between the parties being pertaining to breach of contract resulting in civil dispute, the same should be directed to be resolved through arbitration or any other dispute resolution mechanism.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. Mr. L.N. Rao, learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of the respondent, on the other hand, would contend:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">i) Appellant illegally and wrongfully diverted the business to its sister concern and, thus, cheated the respondent No. 2 of a huge amount of commission.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> ii) In any event, a charge-sheet having been filed upon arriving at a finding that the accused had committed an offence of forgery in respect of invoices, which are valuable security, this Court should not interfere with the impugned order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The principle providing for exercise of the power by a High Court under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure to quash a criminal proceeding is well known. The court shall ordinarily exercise the said jurisdiction, inter alia, in the event the allegations contained in the FIR or the Complaint Petition even if on face value are taken to be correct in their entirety, does not disclose commission of an offence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. It is also well settled that save and except very exceptional circumstances, the court would not look to any document relied upon by the accused in support of his defence. Although allegations contained in the complaint petition may disclose a civil dispute, the same by itself may not be a ground to hold that the criminal proceedings should not be allowed to continue. For the purpose of exercising its jurisdiction, the superior courts are also required to consider as to whether the allegations made in the FIR or Complaint Petition fulfill the ingredients of the offences alleged against the accused.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Indisputably, the question as to whether the complainant was entitled to a higher amount of commission in terms of the agreement dated 21.2.1973 is essentially a civil dispute. The complainant in terms of the said agreement was not only entitled to inspect the documents maintained by the accused but also to get the same audited. It is, therefore, difficult to hold as has rightly been opined by the Investigating Officer that a case for imposing a criminal liability on the accused on that score has been made out. While saying so, we are not unmindful of the limitations of the court's power under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure which is primarily for one either to prevent abuse of the process of any Court or otherwise to secure the ends of justice. The court at that stage would not embark upon appreciation of evidence. The Court shall moreover consider the materials on record as a whole.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In Kamaladevi Agarwal v. State of W.B. and Ors. : 2001CriLJ4733 , this Court opined:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. This Court has consistently held that the revisional or inherent powers of quashing the proceedings at the initial stage should be exercised sparingly and only where the allegations made in the complaint or the FIR, even if taken it at the face value and accepted in entirety, do not prima facie disclose the commission of an offence. Disputed and controversial facts cannot be made the basis for the exercise of the jurisdiction. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was furthermore observed that the High Court should be slow in interfering with the proceedings at the initial stage and that merely because the nature of the dispute is primarily of a civil nature, the criminal prosecution cannot be quashed because in cases of forgery and fraud there would always be some element of civil nature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court in B. Suresh Yadav v. Sharifa Bee and Anr. : 2008CriLJ431 opined as under:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. For the purpose of establishing the offence of cheating, the complainant is required to show that the accused had fraudulent or dishonest intention at the time of making promise or representation. In a case of this nature, it is permissible in law to consider the stand taken by a party in a pending civil litigation. We do not, however, mean to lay down a law that the liability of a person cannot be both civil and criminal at the same time. But when a stand has been taken in a complaint petition which is contrary to or inconsistent with the stand taken by him in a civil suit, it assumes significance. Had the fact as purported to have been represented before us that the appellant herein got the said two rooms demolished and concealed the said fact at the time of execution of the deed of sale, the matter might have been different. As the deed of sale was executed on 30.9.2005 and the purported demolition took place on 29.9.2005, it was expected that the complainant/first respondent would come out with her real grievance in the written statement filed by her in the aforementioned suit. She, for reasons best known to her, did not choose to do so. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Recently in R. Kalyani v. Janak C. Mehta and Ors. : (2009)1SCC516 , this Court laid down the law in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Propositions of law which emerge from the said decisions are:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) The High Court ordinarily would not exercise its inherent jurisdiction to quash a criminal proceeding and, in particular, a First Information Report unless the allegations contained therein, even if given face value and taken to be correct in their entirety, disclosed no cognizable offence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) For the said purpose, the Court, save and except in very exceptional circumstances, would not look to any document relied upon by the defence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (3) Such a power should be exercised very sparingly. If the allegations made in the FIR disclose commission of an offence, the court shall not go beyond the same and pass an order in favour of the accused to hold absence of any mens rea or actus reus.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (4) If the allegation discloses a civil dispute, the same by itself may not be a ground to hold that the criminal proceedings should not be allowed to continue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 10. It is furthermore well known that no hard and fast rule can be laid down. Each case has to be considered on its own merits. The Court, while exercising its inherent jurisdiction, although would not interfere with a genuine complaint keeping in view the purport and object for which the provisions of Sections 482 and 483 of the Code of Criminal Procedure had been introduced by the Parliament but would not hesitate to exercise its jurisdiction in appropriate cases. One of the paramount duties of the Superior Courts is to see that a person who is apparently innocent is not subjected to persecution and humiliation on the basis of a false and wholly untenable complaint.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. The charge-sheet, in our opinion, prima facie discloses commission of offences. A fair investigation was carried out by the Investigating Officer. The charge-sheet is a detailed one. If an order of cognizance has been passed relying on or on the basis thereof by the learned Magistrate, in our opinion, no exception thereto can be taken. We, therefore, do not find any legal infirmity in the impugned orders.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. We, however, must place on record that before us Mr. Dhankar stated that the appellant is ready and willing to get the disputes and differences between the parties settled. In that view of the matter and keeping in view the peculiar facts and circumstances of this case and with a view to do complete justice to the parties, we, in exercise of our jurisdiction under Article 142 of the <a href="/act/51737/constitution-of-india-complete-act">Constitution of India</a>, direct that in the event the appellant appears before the learned Magistrate within a period of four weeks from date and files an application for grant of bail, he shall be released on bail on such terms and conditions as the learned Magistrate may seem fit and proper. In the event, the appellant files an application for exemption from his personal appearance, the same may also be considered on its own merits. It would be open to the complainant to consider the offer of the appellant.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Subject to the aforementioned directions, the appeal is dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">', 'observations' => null, 'overruledby' => null, 'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 10.10.07 of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan at Jaipur Bench, Jaipur in S.B. Criminal Misc. Petition No. 178/2007 ', 'pubs' => 'JT2009(3)SC314; 2009(4)SCALE66; (2009)4SCC439', 'ratiodecidendi' => '', 'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan and anr.', 'sub' => 'Criminal', 'link' => null, 'circuit' => null ) ) $args = array( (int) 0 => '654721' ) $pattern = '/\(((0[1-9]|[12][0-9]|3[01])[.](0[1-9]|1[012])[.](17|18|19|20)[0-9]{2}).*\)/'include - APP/View/Case/meta.ctp, line 36 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933 View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473 Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 963 Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 200 Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167 [main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 109
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Sinha', (int) 1 => 'M/s Saraswati Exports', (int) 2 => 'The Complainant Vikram Kapoor', (int) 3 => 'inter alia', (int) 4 => 'the FIRST PARTY', (int) 5 => 'the FIRST PARTY', (int) 6 => 'the FIRST PARTY', (int) 7 => 'the FIRST PARTY', (int) 8 => 'the FIRST PARTY', (int) 9 => 'FIRST PARTY', (int) 10 => '31.3.2003', (int) 11 => 'Judicial Magistrate', (int) 12 => 'Magistrate', (int) 13 => 'the Brahmpuri Police Station', (int) 14 => 'FIR', (int) 15 => 'FIR', (int) 16 => 'Saraswati Export', (int) 17 => 'Saraswati Export', (int) 18 => 'Saraswati Export', (int) 19 => 'Saraswati Export', (int) 20 => 'IPC', (int) 21 => 'Saraswati Export', (int) 22 => 'Saraswati Export', (int) 23 => 'Shri Mahesh Chaudhary', (int) 24 => 'IPC', (int) 25 => 'the Rajasthan High Court', (int) 26 => '31.3.2003', (int) 27 => 'Court', (int) 28 => 'inter alia', (int) 29 => 'FIR', (int) 30 => 'the Complaint Petition', (int) 31 => 'FIR', (int) 32 => 'Complaint Petition', (int) 33 => 'Court', (int) 34 => 'Court', (int) 35 => 'Kamaladevi Agarwal', (int) 36 => 'State of W.B.', (int) 37 => 'Court', (int) 38 => 'Court', (int) 39 => 'FIR', (int) 40 => 'the High Court', (int) 41 => 'Court', (int) 42 => 'Court', (int) 43 => 'FIR', (int) 44 => 'Court', (int) 45 => 'Sections 482', (int) 46 => 'Parliament', (int) 47 => 'the Superior Courts', (int) 48 => 'Magistrate', (int) 49 => 'Magistrate', (int) 50 => 'Magistrate' ), 'NORP' => array( (int) 0 => 'J.1', (int) 1 => 'R.' ), 'FAC' => array( (int) 0 => '`Saraswati Exim Pvt. Ltd.'' ), 'DATE' => array( (int) 0 => '1932', (int) 1 => 'a period of two years', (int) 2 => 'the year 2002-2003', (int) 3 => '22', (int) 4 => '467', (int) 5 => 'annual', (int) 6 => '2005', (int) 7 => '467', (int) 8 => '21.2.1973', (int) 9 => '467', (int) 10 => '21.2.1973', (int) 11 => 'four weeks' ), 'CARDINAL' => array( (int) 0 => '2', (int) 1 => 'two', (int) 2 => 'about 1.4.2001', (int) 3 => '3', (int) 4 => '23', (int) 5 => '24', (int) 6 => '25', (int) 7 => 'one', (int) 8 => '1.4.2003', (int) 9 => '17', (int) 10 => '4,49,85,581/-', (int) 11 => '9', (int) 12 => 'about 13.08.2004.7', (int) 13 => 'about 8.1.2007', (int) 14 => '8', (int) 15 => '468', (int) 16 => '3', (int) 17 => 'one', (int) 18 => '200.5', (int) 19 => '468', (int) 20 => '9.1.2007', (int) 21 => '3,21,06,910/-', (int) 22 => '420', (int) 23 => '468', (int) 24 => 'about 200', (int) 25 => '2', (int) 26 => 'one', (int) 27 => '2001CriLJ4733', (int) 28 => '2008CriLJ431', (int) 29 => 'two', (int) 30 => '29.9.2005', (int) 31 => '2009)1SCC516', (int) 32 => '1', (int) 33 => '2', (int) 34 => '3', (int) 35 => '4', (int) 36 => '10', (int) 37 => '483', (int) 38 => 'One' ), 'PERCENT' => array( (int) 0 => '10%', (int) 1 => '10%', (int) 2 => '15%' ), 'ORDINAL' => array( (int) 0 => 'SECOND', (int) 1 => 'SECOND', (int) 2 => 'SECOND', (int) 3 => 'SECOND', (int) 4 => 'FIRST', (int) 5 => 'SECOND', (int) 6 => 'first' ), 'PERSON' => array( (int) 0 => 'xxx xxx xxx', (int) 1 => 'Hand Knotted Carpet', (int) 2 => 'Jaipur', (int) 3 => 'Saraswati Exim', (int) 4 => 'Shri Kapoor', (int) 5 => 'Saraswati Exim', (int) 6 => 'Saraswati Exim', (int) 7 => 'Shri Kapoor', (int) 8 => 'Shri Kapoor', (int) 9 => 'Judicial Magistrate', (int) 10 => 'Jagdeep Dhankar', (int) 11 => 'L.N. Rao', (int) 12 => 'Sharifa Bee', (int) 13 => 'Anr', (int) 14 => 'Janak C. Mehta', (int) 15 => 'Dhankar' ), 'GPE' => array( (int) 0 => 'Jaipur City', (int) 1 => 'Shri Kapoor', (int) 2 => 'US', (int) 3 => 'US', (int) 4 => 'us' ), 'MONEY' => array( (int) 0 => '34096.00' ) ), 'desc' => array( 'Judgement' => array( 'id' => '654721', 'acts' => '<a href="/act/51017/indian-partnership-act-1932-complete-act">Indian Partnership Act, 1932</a>; Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 420, 467 ans 468; Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) - Sections 482 and 483; <a href="/act/51737/constitution-of-india-complete-act">Constitution of India</a> - Article 142', 'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 417 of 2009 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition (Criminal) No. 6769 of 2007)', 'appellant' => 'Mahesh Choudhary', 'authreffered' => '', 'casename' => 'Mahesh Choudhary Vs. State of Rajasthan and anr.', 'casenote' => ' - INDIAN SUCCESSION ACT (39 OF 1925), Section 276: [S.B. Sinha, Lokeshwar Singh Panta & B. Sudershan Reddy, JJ] Forgery of Will - Pendency of probate proceedings vis-a-vis criminal case involving allegations of forgery of Will Whether a civil suit or a criminal case should be stayed in the event both are pending - Held, Ordinarily a criminal proceeding will have primacy over the civil proceeding. Precedence to a criminal proceeding is given having regard to the fact that disposal of a civil proceeding ordinarily takes a long time and in the interest of justice the former should be disposed of as expeditiously as possible. Whether civil proceedings or criminal proceedings shall be stayed depends upon the fact and circumstances of each case INDIAN EVIDENCE ACT, 1872 Sections 41 - 43: [S.B. Sinha, Lokeshwar Singh Panta & B. Sudershan Reddy, JJ] Held, Section 41 of the Evidence Act would become applicable only when a final judgment is rendered. Rendition of a final judgment which would be binding on the whole world being conclusive in nature shall take a long time. As and when a judgment is rendered in one proceeding subject to the admissibility thereof keeping in view Section 43 of the Evidence Act may be produced in another proceeding-It is, however, beyond any cavil that a judgment rendered by a probate court is a judgment in rem. It is binding on all courts and authorities. Being a judgment in rem it will have effect over other judgments. A judgment in rem indisputably is conclusive in a criminal as well as in a civil proceeding - 13. The principle providing for exercise of the power by a High Court under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure to quash a criminal proceeding is well known. 14. It is also well settled that save and except very exceptional circumstances, the court would not look to any document relied upon by the accused in support of his defence. She, for reasons best known to her, did not choose to do so. (2) For the said purpose, the Court, save and except in very exceptional circumstances, would not look to any document relied upon by the defence. 10. It is furthermore well known that no hard and fast rule can be laid down.', 'caseanalysis' => null, 'casesref' => 'R. Kalyani v. Janak C. Mehta and Ors.;', 'citingcases' => ' ; xxx xxx xxx; xxx xxx xxx', 'counselplain' => ' Jagdeep Dhankar, Sr. Adv.,; Sunil Kumar and; Aneesh Mittal', 'counseldef' => ' L.N. Rao and ; Siddharth Luthra, Sr. Advs., ; Randhir Singh', 'court' => 'Supreme Court of India', 'court_type' => 'SC', 'decidedon' => '2009-03-03', 'deposition' => 'Appeal dismissed', 'favorof' => null, 'findings' => null, 'judge' => ' S.B. Sinha and; Asok Kumar Ganguly, JJ.', 'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">S.B. Sinha, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Leave granted.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Appellant was a partner of a firm known as M/s Saraswati Exports. He is also Director of a Company known as `Saraswati Exim Pvt. Ltd.' (for short, 'the company').</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. M/s S.N.Kapur Exports is a firm registered under the <a href="/act/51017/indian-partnership-act-1932-complete-act">Indian Partnership Act, 1932</a> (for short, 'firm'). The Complainant Vikram Kapoor (Respondent No. 2 herein) is a partner thereof. The firm was engaged in manufacturing, selling and export of carpets, mats, etc. It developed various types of hand knotted new designs of carpets and acquired special skill therein.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Indisputably, the two firms entered into a contract on or about 1.4.2001 in terms whereof, inter alia, the firm agreed to help and assist the appellant with regard to production, i.e., designing, colouring, dyeing, finishing, etc. The firm also agreed to provide knowledge and know-how for the carpet production by the appellant for making their products readily saleable and more-marketable. The firm for the said purpose was to receive 10% commission on the invoice value of each and every invoice and total sales made directly or indirectly by the firm.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Some of the clauses of the said agreement are as under:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. That the SECOND PARTY shall have an office provided by the FIRST PARTY to carry out supervising of all the work of designing etc. and auditing/checking of account records/books.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> xxx xxx xxx14. That the SECOND PARTY shall have right to auditing, checking of accounts books/records etc., through their auditor at any time and the FIRST PARTY will cooperate in this regard.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. That if the sum due on account of 10% commission is not paid promptly as soon as the sum due becomes Rs. 3 Lacs, the SECOND PARTY shall on the strength of this agreement alone, file a law suit for the recovery of dues and bringing a stay from the law court of the business and its total activity till the full payment has been made along with 15% interest for the period of delay and full cost of law suit has been cleared and paid in full by the FIRST PARTY.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> xxx xxx xxx 23. That the FIRST PARTY has an assurance from SECOND PARTY that sales (export sales of Hand Knotted Carpet) will be done with the help of SECOND PARTY.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 24. That the FIRST PARTY is singly taking up to produce only Hand Knotted Carpets without any compromise in execution of quality. Any defective carpets produced by the FIRST PARTY shall be entirely FIRST PARTY's responsibilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 25. That neither FIRST PARTY nor SECOND PARTY can enter into such agreement with any one else.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. The said agreement continued till 31.3.2003. Indisputably again with effect from 1.4.2003, another agreement has been entered into by and between the parties thereto whereby and whereunder it was agreed that the appellant would pay a sum of Rs. 17 lakhs per month to the firm for a period of two years. It is furthermore not in dispute that whereas the firm claims a sum of Rs. 4,49,85,581/- towards commission payable to it towards export but only a sum of Rs. 3,21,06,910/- has been paid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Inter alia alleging that the appellant herein has committed the offences of criminal breach of trust and/or of cheating and forgery, on the premise that he had made sale of about Rs. 9 crores in the year 2002-2003 through a sister concern wherefor no commission was paid although the technical know-how was made available by the firm, a complaint petition was filed in the court of Judicial Magistrate No. 22, Jaipur City, Jaipur on or about 13.08.2004.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The learned Magistrate directed the officer-in-charge of the Brahmpuri Police Station to lodge a First Information Report (FIR). Pursuant thereto or in furtherance thereof, a FIR was lodged. On completion of investigation, a detailed charge-sheet has been submitted on or about 8.1.2007. In the said charge-sheet, it was, inter alia, opined that no manipulation in the records has been committed for showing sale of carpet through the sister concern, stating:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Even it is assumed that the sale made by Saraswati Exim is the indirect sale of Saraswati Export, yet no commission is payable to Shri Kapoor on the sale of tufted carpets and hand knotted carpets purchased from other firms. No such fact has come into light from the entire records of sale made by Saraswati Export and Saraswati Exim that sale made by Saraswati Export has been shown to be the sale made by Saraswati Exim by committing any manipulation in the records. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Analyzing the terms of the contract, it was stated that the complainant did not raise any protest from time to time with regard to the purported breaches thereof on the part of the appellant and in any event, the same gives rise to a civil dispute.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It was, however, found that different invoices were presented to the bank showing different amounts and quantities vis-`-vis the firm, stating:.Thus, partners of Saraswati Export by showing the amount of commission in the invoices falsely and wrongly and by deducting the amount of commission from the total sale value in wrong and false manner have shown the less sale turnover and consequently, an offence under Section 420, 467, 468 IPC is found proved for paying less commission than the actual due commission to Shri Kapoor and commission of breach of trust.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 3. Invoice No. 1610/23.4.02 which has been submitted by Saraswati Export with the bank, rate of carpets is shown at higher rate and the rate of carpet in the invoice given to the complainant is shown lower. Thus, no satisfactory explanation regarding difference in the sale rate of carpet in the copies of the above invoices is available on record. However, in comparison to the annual sale turnover of Saraswati Export, difference of total sale value of US $ 34096.00 of the above one bill and difference amount 2005 US $ is ignorable, but it is proved that Shri Mahesh Chaudhary by making the false entry in the invoices has saved the commission of 200.5 US $ payable to Shri Kapoor and has not paid the same to Shri Kapoor against which offence punishable under Sections 420, 467, 468 IPC is found proved.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. The learned Chief Judicial Magistrate took cognizance of the offences against the appellant by an order dated 9.1.2007. Appellant thereafter filed an application for quashing of the said order before the Rajasthan High Court which has been dismissed by reason of the impugned judgment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. Mr. Jagdeep Dhankar, learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant, would submit:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">i) The transaction in terms of the aforementioned agreement dated 21.2.1973 having continued upto 31.3.2003 and a sum of Rs. 3,21,06,910/- having been paid by way of commission to the firm, the charge-sheet even if given face value and taken to be correct in its entirely does not constitute offences punishable under Sections 420, 467 and 468 of the Indian Penal Code.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> ii) The observations made in the charge-sheet against the appellant being related to about 200 US $ only, it is absurd to think that the appellant would commit such an offence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> iii) In any event, the disputes and differences between the parties being pertaining to breach of contract resulting in civil dispute, the same should be directed to be resolved through arbitration or any other dispute resolution mechanism.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. Mr. L.N. Rao, learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of the respondent, on the other hand, would contend:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">i) Appellant illegally and wrongfully diverted the business to its sister concern and, thus, cheated the respondent No. 2 of a huge amount of commission.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> ii) In any event, a charge-sheet having been filed upon arriving at a finding that the accused had committed an offence of forgery in respect of invoices, which are valuable security, this Court should not interfere with the impugned order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The principle providing for exercise of the power by a High Court under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure to quash a criminal proceeding is well known. The court shall ordinarily exercise the said jurisdiction, inter alia, in the event the allegations contained in the FIR or the Complaint Petition even if on face value are taken to be correct in their entirety, does not disclose commission of an offence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. It is also well settled that save and except very exceptional circumstances, the court would not look to any document relied upon by the accused in support of his defence. Although allegations contained in the complaint petition may disclose a civil dispute, the same by itself may not be a ground to hold that the criminal proceedings should not be allowed to continue. For the purpose of exercising its jurisdiction, the superior courts are also required to consider as to whether the allegations made in the FIR or Complaint Petition fulfill the ingredients of the offences alleged against the accused.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Indisputably, the question as to whether the complainant was entitled to a higher amount of commission in terms of the agreement dated 21.2.1973 is essentially a civil dispute. The complainant in terms of the said agreement was not only entitled to inspect the documents maintained by the accused but also to get the same audited. It is, therefore, difficult to hold as has rightly been opined by the Investigating Officer that a case for imposing a criminal liability on the accused on that score has been made out. While saying so, we are not unmindful of the limitations of the court's power under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure which is primarily for one either to prevent abuse of the process of any Court or otherwise to secure the ends of justice. The court at that stage would not embark upon appreciation of evidence. The Court shall moreover consider the materials on record as a whole.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In Kamaladevi Agarwal v. State of W.B. and Ors. : 2001CriLJ4733 , this Court opined:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. This Court has consistently held that the revisional or inherent powers of quashing the proceedings at the initial stage should be exercised sparingly and only where the allegations made in the complaint or the FIR, even if taken it at the face value and accepted in entirety, do not prima facie disclose the commission of an offence. Disputed and controversial facts cannot be made the basis for the exercise of the jurisdiction. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was furthermore observed that the High Court should be slow in interfering with the proceedings at the initial stage and that merely because the nature of the dispute is primarily of a civil nature, the criminal prosecution cannot be quashed because in cases of forgery and fraud there would always be some element of civil nature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court in B. Suresh Yadav v. Sharifa Bee and Anr. : 2008CriLJ431 opined as under:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. For the purpose of establishing the offence of cheating, the complainant is required to show that the accused had fraudulent or dishonest intention at the time of making promise or representation. In a case of this nature, it is permissible in law to consider the stand taken by a party in a pending civil litigation. We do not, however, mean to lay down a law that the liability of a person cannot be both civil and criminal at the same time. But when a stand has been taken in a complaint petition which is contrary to or inconsistent with the stand taken by him in a civil suit, it assumes significance. Had the fact as purported to have been represented before us that the appellant herein got the said two rooms demolished and concealed the said fact at the time of execution of the deed of sale, the matter might have been different. As the deed of sale was executed on 30.9.2005 and the purported demolition took place on 29.9.2005, it was expected that the complainant/first respondent would come out with her real grievance in the written statement filed by her in the aforementioned suit. She, for reasons best known to her, did not choose to do so. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Recently in R. Kalyani v. Janak C. Mehta and Ors. : (2009)1SCC516 , this Court laid down the law in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Propositions of law which emerge from the said decisions are:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) The High Court ordinarily would not exercise its inherent jurisdiction to quash a criminal proceeding and, in particular, a First Information Report unless the allegations contained therein, even if given face value and taken to be correct in their entirety, disclosed no cognizable offence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) For the said purpose, the Court, save and except in very exceptional circumstances, would not look to any document relied upon by the defence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (3) Such a power should be exercised very sparingly. If the allegations made in the FIR disclose commission of an offence, the court shall not go beyond the same and pass an order in favour of the accused to hold absence of any mens rea or actus reus.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (4) If the allegation discloses a civil dispute, the same by itself may not be a ground to hold that the criminal proceedings should not be allowed to continue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 10. It is furthermore well known that no hard and fast rule can be laid down. Each case has to be considered on its own merits. The Court, while exercising its inherent jurisdiction, although would not interfere with a genuine complaint keeping in view the purport and object for which the provisions of Sections 482 and 483 of the Code of Criminal Procedure had been introduced by the Parliament but would not hesitate to exercise its jurisdiction in appropriate cases. One of the paramount duties of the Superior Courts is to see that a person who is apparently innocent is not subjected to persecution and humiliation on the basis of a false and wholly untenable complaint.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. The charge-sheet, in our opinion, prima facie discloses commission of offences. A fair investigation was carried out by the Investigating Officer. The charge-sheet is a detailed one. If an order of cognizance has been passed relying on or on the basis thereof by the learned Magistrate, in our opinion, no exception thereto can be taken. We, therefore, do not find any legal infirmity in the impugned orders.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. We, however, must place on record that before us Mr. Dhankar stated that the appellant is ready and willing to get the disputes and differences between the parties settled. In that view of the matter and keeping in view the peculiar facts and circumstances of this case and with a view to do complete justice to the parties, we, in exercise of our jurisdiction under Article 142 of the <a href="/act/51737/constitution-of-india-complete-act">Constitution of India</a>, direct that in the event the appellant appears before the learned Magistrate within a period of four weeks from date and files an application for grant of bail, he shall be released on bail on such terms and conditions as the learned Magistrate may seem fit and proper. In the event, the appellant files an application for exemption from his personal appearance, the same may also be considered on its own merits. It would be open to the complainant to consider the offer of the appellant.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Subject to the aforementioned directions, the appeal is dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">', 'observations' => null, 'overruledby' => null, 'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 10.10.07 of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan at Jaipur Bench, Jaipur in S.B. Criminal Misc. Petition No. 178/2007 ', 'pubs' => 'JT2009(3)SC314; 2009(4)SCALE66; (2009)4SCC439', 'ratiodecidendi' => '', 'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan and anr.', 'sub' => 'Criminal', 'link' => null, 'circuit' => null ) ), 'args' => array( (int) 0 => '654721' ) ) $title_for_layout = 'Mahesh Choudhary Vs. State of Rajasthan and anr. Semantic Analysis' $shops = array( 'LAW' => array( (int) 0 => 'the Indian Partnership Act', (int) 1 => 'Section 420', (int) 2 => 'the Indian Penal Code. ii', (int) 3 => 'Section 482', (int) 4 => 'Section 482', (int) 5 => 'Article 142 of the Constitution of India' ), 'ORG' => array( (int) 0 => 'S.B. Sinha', (int) 1 => 'M/s Saraswati Exports', (int) 2 => 'The Complainant Vikram Kapoor', (int) 3 => 'inter alia', (int) 4 => 'the FIRST PARTY', (int) 5 => 'the FIRST PARTY', (int) 6 => 'the FIRST PARTY', (int) 7 => 'the FIRST PARTY', (int) 8 => 'the FIRST PARTY', (int) 9 => 'FIRST PARTY', (int) 10 => '31.3.2003', (int) 11 => 'Judicial Magistrate', (int) 12 => 'Magistrate', (int) 13 => 'the Brahmpuri Police Station', (int) 14 => 'FIR', (int) 15 => 'FIR', (int) 16 => 'Saraswati Export', (int) 17 => 'Saraswati Export', (int) 18 => 'Saraswati Export', (int) 19 => 'Saraswati Export', (int) 20 => 'IPC', (int) 21 => 'Saraswati Export', (int) 22 => 'Saraswati Export', (int) 23 => 'Shri Mahesh Chaudhary', (int) 24 => 'IPC', (int) 25 => 'the Rajasthan High Court', (int) 26 => '31.3.2003', (int) 27 => 'Court', (int) 28 => 'inter alia', (int) 29 => 'FIR', (int) 30 => 'the Complaint Petition', (int) 31 => 'FIR', (int) 32 => 'Complaint Petition', (int) 33 => 'Court', (int) 34 => 'Court', (int) 35 => 'Kamaladevi Agarwal', (int) 36 => 'State of W.B.', (int) 37 => 'Court', (int) 38 => 'Court', (int) 39 => 'FIR', (int) 40 => 'the High Court', (int) 41 => 'Court', (int) 42 => 'Court', (int) 43 => 'FIR', (int) 44 => 'Court', (int) 45 => 'Sections 482', (int) 46 => 'Parliament', (int) 47 => 'the Superior Courts', (int) 48 => 'Magistrate', (int) 49 => 'Magistrate', (int) 50 => 'Magistrate' ), 'NORP' => array( (int) 0 => 'J.1', (int) 1 => 'R.' ), 'FAC' => array( (int) 0 => '`Saraswati Exim Pvt. Ltd.'' ), 'DATE' => array( (int) 0 => '1932', (int) 1 => 'a period of two years', (int) 2 => 'the year 2002-2003', (int) 3 => '22', (int) 4 => '467', (int) 5 => 'annual', (int) 6 => '2005', (int) 7 => '467', (int) 8 => '21.2.1973', (int) 9 => '467', (int) 10 => '21.2.1973', (int) 11 => 'four weeks' ), 'CARDINAL' => array( (int) 0 => '2', (int) 1 => 'two', (int) 2 => 'about 1.4.2001', (int) 3 => '3', (int) 4 => '23', (int) 5 => '24', (int) 6 => '25', (int) 7 => 'one', (int) 8 => '1.4.2003', (int) 9 => '17', (int) 10 => '4,49,85,581/-', (int) 11 => '9', (int) 12 => 'about 13.08.2004.7', (int) 13 => 'about 8.1.2007', (int) 14 => '8', (int) 15 => '468', (int) 16 => '3', (int) 17 => 'one', (int) 18 => '200.5', (int) 19 => '468', (int) 20 => '9.1.2007', (int) 21 => '3,21,06,910/-', (int) 22 => '420', (int) 23 => '468', (int) 24 => 'about 200', (int) 25 => '2', (int) 26 => 'one', (int) 27 => '2001CriLJ4733', (int) 28 => '2008CriLJ431', (int) 29 => 'two', (int) 30 => '29.9.2005', (int) 31 => '2009)1SCC516', (int) 32 => '1', (int) 33 => '2', (int) 34 => '3', (int) 35 => '4', (int) 36 => '10', (int) 37 => '483', (int) 38 => 'One' ), 'PERCENT' => array( (int) 0 => '10%', (int) 1 => '10%', (int) 2 => '15%' ), 'ORDINAL' => array( (int) 0 => 'SECOND', (int) 1 => 'SECOND', (int) 2 => 'SECOND', (int) 3 => 'SECOND', (int) 4 => 'FIRST', (int) 5 => 'SECOND', (int) 6 => 'first' ), 'PERSON' => array( (int) 0 => 'xxx xxx xxx', (int) 1 => 'Hand Knotted Carpet', (int) 2 => 'Jaipur', (int) 3 => 'Saraswati Exim', (int) 4 => 'Shri Kapoor', (int) 5 => 'Saraswati Exim', (int) 6 => 'Saraswati Exim', (int) 7 => 'Shri Kapoor', (int) 8 => 'Shri Kapoor', (int) 9 => 'Judicial Magistrate', (int) 10 => 'Jagdeep Dhankar', (int) 11 => 'L.N. Rao', (int) 12 => 'Sharifa Bee', (int) 13 => 'Anr', (int) 14 => 'Janak C. Mehta', (int) 15 => 'Dhankar' ), 'GPE' => array( (int) 0 => 'Jaipur City', (int) 1 => 'Shri Kapoor', (int) 2 => 'US', (int) 3 => 'US', (int) 4 => 'us' ), 'MONEY' => array( (int) 0 => '34096.00' ) ) $desc = array( 'Judgement' => array( 'id' => '654721', 'acts' => '<a href="/act/51017/indian-partnership-act-1932-complete-act">Indian Partnership Act, 1932</a>; Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 420, 467 ans 468; Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) - Sections 482 and 483; <a href="/act/51737/constitution-of-india-complete-act">Constitution of India</a> - Article 142', 'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 417 of 2009 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition (Criminal) No. 6769 of 2007)', 'appellant' => 'Mahesh Choudhary', 'authreffered' => '', 'casename' => 'Mahesh Choudhary Vs. State of Rajasthan and anr.', 'casenote' => ' - INDIAN SUCCESSION ACT (39 OF 1925), Section 276: [S.B. Sinha, Lokeshwar Singh Panta & B. Sudershan Reddy, JJ] Forgery of Will - Pendency of probate proceedings vis-a-vis criminal case involving allegations of forgery of Will Whether a civil suit or a criminal case should be stayed in the event both are pending - Held, Ordinarily a criminal proceeding will have primacy over the civil proceeding. Precedence to a criminal proceeding is given having regard to the fact that disposal of a civil proceeding ordinarily takes a long time and in the interest of justice the former should be disposed of as expeditiously as possible. Whether civil proceedings or criminal proceedings shall be stayed depends upon the fact and circumstances of each case INDIAN EVIDENCE ACT, 1872 Sections 41 - 43: [S.B. Sinha, Lokeshwar Singh Panta & B. Sudershan Reddy, JJ] Held, Section 41 of the Evidence Act would become applicable only when a final judgment is rendered. Rendition of a final judgment which would be binding on the whole world being conclusive in nature shall take a long time. As and when a judgment is rendered in one proceeding subject to the admissibility thereof keeping in view Section 43 of the Evidence Act may be produced in another proceeding-It is, however, beyond any cavil that a judgment rendered by a probate court is a judgment in rem. It is binding on all courts and authorities. Being a judgment in rem it will have effect over other judgments. A judgment in rem indisputably is conclusive in a criminal as well as in a civil proceeding - 13. The principle providing for exercise of the power by a High Court under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure to quash a criminal proceeding is well known. 14. It is also well settled that save and except very exceptional circumstances, the court would not look to any document relied upon by the accused in support of his defence. She, for reasons best known to her, did not choose to do so. (2) For the said purpose, the Court, save and except in very exceptional circumstances, would not look to any document relied upon by the defence. 10. It is furthermore well known that no hard and fast rule can be laid down.', 'caseanalysis' => null, 'casesref' => 'R. Kalyani v. Janak C. Mehta and Ors.;', 'citingcases' => ' ; xxx xxx xxx; xxx xxx xxx', 'counselplain' => ' Jagdeep Dhankar, Sr. Adv.,; Sunil Kumar and; Aneesh Mittal', 'counseldef' => ' L.N. Rao and ; Siddharth Luthra, Sr. Advs., ; Randhir Singh', 'court' => 'Supreme Court of India', 'court_type' => 'SC', 'decidedon' => '2009-03-03', 'deposition' => 'Appeal dismissed', 'favorof' => null, 'findings' => null, 'judge' => ' S.B. Sinha and; Asok Kumar Ganguly, JJ.', 'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">S.B. Sinha, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Leave granted.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Appellant was a partner of a firm known as M/s Saraswati Exports. He is also Director of a Company known as `Saraswati Exim Pvt. Ltd.' (for short, 'the company').</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. M/s S.N.Kapur Exports is a firm registered under the <a href="/act/51017/indian-partnership-act-1932-complete-act">Indian Partnership Act, 1932</a> (for short, 'firm'). The Complainant Vikram Kapoor (Respondent No. 2 herein) is a partner thereof. The firm was engaged in manufacturing, selling and export of carpets, mats, etc. It developed various types of hand knotted new designs of carpets and acquired special skill therein.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Indisputably, the two firms entered into a contract on or about 1.4.2001 in terms whereof, inter alia, the firm agreed to help and assist the appellant with regard to production, i.e., designing, colouring, dyeing, finishing, etc. The firm also agreed to provide knowledge and know-how for the carpet production by the appellant for making their products readily saleable and more-marketable. The firm for the said purpose was to receive 10% commission on the invoice value of each and every invoice and total sales made directly or indirectly by the firm.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Some of the clauses of the said agreement are as under:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. That the SECOND PARTY shall have an office provided by the FIRST PARTY to carry out supervising of all the work of designing etc. and auditing/checking of account records/books.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> xxx xxx xxx14. That the SECOND PARTY shall have right to auditing, checking of accounts books/records etc., through their auditor at any time and the FIRST PARTY will cooperate in this regard.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. That if the sum due on account of 10% commission is not paid promptly as soon as the sum due becomes Rs. 3 Lacs, the SECOND PARTY shall on the strength of this agreement alone, file a law suit for the recovery of dues and bringing a stay from the law court of the business and its total activity till the full payment has been made along with 15% interest for the period of delay and full cost of law suit has been cleared and paid in full by the FIRST PARTY.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> xxx xxx xxx 23. That the FIRST PARTY has an assurance from SECOND PARTY that sales (export sales of Hand Knotted Carpet) will be done with the help of SECOND PARTY.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 24. That the FIRST PARTY is singly taking up to produce only Hand Knotted Carpets without any compromise in execution of quality. Any defective carpets produced by the FIRST PARTY shall be entirely FIRST PARTY's responsibilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 25. That neither FIRST PARTY nor SECOND PARTY can enter into such agreement with any one else.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. The said agreement continued till 31.3.2003. Indisputably again with effect from 1.4.2003, another agreement has been entered into by and between the parties thereto whereby and whereunder it was agreed that the appellant would pay a sum of Rs. 17 lakhs per month to the firm for a period of two years. It is furthermore not in dispute that whereas the firm claims a sum of Rs. 4,49,85,581/- towards commission payable to it towards export but only a sum of Rs. 3,21,06,910/- has been paid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Inter alia alleging that the appellant herein has committed the offences of criminal breach of trust and/or of cheating and forgery, on the premise that he had made sale of about Rs. 9 crores in the year 2002-2003 through a sister concern wherefor no commission was paid although the technical know-how was made available by the firm, a complaint petition was filed in the court of Judicial Magistrate No. 22, Jaipur City, Jaipur on or about 13.08.2004.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The learned Magistrate directed the officer-in-charge of the Brahmpuri Police Station to lodge a First Information Report (FIR). Pursuant thereto or in furtherance thereof, a FIR was lodged. On completion of investigation, a detailed charge-sheet has been submitted on or about 8.1.2007. In the said charge-sheet, it was, inter alia, opined that no manipulation in the records has been committed for showing sale of carpet through the sister concern, stating:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Even it is assumed that the sale made by Saraswati Exim is the indirect sale of Saraswati Export, yet no commission is payable to Shri Kapoor on the sale of tufted carpets and hand knotted carpets purchased from other firms. No such fact has come into light from the entire records of sale made by Saraswati Export and Saraswati Exim that sale made by Saraswati Export has been shown to be the sale made by Saraswati Exim by committing any manipulation in the records. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Analyzing the terms of the contract, it was stated that the complainant did not raise any protest from time to time with regard to the purported breaches thereof on the part of the appellant and in any event, the same gives rise to a civil dispute.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It was, however, found that different invoices were presented to the bank showing different amounts and quantities vis-`-vis the firm, stating:.Thus, partners of Saraswati Export by showing the amount of commission in the invoices falsely and wrongly and by deducting the amount of commission from the total sale value in wrong and false manner have shown the less sale turnover and consequently, an offence under Section 420, 467, 468 IPC is found proved for paying less commission than the actual due commission to Shri Kapoor and commission of breach of trust.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 3. Invoice No. 1610/23.4.02 which has been submitted by Saraswati Export with the bank, rate of carpets is shown at higher rate and the rate of carpet in the invoice given to the complainant is shown lower. Thus, no satisfactory explanation regarding difference in the sale rate of carpet in the copies of the above invoices is available on record. However, in comparison to the annual sale turnover of Saraswati Export, difference of total sale value of US $ 34096.00 of the above one bill and difference amount 2005 US $ is ignorable, but it is proved that Shri Mahesh Chaudhary by making the false entry in the invoices has saved the commission of 200.5 US $ payable to Shri Kapoor and has not paid the same to Shri Kapoor against which offence punishable under Sections 420, 467, 468 IPC is found proved.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. The learned Chief Judicial Magistrate took cognizance of the offences against the appellant by an order dated 9.1.2007. Appellant thereafter filed an application for quashing of the said order before the Rajasthan High Court which has been dismissed by reason of the impugned judgment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. Mr. Jagdeep Dhankar, learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant, would submit:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">i) The transaction in terms of the aforementioned agreement dated 21.2.1973 having continued upto 31.3.2003 and a sum of Rs. 3,21,06,910/- having been paid by way of commission to the firm, the charge-sheet even if given face value and taken to be correct in its entirely does not constitute offences punishable under Sections 420, 467 and 468 of the Indian Penal Code.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> ii) The observations made in the charge-sheet against the appellant being related to about 200 US $ only, it is absurd to think that the appellant would commit such an offence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> iii) In any event, the disputes and differences between the parties being pertaining to breach of contract resulting in civil dispute, the same should be directed to be resolved through arbitration or any other dispute resolution mechanism.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. Mr. L.N. Rao, learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of the respondent, on the other hand, would contend:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">i) Appellant illegally and wrongfully diverted the business to its sister concern and, thus, cheated the respondent No. 2 of a huge amount of commission.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> ii) In any event, a charge-sheet having been filed upon arriving at a finding that the accused had committed an offence of forgery in respect of invoices, which are valuable security, this Court should not interfere with the impugned order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The principle providing for exercise of the power by a High Court under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure to quash a criminal proceeding is well known. The court shall ordinarily exercise the said jurisdiction, inter alia, in the event the allegations contained in the FIR or the Complaint Petition even if on face value are taken to be correct in their entirety, does not disclose commission of an offence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. It is also well settled that save and except very exceptional circumstances, the court would not look to any document relied upon by the accused in support of his defence. Although allegations contained in the complaint petition may disclose a civil dispute, the same by itself may not be a ground to hold that the criminal proceedings should not be allowed to continue. For the purpose of exercising its jurisdiction, the superior courts are also required to consider as to whether the allegations made in the FIR or Complaint Petition fulfill the ingredients of the offences alleged against the accused.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Indisputably, the question as to whether the complainant was entitled to a higher amount of commission in terms of the agreement dated 21.2.1973 is essentially a civil dispute. The complainant in terms of the said agreement was not only entitled to inspect the documents maintained by the accused but also to get the same audited. It is, therefore, difficult to hold as has rightly been opined by the Investigating Officer that a case for imposing a criminal liability on the accused on that score has been made out. While saying so, we are not unmindful of the limitations of the court's power under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure which is primarily for one either to prevent abuse of the process of any Court or otherwise to secure the ends of justice. The court at that stage would not embark upon appreciation of evidence. The Court shall moreover consider the materials on record as a whole.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In Kamaladevi Agarwal v. State of W.B. and Ors. : 2001CriLJ4733 , this Court opined:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. This Court has consistently held that the revisional or inherent powers of quashing the proceedings at the initial stage should be exercised sparingly and only where the allegations made in the complaint or the FIR, even if taken it at the face value and accepted in entirety, do not prima facie disclose the commission of an offence. Disputed and controversial facts cannot be made the basis for the exercise of the jurisdiction. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was furthermore observed that the High Court should be slow in interfering with the proceedings at the initial stage and that merely because the nature of the dispute is primarily of a civil nature, the criminal prosecution cannot be quashed because in cases of forgery and fraud there would always be some element of civil nature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court in B. Suresh Yadav v. Sharifa Bee and Anr. : 2008CriLJ431 opined as under:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. For the purpose of establishing the offence of cheating, the complainant is required to show that the accused had fraudulent or dishonest intention at the time of making promise or representation. In a case of this nature, it is permissible in law to consider the stand taken by a party in a pending civil litigation. We do not, however, mean to lay down a law that the liability of a person cannot be both civil and criminal at the same time. But when a stand has been taken in a complaint petition which is contrary to or inconsistent with the stand taken by him in a civil suit, it assumes significance. Had the fact as purported to have been represented before us that the appellant herein got the said two rooms demolished and concealed the said fact at the time of execution of the deed of sale, the matter might have been different. As the deed of sale was executed on 30.9.2005 and the purported demolition took place on 29.9.2005, it was expected that the complainant/first respondent would come out with her real grievance in the written statement filed by her in the aforementioned suit. She, for reasons best known to her, did not choose to do so. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Recently in R. Kalyani v. Janak C. Mehta and Ors. : (2009)1SCC516 , this Court laid down the law in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Propositions of law which emerge from the said decisions are:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) The High Court ordinarily would not exercise its inherent jurisdiction to quash a criminal proceeding and, in particular, a First Information Report unless the allegations contained therein, even if given face value and taken to be correct in their entirety, disclosed no cognizable offence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) For the said purpose, the Court, save and except in very exceptional circumstances, would not look to any document relied upon by the defence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (3) Such a power should be exercised very sparingly. If the allegations made in the FIR disclose commission of an offence, the court shall not go beyond the same and pass an order in favour of the accused to hold absence of any mens rea or actus reus.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (4) If the allegation discloses a civil dispute, the same by itself may not be a ground to hold that the criminal proceedings should not be allowed to continue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 10. It is furthermore well known that no hard and fast rule can be laid down. Each case has to be considered on its own merits. The Court, while exercising its inherent jurisdiction, although would not interfere with a genuine complaint keeping in view the purport and object for which the provisions of Sections 482 and 483 of the Code of Criminal Procedure had been introduced by the Parliament but would not hesitate to exercise its jurisdiction in appropriate cases. One of the paramount duties of the Superior Courts is to see that a person who is apparently innocent is not subjected to persecution and humiliation on the basis of a false and wholly untenable complaint.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. The charge-sheet, in our opinion, prima facie discloses commission of offences. A fair investigation was carried out by the Investigating Officer. The charge-sheet is a detailed one. If an order of cognizance has been passed relying on or on the basis thereof by the learned Magistrate, in our opinion, no exception thereto can be taken. We, therefore, do not find any legal infirmity in the impugned orders.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. We, however, must place on record that before us Mr. Dhankar stated that the appellant is ready and willing to get the disputes and differences between the parties settled. In that view of the matter and keeping in view the peculiar facts and circumstances of this case and with a view to do complete justice to the parties, we, in exercise of our jurisdiction under Article 142 of the <a href="/act/51737/constitution-of-india-complete-act">Constitution of India</a>, direct that in the event the appellant appears before the learned Magistrate within a period of four weeks from date and files an application for grant of bail, he shall be released on bail on such terms and conditions as the learned Magistrate may seem fit and proper. In the event, the appellant files an application for exemption from his personal appearance, the same may also be considered on its own merits. It would be open to the complainant to consider the offer of the appellant.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Subject to the aforementioned directions, the appeal is dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">', 'observations' => null, 'overruledby' => null, 'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 10.10.07 of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan at Jaipur Bench, Jaipur in S.B. Criminal Misc. Petition No. 178/2007 ', 'pubs' => 'JT2009(3)SC314; 2009(4)SCALE66; (2009)4SCC439', 'ratiodecidendi' => '', 'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan and anr.', 'sub' => 'Criminal', 'link' => null, 'circuit' => null ) ) $args = array( (int) 0 => '654721' ) $pattern = '/\(((0[1-9]|[12][0-9]|3[01])[.](0[1-9]|1[012])[.](17|18|19|20)[0-9]{2}).*\)/' $shops2 = nullinclude - APP/View/Case/meta.ctp, line 39 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933 View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473 Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 963 Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 200 Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167 [main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 109
LAW: the Indian Partnership Act, Section 420, the Indian Penal Code. ii, Section 482, Section 482, Article 142 of the Constitution of India
ORG: S.B. Sinha, M/s Saraswati Exports, The Complainant Vikram Kapoor, inter alia, the FIRST PARTY, the FIRST PARTY, the FIRST PARTY, the FIRST PARTY, the FIRST PARTY, FIRST PARTY, 31.3.2003, Judicial Magistrate, Magistrate, the Brahmpuri Police Station, FIR, FIR, Saraswati Export, Saraswati Export, Saraswati Export, Saraswati Export, IPC, Saraswati Export, Saraswati Export, Shri Mahesh Chaudhary, IPC, the Rajasthan High Court, 31.3.2003, Court, inter alia, FIR, the Complaint Petition, FIR, Complaint Petition, Court, Court, Kamaladevi Agarwal, State of W.B., Court, Court, FIR, the High Court, Court, Court, FIR, Court, Sections 482, Parliament, the Superior Courts, Magistrate, Magistrate, Magistrate
NORP: J.1, R.
FAC: `Saraswati Exim Pvt. Ltd.'
DATE: 1932, a period of two years, the year 2002-2003, 22, 467, annual, 2005, 467, 21.2.1973, 467, 21.2.1973, four weeks
CARDINAL: 2, two, about 1.4.2001, 3, 23, 24, 25, one, 1.4.2003, 17, 4,49,85,581/-, 9, about 13.08.2004.7, about 8.1.2007, 8, 468, 3, one, 200.5, 468, 9.1.2007, 3,21,06,910/-, 420, 468, about 200, 2, one, 2001CriLJ4733, 2008CriLJ431, two, 29.9.2005, 2009)1SCC516, 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 483, One
PERCENT: 10%, 10%, 15%
ORDINAL: SECOND, SECOND, SECOND, SECOND, FIRST, SECOND, first
PERSON: xxx xxx xxx, Hand Knotted Carpet, Jaipur, Saraswati Exim, Shri Kapoor, Saraswati Exim, Saraswati Exim, Shri Kapoor, Shri Kapoor, Judicial Magistrate, Jagdeep Dhankar, L.N. Rao, Sharifa Bee, Anr, Janak C. Mehta, Dhankar
GPE: Jaipur City, Shri Kapoor, US, US, us
MONEY: 34096.00