State of Maharashtra Vs. Laxman Jairam

Decided On : Feb-16-1962

Court : Supreme Court of India

Notice (8): Undefined index: topics [APP/View/Case/meta.ctp, line 36]
Code Context


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 - INDIAN PENAL CODE, 1890 Sections 300,149 & 307: [Dr. Arijit Pasayat & Asok Kumar Ganguly,JJ] Murder -Unlawful assembly -Common object -Incident taking place out of election rivalry -Accused had set up his candidate - On polling day accused initially dissuading voters from voting for rival candidate - Subsequently resorting to rowdism to disturb poll - On being asked by deceased not to do so accused exhorting other accused to teach him lesson - Accused taking out hidden pistol and firing at deceased causing fatal injury - Other accused not assaulting deceased but causing simple injuries to others - Other accused never knew that accused was armed  Held, Common object of assembly was not to commit murder. Conviction of accused alone for murder is proper. Alteration of conviction of other accused from Sections 307,149 to Sections 323,149 is also proper. ',
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State v. Domnic Robert D'Sliva		Discussed

C.S.D. Swamy v. The State			Discussed

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			'judge' => ' J.L. Kapur,; K.C. Das Gupta and; Raghubar Dayal, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Kapur, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. This appeal by Special Leave against the decision of the High Court of Bombay dismissing the State's appeal against the acquittal of the respondent arises out of proceedings under s. 66(1)(b) of the <a href="/act/68503/bombay-prohibition-act-1949-maharashtra-complete-act">Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949</a> (Act 25 of 1949), as amended, hereinafter called the 'Act'. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The respondent was arrested by Police Constable Laxman Sabaji on August 8, 1959, at 8-15 p.m. on the ground that he was smelling of liquor and had therefore contravened the provisions of the Act. The respondent was taken to the hospital where he was examined by Dr. Dadlani Prabhu Rochiram P.W., who has deposed that the respondent was smelling of liquor but his speech, behavior, gait, coordination and memory were normal. From this he concluded that the respondent had consumed some alcoholic substance but was not under the influence of liquor. In cross-examination he stated that Tincture Neem would produce blood concentration of 0.146% M/V of ethyl alcohol. The respondent in his examination under s. 342 stated : </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Question : 'What do you wish to say with reference to the evidence given and recorded against you </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> Answer : I have not consumed prohibited alcohol. I had taken 6 ounces of Neem as I am used to it'. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. On this evidence the Presidency Magistrate Mr. Lokur acquitted the respondent. He observed :- </p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Neem is a medicinal preparation containing about 40% of alcohol and is readily available in the market. I do not see why I should not accept the explanation given by the accused that he had taken Neem in order to satiate his craving for alcohol. It has been held by Bavdekar and Chainani, JJ., in Criminal Appeal No. 1611 of 1954 dated 25-2-1954 that taking an excess dose of medicinal preparation does not amount to consumption of prohibited liquor. In Criminal Appeal No. 1562 of 1959 State v. Domnic Robert D'Sliva where a similar defence was taken up it was held that consumption of 6 ounces of essence of Neem did not constitute an offence. Following these judgments I hold that the accused has not committed any offence. I therefore acquit the accused.' </p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Against this order an appeal was taken to the High Court and one of the grounds taken in the memorandum of Appeal was that the mere statement of the respondent that he had consumed 8 ounces of Tincture of Neem was not sufficient to rebut the presumption arising out of sub-s. (2) of s. 66 of the Act. But the High Court dismissed the appeal in limine. It is against that order that the State has come by Special Leave to this Court. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. The main question raised on behalf of the State is that by the introduction of s. 66(2) in the Act as a result of the Bombay Prohibition (Extension) and (amendment) Act, 1959, (Act 12 of 1959), the onus is on the accused person and that that onus had not been discharged in the present case. Section 66(2) is as follows :- </p><p style="text-align: justify;">S. 66(2) 'Subject to the provisions of sub-section (3) wherein any trial of an offence under clause (b) of sub-section (1) for the consumption of an intoxicant, it is alleged that the accused person consumed liquor, and it is proved that the concentration of alcohol in the blood of the accused person is not less than 0.05 per cent. weight in volume, then the burden of proving that the liquor consumed was a medicinal or toilet preparation, or an antiseptic preparation or solution, or a flavouring extract, essence or syrup, containing alcohol, the consumption of which is not in contravention of the Act or any rules regulation or orders made thereunder, shall be upon the accused person, and the Court shall in the absence of such proof presume the contrary'. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. The argument was put in this way that if the prosecution proves that the concentration of alcohol in the blood of an accused person is more than 0.05% then under s. 66(2) of the Act the burden was on him to show that the liquor which he had consumed was a medicinal or toilet preparation the consumption of which is not in contravention of the Act or any Rules made thereunder. It was further submitted that in order to discharge the onus mere statement of the accused is not sufficient. Our attention was drawn to the scheme and some of the provisions of the Act. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The prosecution, in the present case, has proved that the respondent's breath was smelling of liquor and that on examination of his blood it was found to contain O. 146% but the respondent gave an explanation showing that he had taken 6 ounces of Tincture of Neem and Dr. Dadlani Prabhu Rochiram has deposed that the consumption of 6 to 8 ounces of that substance will produce that amount of concentration of blood. This was accepted by the learned Presidency Magistrate and by the High Court. Therefore on this finding it must be held that the explanation given by the respondent of the cause of his smelling of liquor and of the blood concentration was accepted by the High Court as being sufficient to discharge the onus placed on him. But Mr. Dhebar for the State submits that mere statement of an accused person is not sufficient for the discharge of such onus and relies on a judgment of this Court in C.S.D. Swamy v. The State : 1960CriLJ131 , where Sinha, J. (as he then was), observed :- </p><p style="text-align: justify;">'In this case, no acceptable evidence, beyond the bare statements of the accused, has been adduced to show that the contrary of what has been proved by the prosecution, has been established, because the requirement of the section is that the accused person shall be presumed to be guilty of criminal misconduct in the discharge of his official duties 'unless the contrary is proved'. The words of the statute are peremptory, and the burden must lie all the time on the accused to prove the contrary'. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. All that the learned Judge there meant to say was that the evidence of the statement of the accused in the circumstances of that case was not sufficient to discharge the onus but that does not mean that in no case can the statement of an accused person be taken to be sufficient for the purpose of discharging the onus if a statute places the onus on him. Under s. 342 of the Criminal Procedure Code the Court has the power to examine the accused so as to enable him to explain any circumstance appearing in evidence against him. Under sub-s. (3) of that section the answers given by an accused person may be taken into consideration in such enquiry or trial. The object of examination under s. 342 therefore is to give the accused opportunity to explain the case made against him and that statement can be taken into consideration in judging the innocence or guilt of the person so accused. Therefore if the courts below have accepted this explanation it must be held that the respondent has discharged the onus which was placed on him by s. 65(2) of the Act. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. The appeal is therefore dismissed. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Appeal dismissed. </p>',
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 - INDIAN PENAL CODE, 1890 Sections 300,149 & 307: [Dr. Arijit Pasayat & Asok Kumar Ganguly,JJ] Murder -Unlawful assembly -Common object -Incident taking place out of election rivalry -Accused had set up his candidate - On polling day accused initially dissuading voters from voting for rival candidate - Subsequently resorting to rowdism to disturb poll - On being asked by deceased not to do so accused exhorting other accused to teach him lesson - Accused taking out hidden pistol and firing at deceased causing fatal injury - Other accused not assaulting deceased but causing simple injuries to others - Other accused never knew that accused was armed  Held, Common object of assembly was not to commit murder. Conviction of accused alone for murder is proper. Alteration of conviction of other accused from Sections 307,149 to Sections 323,149 is also proper. ',
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State v. Domnic Robert D'Sliva		Discussed

C.S.D. Swamy v. The State			Discussed

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		'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Kapur, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. This appeal by Special Leave against the decision of the High Court of Bombay dismissing the State's appeal against the acquittal of the respondent arises out of proceedings under s. 66(1)(b) of the <a href="/act/68503/bombay-prohibition-act-1949-maharashtra-complete-act">Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949</a> (Act 25 of 1949), as amended, hereinafter called the 'Act'. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The respondent was arrested by Police Constable Laxman Sabaji on August 8, 1959, at 8-15 p.m. on the ground that he was smelling of liquor and had therefore contravened the provisions of the Act. The respondent was taken to the hospital where he was examined by Dr. Dadlani Prabhu Rochiram P.W., who has deposed that the respondent was smelling of liquor but his speech, behavior, gait, coordination and memory were normal. From this he concluded that the respondent had consumed some alcoholic substance but was not under the influence of liquor. In cross-examination he stated that Tincture Neem would produce blood concentration of 0.146% M/V of ethyl alcohol. The respondent in his examination under s. 342 stated : </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Question : 'What do you wish to say with reference to the evidence given and recorded against you </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> Answer : I have not consumed prohibited alcohol. I had taken 6 ounces of Neem as I am used to it'. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. On this evidence the Presidency Magistrate Mr. Lokur acquitted the respondent. He observed :- </p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Neem is a medicinal preparation containing about 40% of alcohol and is readily available in the market. I do not see why I should not accept the explanation given by the accused that he had taken Neem in order to satiate his craving for alcohol. It has been held by Bavdekar and Chainani, JJ., in Criminal Appeal No. 1611 of 1954 dated 25-2-1954 that taking an excess dose of medicinal preparation does not amount to consumption of prohibited liquor. In Criminal Appeal No. 1562 of 1959 State v. Domnic Robert D'Sliva where a similar defence was taken up it was held that consumption of 6 ounces of essence of Neem did not constitute an offence. Following these judgments I hold that the accused has not committed any offence. I therefore acquit the accused.' </p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Against this order an appeal was taken to the High Court and one of the grounds taken in the memorandum of Appeal was that the mere statement of the respondent that he had consumed 8 ounces of Tincture of Neem was not sufficient to rebut the presumption arising out of sub-s. (2) of s. 66 of the Act. But the High Court dismissed the appeal in limine. It is against that order that the State has come by Special Leave to this Court. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. The main question raised on behalf of the State is that by the introduction of s. 66(2) in the Act as a result of the Bombay Prohibition (Extension) and (amendment) Act, 1959, (Act 12 of 1959), the onus is on the accused person and that that onus had not been discharged in the present case. Section 66(2) is as follows :- </p><p style="text-align: justify;">S. 66(2) 'Subject to the provisions of sub-section (3) wherein any trial of an offence under clause (b) of sub-section (1) for the consumption of an intoxicant, it is alleged that the accused person consumed liquor, and it is proved that the concentration of alcohol in the blood of the accused person is not less than 0.05 per cent. weight in volume, then the burden of proving that the liquor consumed was a medicinal or toilet preparation, or an antiseptic preparation or solution, or a flavouring extract, essence or syrup, containing alcohol, the consumption of which is not in contravention of the Act or any rules regulation or orders made thereunder, shall be upon the accused person, and the Court shall in the absence of such proof presume the contrary'. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. The argument was put in this way that if the prosecution proves that the concentration of alcohol in the blood of an accused person is more than 0.05% then under s. 66(2) of the Act the burden was on him to show that the liquor which he had consumed was a medicinal or toilet preparation the consumption of which is not in contravention of the Act or any Rules made thereunder. It was further submitted that in order to discharge the onus mere statement of the accused is not sufficient. Our attention was drawn to the scheme and some of the provisions of the Act. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The prosecution, in the present case, has proved that the respondent's breath was smelling of liquor and that on examination of his blood it was found to contain O. 146% but the respondent gave an explanation showing that he had taken 6 ounces of Tincture of Neem and Dr. Dadlani Prabhu Rochiram has deposed that the consumption of 6 to 8 ounces of that substance will produce that amount of concentration of blood. This was accepted by the learned Presidency Magistrate and by the High Court. Therefore on this finding it must be held that the explanation given by the respondent of the cause of his smelling of liquor and of the blood concentration was accepted by the High Court as being sufficient to discharge the onus placed on him. But Mr. Dhebar for the State submits that mere statement of an accused person is not sufficient for the discharge of such onus and relies on a judgment of this Court in C.S.D. Swamy v. The State : 1960CriLJ131 , where Sinha, J. (as he then was), observed :- </p><p style="text-align: justify;">'In this case, no acceptable evidence, beyond the bare statements of the accused, has been adduced to show that the contrary of what has been proved by the prosecution, has been established, because the requirement of the section is that the accused person shall be presumed to be guilty of criminal misconduct in the discharge of his official duties 'unless the contrary is proved'. The words of the statute are peremptory, and the burden must lie all the time on the accused to prove the contrary'. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. All that the learned Judge there meant to say was that the evidence of the statement of the accused in the circumstances of that case was not sufficient to discharge the onus but that does not mean that in no case can the statement of an accused person be taken to be sufficient for the purpose of discharging the onus if a statute places the onus on him. Under s. 342 of the Criminal Procedure Code the Court has the power to examine the accused so as to enable him to explain any circumstance appearing in evidence against him. Under sub-s. (3) of that section the answers given by an accused person may be taken into consideration in such enquiry or trial. The object of examination under s. 342 therefore is to give the accused opportunity to explain the case made against him and that statement can be taken into consideration in judging the innocence or guilt of the person so accused. Therefore if the courts below have accepted this explanation it must be held that the respondent has discharged the onus which was placed on him by s. 65(2) of the Act. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. The appeal is therefore dismissed. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Appeal dismissed. </p>',
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View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473
Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 963
Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 200
Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167
[main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 109

Warning (2): Invalid argument supplied for foreach() [APP/View/Case/meta.ctp, line 39]
Code Context
//$shops = $shops['entities'];

foreach ($shops2 as $key => $val) {
$viewFile = '/home/legalcrystal/app/View/Case/meta.ctp'
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	'title_for_layout' => 'State of Maharashtra Vs. Laxman Jairam Semantic Analysis',
	'shops' => array(
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			(int) 1 => 'Act 12 of 1959',
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			(int) 1 => '2',
			(int) 2 => '3.',
			(int) 3 => '25',
			(int) 4 => '4',
			(int) 5 => 'one',
			(int) 6 => '2',
			(int) 7 => '66',
			(int) 8 => '5',
			(int) 9 => '3',
			(int) 10 => '1',
			(int) 11 => 'less than',
			(int) 12 => '6',
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			(int) 15 => '342',
			(int) 16 => '9',
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		'ORG' => array(
			(int) 0 => 'Special Leave',
			(int) 1 => 'the High Court',
			(int) 2 => 'State',
			(int) 3 => 'Dadlani Prabhu Rochiram P.W.',
			(int) 4 => 'Magistrate',
			(int) 5 => 'Criminal Appeal No.',
			(int) 6 => 'State',
			(int) 7 => 'the High Court',
			(int) 8 => 'Appeal',
			(int) 9 => 'the High Court',
			(int) 10 => 'State',
			(int) 11 => 'Special Leave',
			(int) 12 => 'Court',
			(int) 13 => 'State',
			(int) 14 => 'the Bombay Prohibition (Extension',
			(int) 15 => 'Court',
			(int) 16 => 'Tincture of Neem',
			(int) 17 => 'the High Court',
			(int) 18 => 'the High Court',
			(int) 19 => 'State',
			(int) 20 => 'Court',
			(int) 21 => 'C.S.D. Swamy v. The State'
		),
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		),
		'EVENT' => array(
			(int) 0 => 'the Bombay Prohibition Act'
		),
		'DATE' => array(
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			(int) 1 => '1949',
			(int) 2 => 'August 8, 1959',
			(int) 3 => '1954',
			(int) 4 => '1562',
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			(int) 7 => '1960CriLJ131'
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			(int) 0 => 'Tincture Neem',
			(int) 1 => 'Neem',
			(int) 2 => 'Lokur',
			(int) 3 => 'Chainani',
			(int) 4 => 'Domnic Robert D'Sliva',
			(int) 5 => 'Subject',
			(int) 6 => 'Magistrate',
			(int) 7 => 'Dhebar'
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		'PERCENT' => array(
			(int) 0 => '0.146%',
			(int) 1 => 'about 40%',
			(int) 2 => 'more than 0.05%',
			(int) 3 => '146%'
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			(int) 0 => 'Neem',
			(int) 1 => 'Bavdekar',
			(int) 2 => 'Neem'
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		'WORK_OF_ART' => array(
			(int) 0 => 'Tincture of Neem'
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			'id' => '647263',
			'acts' => '<a href="/act/68503/bombay-prohibition-act-1949-maharashtra-complete-act">Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949</a> - Sections 65(2), 66(1),66(2) and 66(3); Bombay Prohibition (Extension) and (amendment) Act, 1959; <a href="/act/133280/code-of-criminal-procedure-1898-complete-act">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) , 1898</a> - Sections 342',
			'appealno' => '',
			'appellant' => 'State of Maharashtra',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'State of Maharashtra Vs. Laxman Jairam',
			'casenote' => 'Criminal - evidence - Sections 65 (2), 66 (1), 66 (2) and 66 (3) of Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949, Bombay Prohibition (Extension) and (amendment) Act, 1959 and Section 342 of Criminal Procedure Code, 1898 - proceedings under Section 66 (1) (b) for consuming alcohol started against respondent - respondent acquitted on basis of his statement that he took 6 ounces of neem and did not consumed prohibited alcohol - appeal against such Order before Supreme Court - Court opined under Section 66 (2) onus is on accused person - Courts below eccepted explanation given by respondent - Court opined respondent had discharged onus which was placed on him.


 - INDIAN PENAL CODE, 1890 Sections 300,149 & 307: [Dr. Arijit Pasayat & Asok Kumar Ganguly,JJ] Murder -Unlawful assembly -Common object -Incident taking place out of election rivalry -Accused had set up his candidate - On polling day accused initially dissuading voters from voting for rival candidate - Subsequently resorting to rowdism to disturb poll - On being asked by deceased not to do so accused exhorting other accused to teach him lesson - Accused taking out hidden pistol and firing at deceased causing fatal injury - Other accused not assaulting deceased but causing simple injuries to others - Other accused never knew that accused was armed  Held, Common object of assembly was not to commit murder. Conviction of accused alone for murder is proper. Alteration of conviction of other accused from Sections 307,149 to Sections 323,149 is also proper. ',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'C.S.D. Swamy v. The State;',
			'citingcases' => '
State v. Domnic Robert D'Sliva		Discussed

C.S.D. Swamy v. The State			Discussed

',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '1962-02-16',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' J.L. Kapur,; K.C. Das Gupta and; Raghubar Dayal, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Kapur, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. This appeal by Special Leave against the decision of the High Court of Bombay dismissing the State's appeal against the acquittal of the respondent arises out of proceedings under s. 66(1)(b) of the <a href="/act/68503/bombay-prohibition-act-1949-maharashtra-complete-act">Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949</a> (Act 25 of 1949), as amended, hereinafter called the 'Act'. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The respondent was arrested by Police Constable Laxman Sabaji on August 8, 1959, at 8-15 p.m. on the ground that he was smelling of liquor and had therefore contravened the provisions of the Act. The respondent was taken to the hospital where he was examined by Dr. Dadlani Prabhu Rochiram P.W., who has deposed that the respondent was smelling of liquor but his speech, behavior, gait, coordination and memory were normal. From this he concluded that the respondent had consumed some alcoholic substance but was not under the influence of liquor. In cross-examination he stated that Tincture Neem would produce blood concentration of 0.146% M/V of ethyl alcohol. The respondent in his examination under s. 342 stated : </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Question : 'What do you wish to say with reference to the evidence given and recorded against you </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> Answer : I have not consumed prohibited alcohol. I had taken 6 ounces of Neem as I am used to it'. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. On this evidence the Presidency Magistrate Mr. Lokur acquitted the respondent. He observed :- </p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Neem is a medicinal preparation containing about 40% of alcohol and is readily available in the market. I do not see why I should not accept the explanation given by the accused that he had taken Neem in order to satiate his craving for alcohol. It has been held by Bavdekar and Chainani, JJ., in Criminal Appeal No. 1611 of 1954 dated 25-2-1954 that taking an excess dose of medicinal preparation does not amount to consumption of prohibited liquor. In Criminal Appeal No. 1562 of 1959 State v. Domnic Robert D'Sliva where a similar defence was taken up it was held that consumption of 6 ounces of essence of Neem did not constitute an offence. Following these judgments I hold that the accused has not committed any offence. I therefore acquit the accused.' </p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Against this order an appeal was taken to the High Court and one of the grounds taken in the memorandum of Appeal was that the mere statement of the respondent that he had consumed 8 ounces of Tincture of Neem was not sufficient to rebut the presumption arising out of sub-s. (2) of s. 66 of the Act. But the High Court dismissed the appeal in limine. It is against that order that the State has come by Special Leave to this Court. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. The main question raised on behalf of the State is that by the introduction of s. 66(2) in the Act as a result of the Bombay Prohibition (Extension) and (amendment) Act, 1959, (Act 12 of 1959), the onus is on the accused person and that that onus had not been discharged in the present case. Section 66(2) is as follows :- </p><p style="text-align: justify;">S. 66(2) 'Subject to the provisions of sub-section (3) wherein any trial of an offence under clause (b) of sub-section (1) for the consumption of an intoxicant, it is alleged that the accused person consumed liquor, and it is proved that the concentration of alcohol in the blood of the accused person is not less than 0.05 per cent. weight in volume, then the burden of proving that the liquor consumed was a medicinal or toilet preparation, or an antiseptic preparation or solution, or a flavouring extract, essence or syrup, containing alcohol, the consumption of which is not in contravention of the Act or any rules regulation or orders made thereunder, shall be upon the accused person, and the Court shall in the absence of such proof presume the contrary'. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. The argument was put in this way that if the prosecution proves that the concentration of alcohol in the blood of an accused person is more than 0.05% then under s. 66(2) of the Act the burden was on him to show that the liquor which he had consumed was a medicinal or toilet preparation the consumption of which is not in contravention of the Act or any Rules made thereunder. It was further submitted that in order to discharge the onus mere statement of the accused is not sufficient. Our attention was drawn to the scheme and some of the provisions of the Act. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The prosecution, in the present case, has proved that the respondent's breath was smelling of liquor and that on examination of his blood it was found to contain O. 146% but the respondent gave an explanation showing that he had taken 6 ounces of Tincture of Neem and Dr. Dadlani Prabhu Rochiram has deposed that the consumption of 6 to 8 ounces of that substance will produce that amount of concentration of blood. This was accepted by the learned Presidency Magistrate and by the High Court. Therefore on this finding it must be held that the explanation given by the respondent of the cause of his smelling of liquor and of the blood concentration was accepted by the High Court as being sufficient to discharge the onus placed on him. But Mr. Dhebar for the State submits that mere statement of an accused person is not sufficient for the discharge of such onus and relies on a judgment of this Court in C.S.D. Swamy v. The State : 1960CriLJ131 , where Sinha, J. (as he then was), observed :- </p><p style="text-align: justify;">'In this case, no acceptable evidence, beyond the bare statements of the accused, has been adduced to show that the contrary of what has been proved by the prosecution, has been established, because the requirement of the section is that the accused person shall be presumed to be guilty of criminal misconduct in the discharge of his official duties 'unless the contrary is proved'. The words of the statute are peremptory, and the burden must lie all the time on the accused to prove the contrary'. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. All that the learned Judge there meant to say was that the evidence of the statement of the accused in the circumstances of that case was not sufficient to discharge the onus but that does not mean that in no case can the statement of an accused person be taken to be sufficient for the purpose of discharging the onus if a statute places the onus on him. Under s. 342 of the Criminal Procedure Code the Court has the power to examine the accused so as to enable him to explain any circumstance appearing in evidence against him. Under sub-s. (3) of that section the answers given by an accused person may be taken into consideration in such enquiry or trial. The object of examination under s. 342 therefore is to give the accused opportunity to explain the case made against him and that statement can be taken into consideration in judging the innocence or guilt of the person so accused. Therefore if the courts below have accepted this explanation it must be held that the respondent has discharged the onus which was placed on him by s. 65(2) of the Act. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. The appeal is therefore dismissed. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Appeal dismissed. </p>',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1962SC1204; [1962]Supp3SCR230',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'Laxman Jairam',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
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$title_for_layout = 'State of Maharashtra Vs. Laxman Jairam Semantic Analysis'
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		(int) 1 => '2',
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		(int) 4 => '4',
		(int) 5 => 'one',
		(int) 6 => '2',
		(int) 7 => '66',
		(int) 8 => '5',
		(int) 9 => '3',
		(int) 10 => '1',
		(int) 11 => 'less than',
		(int) 12 => '6',
		(int) 13 => '8',
		(int) 14 => '3',
		(int) 15 => '342',
		(int) 16 => '9',
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	'ORG' => array(
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		(int) 1 => 'the High Court',
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		(int) 3 => 'Dadlani Prabhu Rochiram P.W.',
		(int) 4 => 'Magistrate',
		(int) 5 => 'Criminal Appeal No.',
		(int) 6 => 'State',
		(int) 7 => 'the High Court',
		(int) 8 => 'Appeal',
		(int) 9 => 'the High Court',
		(int) 10 => 'State',
		(int) 11 => 'Special Leave',
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		(int) 13 => 'State',
		(int) 14 => 'the Bombay Prohibition (Extension',
		(int) 15 => 'Court',
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		(int) 17 => 'the High Court',
		(int) 18 => 'the High Court',
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		(int) 0 => 'the Bombay Prohibition Act'
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	'DATE' => array(
		(int) 0 => '1949',
		(int) 1 => '1949',
		(int) 2 => 'August 8, 1959',
		(int) 3 => '1954',
		(int) 4 => '1562',
		(int) 5 => '1959',
		(int) 6 => '1959',
		(int) 7 => '1960CriLJ131'
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		(int) 0 => '8-15 p.m.'
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		(int) 0 => 'Tincture Neem',
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		(int) 2 => 'Lokur',
		(int) 3 => 'Chainani',
		(int) 4 => 'Domnic Robert D'Sliva',
		(int) 5 => 'Subject',
		(int) 6 => 'Magistrate',
		(int) 7 => 'Dhebar'
	),
	'PERCENT' => array(
		(int) 0 => '0.146%',
		(int) 1 => 'about 40%',
		(int) 2 => 'more than 0.05%',
		(int) 3 => '146%'
	),
	'QUANTITY' => array(
		(int) 0 => '6 ounces',
		(int) 1 => '6 ounces',
		(int) 2 => '8 ounces',
		(int) 3 => '6 ounces',
		(int) 4 => '6 to 8 ounces'
	),
	'NORP' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'Neem',
		(int) 1 => 'Bavdekar',
		(int) 2 => 'Neem'
	),
	'WORK_OF_ART' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'Tincture of Neem'
	),
	'MONEY' => array(
		(int) 0 => '0.05 per cent'
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$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '647263',
		'acts' => '<a href="/act/68503/bombay-prohibition-act-1949-maharashtra-complete-act">Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949</a> - Sections 65(2), 66(1),66(2) and 66(3); Bombay Prohibition (Extension) and (amendment) Act, 1959; <a href="/act/133280/code-of-criminal-procedure-1898-complete-act">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) , 1898</a> - Sections 342',
		'appealno' => '',
		'appellant' => 'State of Maharashtra',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'State of Maharashtra Vs. Laxman Jairam',
		'casenote' => 'Criminal - evidence - Sections 65 (2), 66 (1), 66 (2) and 66 (3) of Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949, Bombay Prohibition (Extension) and (amendment) Act, 1959 and Section 342 of Criminal Procedure Code, 1898 - proceedings under Section 66 (1) (b) for consuming alcohol started against respondent - respondent acquitted on basis of his statement that he took 6 ounces of neem and did not consumed prohibited alcohol - appeal against such Order before Supreme Court - Court opined under Section 66 (2) onus is on accused person - Courts below eccepted explanation given by respondent - Court opined respondent had discharged onus which was placed on him.


 - INDIAN PENAL CODE, 1890 Sections 300,149 & 307: [Dr. Arijit Pasayat & Asok Kumar Ganguly,JJ] Murder -Unlawful assembly -Common object -Incident taking place out of election rivalry -Accused had set up his candidate - On polling day accused initially dissuading voters from voting for rival candidate - Subsequently resorting to rowdism to disturb poll - On being asked by deceased not to do so accused exhorting other accused to teach him lesson - Accused taking out hidden pistol and firing at deceased causing fatal injury - Other accused not assaulting deceased but causing simple injuries to others - Other accused never knew that accused was armed  Held, Common object of assembly was not to commit murder. Conviction of accused alone for murder is proper. Alteration of conviction of other accused from Sections 307,149 to Sections 323,149 is also proper. ',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'C.S.D. Swamy v. The State;',
		'citingcases' => '
State v. Domnic Robert D'Sliva		Discussed

C.S.D. Swamy v. The State			Discussed

',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '1962-02-16',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' J.L. Kapur,; K.C. Das Gupta and; Raghubar Dayal, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Kapur, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. This appeal by Special Leave against the decision of the High Court of Bombay dismissing the State's appeal against the acquittal of the respondent arises out of proceedings under s. 66(1)(b) of the <a href="/act/68503/bombay-prohibition-act-1949-maharashtra-complete-act">Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949</a> (Act 25 of 1949), as amended, hereinafter called the 'Act'. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The respondent was arrested by Police Constable Laxman Sabaji on August 8, 1959, at 8-15 p.m. on the ground that he was smelling of liquor and had therefore contravened the provisions of the Act. The respondent was taken to the hospital where he was examined by Dr. Dadlani Prabhu Rochiram P.W., who has deposed that the respondent was smelling of liquor but his speech, behavior, gait, coordination and memory were normal. From this he concluded that the respondent had consumed some alcoholic substance but was not under the influence of liquor. In cross-examination he stated that Tincture Neem would produce blood concentration of 0.146% M/V of ethyl alcohol. The respondent in his examination under s. 342 stated : </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Question : 'What do you wish to say with reference to the evidence given and recorded against you </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> Answer : I have not consumed prohibited alcohol. I had taken 6 ounces of Neem as I am used to it'. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. On this evidence the Presidency Magistrate Mr. Lokur acquitted the respondent. He observed :- </p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Neem is a medicinal preparation containing about 40% of alcohol and is readily available in the market. I do not see why I should not accept the explanation given by the accused that he had taken Neem in order to satiate his craving for alcohol. It has been held by Bavdekar and Chainani, JJ., in Criminal Appeal No. 1611 of 1954 dated 25-2-1954 that taking an excess dose of medicinal preparation does not amount to consumption of prohibited liquor. In Criminal Appeal No. 1562 of 1959 State v. Domnic Robert D'Sliva where a similar defence was taken up it was held that consumption of 6 ounces of essence of Neem did not constitute an offence. Following these judgments I hold that the accused has not committed any offence. I therefore acquit the accused.' </p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Against this order an appeal was taken to the High Court and one of the grounds taken in the memorandum of Appeal was that the mere statement of the respondent that he had consumed 8 ounces of Tincture of Neem was not sufficient to rebut the presumption arising out of sub-s. (2) of s. 66 of the Act. But the High Court dismissed the appeal in limine. It is against that order that the State has come by Special Leave to this Court. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. The main question raised on behalf of the State is that by the introduction of s. 66(2) in the Act as a result of the Bombay Prohibition (Extension) and (amendment) Act, 1959, (Act 12 of 1959), the onus is on the accused person and that that onus had not been discharged in the present case. Section 66(2) is as follows :- </p><p style="text-align: justify;">S. 66(2) 'Subject to the provisions of sub-section (3) wherein any trial of an offence under clause (b) of sub-section (1) for the consumption of an intoxicant, it is alleged that the accused person consumed liquor, and it is proved that the concentration of alcohol in the blood of the accused person is not less than 0.05 per cent. weight in volume, then the burden of proving that the liquor consumed was a medicinal or toilet preparation, or an antiseptic preparation or solution, or a flavouring extract, essence or syrup, containing alcohol, the consumption of which is not in contravention of the Act or any rules regulation or orders made thereunder, shall be upon the accused person, and the Court shall in the absence of such proof presume the contrary'. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. The argument was put in this way that if the prosecution proves that the concentration of alcohol in the blood of an accused person is more than 0.05% then under s. 66(2) of the Act the burden was on him to show that the liquor which he had consumed was a medicinal or toilet preparation the consumption of which is not in contravention of the Act or any Rules made thereunder. It was further submitted that in order to discharge the onus mere statement of the accused is not sufficient. Our attention was drawn to the scheme and some of the provisions of the Act. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The prosecution, in the present case, has proved that the respondent's breath was smelling of liquor and that on examination of his blood it was found to contain O. 146% but the respondent gave an explanation showing that he had taken 6 ounces of Tincture of Neem and Dr. Dadlani Prabhu Rochiram has deposed that the consumption of 6 to 8 ounces of that substance will produce that amount of concentration of blood. This was accepted by the learned Presidency Magistrate and by the High Court. Therefore on this finding it must be held that the explanation given by the respondent of the cause of his smelling of liquor and of the blood concentration was accepted by the High Court as being sufficient to discharge the onus placed on him. But Mr. Dhebar for the State submits that mere statement of an accused person is not sufficient for the discharge of such onus and relies on a judgment of this Court in C.S.D. Swamy v. The State : 1960CriLJ131 , where Sinha, J. (as he then was), observed :- </p><p style="text-align: justify;">'In this case, no acceptable evidence, beyond the bare statements of the accused, has been adduced to show that the contrary of what has been proved by the prosecution, has been established, because the requirement of the section is that the accused person shall be presumed to be guilty of criminal misconduct in the discharge of his official duties 'unless the contrary is proved'. The words of the statute are peremptory, and the burden must lie all the time on the accused to prove the contrary'. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. All that the learned Judge there meant to say was that the evidence of the statement of the accused in the circumstances of that case was not sufficient to discharge the onus but that does not mean that in no case can the statement of an accused person be taken to be sufficient for the purpose of discharging the onus if a statute places the onus on him. Under s. 342 of the Criminal Procedure Code the Court has the power to examine the accused so as to enable him to explain any circumstance appearing in evidence against him. Under sub-s. (3) of that section the answers given by an accused person may be taken into consideration in such enquiry or trial. The object of examination under s. 342 therefore is to give the accused opportunity to explain the case made against him and that statement can be taken into consideration in judging the innocence or guilt of the person so accused. Therefore if the courts below have accepted this explanation it must be held that the respondent has discharged the onus which was placed on him by s. 65(2) of the Act. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. The appeal is therefore dismissed. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Appeal dismissed. </p>',
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LAW: Act 25 of, Act 12 of 1959, the Criminal Procedure Code the Court

CARDINAL: 1, 2, 3., 25, 4, one, 2, 66, 5, 3, 1, less than, 6, 8, 3, 342, 9, 10

ORG: Special Leave, the High Court, State, Dadlani Prabhu Rochiram P.W., Magistrate, Criminal Appeal No., State, the High Court, Appeal, the High Court, State, Special Leave, Court, State, the Bombay Prohibition (Extension, Court, Tincture of Neem, the High Court, the High Court, State, Court, C.S.D. Swamy v. The State

GPE: Bombay

EVENT: the Bombay Prohibition Act

DATE: 1949, 1949, August 8, 1959, 1954, 1562, 1959, 1959, 1960CriLJ131

PRODUCT: the 'Act'

TIME: 8-15 p.m.

PERSON: Tincture Neem, Neem, Lokur, Chainani, Domnic Robert D'Sliva, Subject, Magistrate, Dhebar

PERCENT: 0.146%, about 40%, more than 0.05%, 146%

QUANTITY: 6 ounces, 6 ounces, 8 ounces, 6 ounces, 6 to 8 ounces

NORP: Neem, Bavdekar, Neem

WORK_OF_ART: Tincture of Neem

MONEY: 0.05 per cent