Firm Dittu Ram Eyedan and ors. Vs. Om Press Co. Ltd. and ors.

Decided On : Dec-24-1959

Court : Punjab and Haryana

Notice (8): Undefined index: topics [APP/View/Case/meta.ctp, line 36]
Code Context


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			'id' => '618451',
			'acts' => 'Indian Companies Act, 1913; Limitation Act - Sections 5 - Schedule - Articles 171 and 177; <a href="/act/51117/code-of-civil-procedure-1908-complete-act">Code of Civil Procedure (CPC), 1908</a> - Order 1, Rule 8 - Order 22, Rule 9',
			'appealno' => 'F.A.F.O. No. 81 of 1952',
			'appellant' => 'Firm Dittu Ram Eyedan and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Firm Dittu Ram Eyedan and ors. Vs. Om Press Co. Ltd. and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 80 (2) & 89 & Punjab Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989, Rules 85 & 80: [T.S. Thakur, CJ, Jasbir Singh & Surya Kant, JJ] Appeal against orders of State or Regional Transport authority  imitation  Held, A stipulation regarding the period of limitation available for invoking the remedy shall have to be strictly construed. That is because any provision by way of limitation is in the nature of a restraint on the remedy provided under the Act. So viewed two inferences are clear viz., (1) Sections 80 and 89 of the Act read with Rule 85 of the Rules make it obligatory for the authorities making the order to communicate it to the applicant concerned and (2) the period of limitation for any appeal against the order is reckonable from the date of such communication of the reasons would imply communication of a copy of the written order itself, a party who knows about the making of an order cannot ignore the same and allow grass to grow under its feet and do nothing except waiting for a formal communication of the order or to choose a tenuous plea that even though he knew about the order, he was waiting for its formal communication to seek redress against the same in appeal. If a party does not know about the making of the order either actually or constructively it may claim that the period of limitation would start running from the date it acquires knowledge of the making of an order but one cannot understand how a party, who has acquired knowledge of the making an order either directly or constructively can ignore the same and belatedly seek redress just because the authority making the order had made a default in formally communicating the order to him. Allowing a party to do so would amount to placing a premium on the lack of diligence of a party, who is remiss in seeking a remedy that was available to it. Therefore, knowledge whether actual or construction of the order passed  by the State or Regional Transport Authority should result in commencement of the period of limitation. Thus,. In cases where the State or Regional Transport Authority has not communicated the order of refusal passed to the persons concerned, the period of limitation for filing an appeal would commence from the date when the parties concerned acquire knowledge of passing of the said order. -  171. If the application is made within sixty days of the abatement or in all within 150 days of the death, the Court may admit the application on being satisfied that the applicant had sufficient cause for not making the application within that time. If for failure to bring legal representatives on the record within ninety days, the suit or the appeal abates, it is for the applicant to get the abatement set aside by making an application within sixty days on proof of sufficient cause. The Court is entitled to know the cause of ignorance before determining whether such ignorance should be deemed to be a good cause for setting aside abatement in the circumstances of a particular case. In that case, a large number of parties and the appeal having remained pending of a long time, were considered good grounds for condoning the delay, and in Radha Lal v. Now ignorance of the death of a party is a very good ground for not moving the Court to bring his legal representatives on record, for a persons cannot think of making an application in this behalf unless he knows that the party is dead. In the circumstances it seems to me that the plaintiff has shown sufficient cause for not making the application in time and the learned District Judge was justified in extending limitation in this respect'.(19) In this case the Bench came to the conclusion that there were circumstances showing sufficient cause excusing delay, though undoubtedly there are observations which suggest that ignorance of the death is per se a good ground for not making an application in time. (20) I am however of the view that before ignorance of death can be deemed to be a good ground, there must exist good grounds for ignorance not attributable to negligence. Jagannath, AIR 1922 All 490, and in its view the negligence of a district lawyer or of his clerk might be enough to constitute sufficient cause for the failure to initiate proceedings within the prescribed period. What is sufficient cause is difficult and undesirable to attempt to define precisely. In our judgment, each case must be decided on its own facts and it must be shown to start with that there is no negligence, want of diligence or good faith. There is the extreme view which is to the effect that through lapse of time a valuable right is secured and it should not be extended in the absence of strong grounds and the burden lies heavily upon the person seeking indulgence, of showing sufficient cause justifying delay in bringing the legal representatives on the record within the period prescribed. (36) According to our law, abatement results in interruption of the suit, suspending its progress until new parties are brought before the Court, and if this is not done within the proper time, or the Court does not exercise its discretion in extending the time, the suit comes to an end for good. If the applicant satisfies the Court that there was no want of diligence on his part, that he acted in good faith and no in a negligent manner his inaction may not be visited with grave consequences. The burden cannot be cast upon the opposite party who secures a valuable advantage by the lapse of period of limitation, to adduce proof of facts and circumstances showing negligence or want of good faith on the part of the applicant. In this case the circumstances are, that the conditions resulting from the partition of the country were exceptional, are very large sections of population on both sides of the frontier were forced to migrate under unusual and unprecedented circumstances and it was humanly impossible for the plaintiffs in this case to keep trace of the defendants who had no settled abode, and were scattered all over the country without there being any clue or information of their whereabouts.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'In Ramalingam v. Koteswara Rajasthan;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1959-12-24',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' G.D. Khosla, C.J.,; Tek Chand and; Shamsher Bahadur, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Tek Chand, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1) The question which has been referred to the Full Bench is--</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'whether ignorance of the death of a defendant is a sufficient cause for setting aside the abatement when the application to bring the legal representatives of he deceased defendant on the record is made after the expiry of the period of limitation'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) The facts and circumstances under which this question arose may be stated briefly. The plaintiffs who are 27 in number, had instituted a suit against 119 defendants besides the Union of India, who was defendant No. 120, claiming rendition of accounts in respect of income and profit etc. and also possession by way of partition of the property mentioned in the schedule attached to the plaint in respect of 108 1/2 shares out of 262.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The plaintiffs and defendants Nos. 2 to 119 (inclusive) were engaged in partnership business of pressing and bailing cotton and wool in the town of Fazilka, District Ferozepur, in the name and style of Om Press Company in the year 1938. The plaintiffs owned 108 1/2 shares out of a total of 262 shares in the concern. On 25th of April, 1938, a notice was received by the partners form the Registrar, Joint Stock Companies, pointing out that the partnership business could not be carried on unless their concern was got registered under the Indian Companies Act, 1913. Consequent upon the notice, the partners met and dissolved partnership with effect from 4th of July, 1938, but at the same time they decided that with the assets of the dissolved partnership they should form a joint stock company.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">With this end in view, defendant No. 2 Shri Mukand Lal was entrusted with the work of preparing memorandum and articles of association and for taking steps for forming a limited liability Company. It was alleged that Shri Mukand Lal, without consulting the plaintiffs as to the memorandum can articles of association, got the Company registered in the name of Om Press Company Limited, Fazilka.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The plaintiffs felt dissatisfied with the terms of the articles and made an application to the High Court at Lahore seeking the removal of their names from the register of the members of the Company which was allowed, but the plaintiffs' prayer that the Company should be directed to pay them back the price of their share in the assets of the Company was rejected. The plaintiffs then applied for the winding up of the Company but the High Court rejected their application on 28th of June, 1944. The plaintiffs then lodged the present suit which was filed in the Civil Court at Fazilka on 5th of February,, 1945.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) The defendants, including the Company, resisted the plaintiffs' suit on several grounds and the trial Court framed seven preliminary issues. Some of these issues were decided against the plaintiffs who were required by the Sub-Judge to amend their plaint. The defendants who were also aggrieved from the decision of the Sub-Judge on certain other preliminary issues, filed a revision against his order in the High Court at Lahore and further proceeding in the case were stayed. After the partition of the country, the revision petition of the defendants was dismissed by the High Court at Simla and Achhru Ram J. by his order dated 6th of October, 1948, sent back the case to the Sub-Judge, Fazilka, for disposal on merits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) When the revision was decided by Achhru Ram J., Bagha Ram defendant No. 57 had died on 21st of July, 1947, Prabh Dial defendant No. 55 had died on 8th of December,, 1947, and Harden Mal plaintiff No. 19 had died on 28th of July, 1947. At the time of the disposal of the petition of revision, no one knew of the deaths of the three persons named above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) The parties appeared before the trial Court on 18th of November, 1948, and the case was adjourned to 29th of November, 1948, in order to enable the plaintiffs to make an application under O.1, R. 8, Civil Procedure Code, and it was prayed that as there were numerous plaintiffs and defendants, plaintiffs No. 2, 3 and 10 might be allowed to sue and defendants Nos. 1 and 2 might be allowed to defend the suit. On 2nd of December, 1948, an application was made under O. 22, Rs. 3, Civil Procedure Code, as Harden Mal, one of the plaintiffs had died.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Another application was made under O. 22 R. 4, for the appointment of legal representatives of Maluk Chand defendant No. 19, Bagha Ram defendant No. 57 and Prabh Dial defendant No. 55. It was stated in the applications that the plaintiffs had come to know of their deaths on the return of the file from the High Court to the trial Court at Fazilka. These applications were opposed by the defendants on the ground that the suit had long abated as the defendants had died in the years 1946 and 1947 and no steps had been taken to get the abatement set aside and to have the legal representatives of the deceased brought on the record within the period of limitation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The trial Court by its order dated 4th of April, 1952, came to the conclusion that the suit had abated as a whole, and that no proceedings could be taken in the case. From this order of the Sub-Judge, the plaintiffs preferred a first appeal to this Court and Harbans Singh J. by his order dated 28th of January, 1959, has referred the matter for decision of the Full Bench.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) On behalf of the plaintiffs it has been firstly urged that ignorance of the deaths of defendants is by itself a sufficient cause for setting aside the abatement in the absence of facts and circumstances showing negligence. It was further maintained that the view that the plaintiffs must keep themselves informed as to whether the defendants were living or have died, was erroneous. In the alternative, it was urged, that in the circumstances of this case a case had been made out for setting aside abatement as the plaintiffs were prevented for sufficient cause from continuing the suit by applying for the setting aside of abatement under O. 22, R. 9, Civil Procedure Code.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) The scheme of O. 22 is that an application to bring on the record the legal representatives of a deceased plaintiff or a deceased defendant must be made within ninety days from the date of the death of the deceased, vide Indian Limitation Act, Schedule I, Arts. 176 and 177. If no such application is made within the period prescribed, the suit abates in the case of a deceased plaintiff under R. 3(2), and in the case of a deceased defendant under R. 4(3). In the event of abatement, the plaintiff or the person claiming to be the legal representative of a deceased plaintiff, as the case may be, may apply under R. 9(2) for an order for setting aside the abatement.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Such an application may be made within sixty days from the date of abatement as provided by the Limitation Act, Schedule I, Art. 171. If the application is made within sixty days of the abatement or in all within 150 days of the death, the Court may admit the application on being satisfied that the applicant had sufficient cause for not making the application within that time.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The contention of the learned counsel for the defendants-respondents is that an abatement ought only to be set aside when substantial grounds have been shown to exist for condoning the delay and the applicant has to satisfy that he was prevented by some sufficient cause from making the application to bring the legal representatives of the deceased on the record with ninety days from the date of the death under R. 9(2) and for not making the application to set aside the abatement within sixty days from the date of abatement under R. 9(3). Sub-rules (2) and (3) of R. 9 of O. 22, Civil Procedure Code, are distinct and independent.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In a large number of cases of the Lahore High Court cited at the Bar the view that has found acceptance is that mere ignorance of the death, per se, is not a sufficient cause for condoning delay. Delay may be excused in cases where ignorance of death was not due to negligence. There are, however, decisions of other High Courts in which a more liberal view has been taken. A careful examination of the various decisions of the High Courts suggests that the divergence of opinion is seeming rather than real and in allowing or refusing applications, Judges have been guided by the particular circumstances of a case, though in some cases a strict, and in others a liberal view has been taken.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) The law casts a duty upon the plaintiff or the appellant, as the case may be, to bring on the record legal representatives of a deceased defendant or respondent where death takes place during the pendency of the lis, in order that no decrees may be passed against deceased persons. If for failure to bring legal representatives on the record within ninety days, the suit or the appeal abates, it is for the applicant to get the abatement set aside by making an application within sixty days on proof of sufficient cause.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Where he allows a period of 150 days to expire from the death of the deceased, he has to satisfy the Court of the existence of circumstances contemplated by Section 5 of the Limitation Act justifying condonation of delay. The reason is that a valuable right accrues to the party against whom suit has abated and the order of abatement should not be set aside as a matter of course or for very slight reasons. An applicant must, therefore, show that he had sufficient cause for not taking timely steps to continue his suit which has abated on account of the death of a party.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In construing the expression 'sufficient cause' the existence or otherwise, of negligence is always a governing factor, and this is because of the omission to perform a duty cast upon him by law. If the applicant has been prevented from making an application due to circumstances beyond his control or despite reasonable diligence, the Court in their desire to do substantial justice do ordinarily, condone delay. It is true that it will be an impossible test if the applicant were required to keep himself informed from day to day as to whether the respondent was dead or alive.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">On the other extreme, will be the case, where ignorance of death taken by itself should be considered a sufficient cause for setting aside abatement. The Court is entitled to know the cause of ignorance before determining whether such ignorance should be deemed to be a good cause for setting aside abatement in the circumstances of a particular case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In Sayad Mir Nawab v. Hardeo, 60 Pun Re 1911, the plea of ignorance of the death of the respondent, until after the expiry of the period of limitation, was repelled by a Division Bench of the Punjab Chief Court. In that case the deceased lived only five or six miles away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) In Bhani Ram v. Narain Singh, AIR 1915 Lah 382, the appellants, who lived 15 kos away from the village of the deceased, set up a plea of ignorance of the fact of murder of the respondent, and further alleged that the plaintiffs-appellants were absent on pilgrimage at the time of the death. The Division Bench held, that sufficient cause for delay in making the application for bringing on record the legal representatives of the deceased had not been shown. The application was made fifteen months after the date of the death.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In Daya Singh v. Buta Singh, 118 Pun Re 1916: (AIR 1917 Lah 10), the view taken by the Division Bench was that the plaintiff or the appellant was out of Court until he could satisfy the Court that he was prevented by any sufficient cause from continuing the suit; and, that under O. 22, R. 9(2), the party must satisfy the Court that he had sufficient excuse for not applying in time. The ignorance of factum of death for more than six months, when the deceased owned land in the village of the applicant, was held to imply great negligence. Following 60 Pun Re 1911, it was observed--</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'ignorance of factum of death cannot by itself save a case'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) Again in Chunni Lal v. Kala Khan, AIR 1922 Lah 61 (1), the Division Bench subscribed to the principle that mere ignorance of the factum of death was not a sufficient excuse under O. 22, R. 9, Civil Procedure Code, and this statement of law was not questioned in Tirath Ram v. Mahammad Abdul Rahim Shah, AIR 1923 Lah 546. In the last mentioned case, however, out of the two applicants, one was a minor and the other a mere youth, who was absent, as he was pursuing his studies at a different place, and in these circumstances, ignorance of death of the respondent was considered a sufficient cause.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) In Munshi Ram v. Radha Kishen, AIR 1924 Lah 461, application under O.22, R. 9 was made after three years in one case and after nearly nine months in the other. The cause alleged in the affidavit was that the parties were living in different districts and their residences were separated by a distant of about 200 miles, but it was not considered sufficient reason for excusing delay in making the application after such a long period. Similar view was taken in Haji v. Janun, AIR 1926 Lah 137; Chuni Lal Tulsiram v. Amin Chand, AIR 1933 Lah 356(2); Nawab v. Rahim Dad, AIR 1934 Lah 934 (1) and Pir Bakhsh v. Kidar Nath, AIR 1935 Lah 478.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) In Mehr Singh v. Sohan Singh, AIR 1936 Lah 710, an application was made more than sixty days after the abatement of the appeal. In that case, a large number of parties and the appeal having remained pending of a long time, were considered good grounds for condoning the delay, and in Radha Lal v. Fateh Mohammad, AIR 1937 Lah 454, the plaintiff was not held guilty of laches because the deceased defendant had no fixed residence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(17) In Committee of Management of Bunga Sarkar v. Sardar Raghbir Singh, AIR 1951 Simla 257, Kapur J. (with whom Soni J. agreed) observed that the mere fact of the ignorance of death of the respondent had never been held to be a sufficient cause, and whenever abatement was set aside there were always some facts or circumstances showing sufficient cause.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(18) The only case of this Court in which seemingly a different view was taken in Birbal v. Harlal Sadasukh, AIR 1953 Punj 252, in which Khosla J., as he then was, sitting with Soni J., said--</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'With regard to the question of abatement it is clear that abatement can be set aside even after the statutory period of sixty days has expired. Abatement takes place ninety days after the death of the defendant or respondent. So the opposite party is allowed a period of 150 days in which to apply for setting aside the abatement, but if for some reason he cannot move the Court in this respect he is entitled to extension under Section 5 of the Limitation Act. The effect of abatement is not that a decree against a dead person is a nullity for all purposes but that the decree can be set aside and the legal representatives given an opportunity of representing their case before the Court. In this case the first point to consider is whether there was a sufficient ground for not making an application with in the statutory period of 150 days. The plaintiff's contention was that he did not know of Surja's death. He has stated this on oath and this statement was accepted by the learned District Judge.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Now ignorance of the death of a party is a very good ground for not moving the Court to bring his legal representatives on record, for a persons cannot think of making an application in this behalf unless he knows that the party is dead. The defendants did not inform the Court and Surja's counsel continued to appear on his behalf. The plaintiff stated on oath that he did not know of Surja's death until much alter. In the circumstances it seems to me that the plaintiff has shown sufficient cause for not making the application in time and the learned District Judge was justified in extending limitation in this respect'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(19) In this case the Bench came to the conclusion that there were circumstances showing sufficient cause excusing delay, though undoubtedly there are observations which suggest that ignorance of the death is per se a good ground for not making an application in time.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(20) I am however of the view that before ignorance of death can be deemed to be a good ground, there must exist good grounds for ignorance not attributable to negligence. When law imposes an obligation on a person to bring legal representatives of deceased opponent on the record within the prescribed period, mere want o knowledge of death, will be insufficient to secure him against consequences of abatement of his suit or appeal; he has further to show absence of want of care. When reasonable vigilance is a duty unqualified ignorance cannot be deemed venial. Want of information may be overlooked if want was not induced by neglectful indifference or blameworthy remissness. Allowing oneself to remain in the dark cannot be treated as a pursuasive ground for condonation of delay.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The above observations with only a single exception find support in a long catena of the decisions of this Court & its predecessor the Chief Court of Punjab. The view that has received almost uniform acceptance in Punjab is that ignorance of death per se does not furnish sufficient ground for setting aside abatement after the expiry of the periods mentioned in Arts. 171 and 177 of the Limitation Act. If a different view were to be taken, that would open many avenues of fraud and it would not be easy in a large number of cases to say, whether the delay was due to negligence or for any want of care on the part of the applicant as he alone would, in a vast majority of cases be in the know of the circumstances which led to his not filing the application within time.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">For no suit could ever abate so long as the applicant would be willing to make a categoric statement that he learnt of the death of the deceased shortly before the date of the filing of the application; except perhaps in very rare cases where direct evidence would be forthcoming showing applicant's awareness of the death of the deceased considerable time before he made an application. In all reasonableness it cannot be expected of the respondent to ascertain facts and circumstances contributing to the knowledge or ignorance of the applicant in a matter which is normally within the exclusive knoweldge of the applicant himself.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(21) I may now examine the decisions of other High Courts on the subject. A Single Judge of Allahabad High Court in Lachmi Narain v. Muhammad Yusuf. AIR 1920 All 284, extended the time to bring the names of legal representatives of the deceased on the record, though the application was made more than six months after the death on the ground that the applicant was ill for a very long time.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(22) A Division Bench of the same High Court in Hanuman Dass v. Pirthvi Nath, AIR 1956 All 677, expressed the view that the term 'sufficient cause' should be so construed as to advance substantial justice, and relied upon two Full Bench decisions reported in Brij Mohan Das v. Mannu Bibi, ILR 19 All 348, and Shiv Dayal v. Jagannath, AIR 1922 All 490, and in its view the negligence of a district lawyer or of his clerk might be enough to constitute sufficient cause for the failure to initiate proceedings within the prescribed period. Each case turned on its own facts and in that case the litigant had shown all the diligence expected of him, but the negligent conduct responsible for the delay was the conduct of the clerk of the lawyer and the delay was, therefore, condoned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(23) The view taken in Oudh is in consonance with the Punjab view that a mere plea of ignorance of the fact that the opposite party had died is not a sufficient cause for setting aside an order of abatement. Special circumstances which entitled the parties concerned to special indulgence must be proved. A party was expected to be active in prosecution of his appeal and to show vigilance and was under an obligation to keep himself informed as to the existence of his opponent, vide Sant Baksh v. Nabban Saheb, AIR 1925 Oudh 306(2); Bhagwan Din v. Muru, 1940 Oudh W. N. 219; and Jagadish Bahadur v. Mahadeo Prasad, AIR 1941 Oudh 16.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(24) In Tejumal Bhawandas v. Murad, AIR 1936 Sind 169, following the observations of Sir Lawrence Jenkins, in Bhau v. Raghunath, ILR 30 Bom 229, to the effect that a successful decree-holder should not be deprived of the advantage which he had obtained on account of the expiry of the period of limitation, the Division Bench thought that those observations equally applied to an application under O.22, R. 9, C.P.C., and in all cases the burden lay heavily on the person who claimed relief under S. 5 of the Limitation Act of adducing distinct proof of sufficient cause on which he relied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(25) The Calcutta High Court in Sarat Chandra Sarkar v. Maihar Stone and Lime Co., Ltd., ILR 49 Cal 62: (AIR 1922 Cal 335), expressed the view that the plaintiffs should show that they had sufficient cause for not preferring the application within limitation. They thought that abatements are not to be set aside as a matter of course or lightly, the burden being on the plaintiffs to show cause as to the existence of a sufficient cause for not making the application in time.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(26) In Mehtab Chand v. Shriratan Mohta, AIR 1953 Cal 367, it was said:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'What is sufficient cause is difficult and undesirable to attempt to define precisely. It depends on the circumstances of each case. But one thing is clear that though the Court does not apply too exacting a standard of diligence, it there is a delay, which in the circumstances of the case the Court thinks unreasonable, the Court does not exercise the discretion conferred on it under O. 22, R. 9 sub-rule (2). In this case in my view the plaintiff has not shown sufficient cause. In fact he has not shown any cause at all. He says that he was suffering from a chronic illness. That did not prevent him from continuing the suit. The delay, therefore, has not been explained at all and we are displaced to take the view that the plaintiff has been dilatory in the conduct of the suit'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(27) In Phulwati Kumari v. Maheshwari Prasad, AIR 1924 Pat 607, a Division Bench of Patna High Court expressed similar view that the appellant must keep himself informed of any devolution of interest that may have taken place by reason of death of any of the respondents, and it was not sufficient merely to say that the appellant had no knowledge of the death of the respondent till many months later. The abatement of an appeal gave a very important right to the opposite party against whom the appeal abated and the Court should not set aside an abatement without sufficient reason.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(28) In Hari Saran Singh v. Md. Eradat Hussain, AIR 1925 Pat 162, the Division Bench thought that it was not the duty of the appellant to be on the look-out and to be always inquiring as to whether the respondent in the appeal is dead or not, and if the appellant has done all that is necessary to bring the appeal to hearing, he cannot be punished for the ignorance of the death where there are no laches on his part so that it cannot be said that by the use of reasonable diligence, he could have come to know of the death earlier. In that case the deceased respondent was a pardanashin lady residing in the interior of a different district and this was considered to be a sufficient reason for delay in bringing her legal representatives on the record. This view also found favour with a Division Bench of Allahabad High Court in Lakshmi Chand v. Behari Lal, AIR 1932 all 459.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(29) In Mir Wajid Ali v. Fagoo Mandal, AIR 1938 Pat 125, the view expressed was that when the appellant had already succeeded in serving the notice of the appeal on the respondent, he had done all that is expected of him to do in connection with the appeal and he was not, therefore, bound to inquire from day to day as to the state of the health of the respondent or whether he was dead or alive, and reliance was placed upon Nanoo v. Muni Lal, AIR 1929 Pat 738; and Sadhu Saran Pandey v. Nand Kumar Singh, AIR 1926 Pat 276.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(30) In Ram Ranbijaya Prasad Singh v. Madho Turha, AIR 1939 Pat 628, it was said that the critical question in deciding whether an abatement should be set aside was whether sufficient cause had been shown and that was a matter for decision on the facts of each case, and that no hard and fast rule could be laid down as to what would constitute sufficient cause in each case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(31) In Ratansi Agariya v. Jaysing Dinkarrao, AIR 1954 Nag 348, the Division Bench, after citing authorities both for the liberal and the stricter views preferred the former, and it was observed:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'In our judgment, each case must be decided on its own facts and it must be shown to start with that there is no negligence, want of diligence or good faith. If this is established, there is no reason why ignorance of the fact that death has taken place should not be held to be sufficient cause. We accept the ruling in AIR 1938 Pat 125, (cit. sup.) as correct and dissent respectfully from the strict view expressed in the other cases. It was pointed out in AIR 1953 Cal 367, that it is not necessary to set too exacting a standard in these matters and we entirely agree'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(32) A Division Bench of Madras High Court in Secretary of State v. Vinjamuri Kistnamacharyulu, AIR 1938 Mad 218, thought that it was not incumbent upon an appellant to make periodical inquires as to whether the respondent was alive. Ignorance of the death of the respondent in the absence of any negligence or other Act or omission, for which the appellant can be held responsible was sufficient cause to excuse delay in seeking to set aside abatement.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(33) In Ramalingam v. Koteswara Rajasthan, AIR 1949 Mad 624, a Single Judge was of the view that the fact that the applicant seeking to set aside abatement was not aware of the death of the party whose legal representatives have to be brought on record constitutes a sufficient cause for excusing the delay in seeking to set aside the abatement.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(34) The above is a representative, though not an exhaustive review of the case law expressing somewhat divergent views. On the one side through the wide gamut of judicial decisions three currents are noticeable. There is the extreme view which is to the effect that through lapse of time a valuable right is secured and it should not be extended in the absence of strong grounds and the burden lies heavily upon the person seeking indulgence, of showing sufficient cause justifying delay in bringing the legal representatives on the record within the period prescribed. On the other extreme is the view expressed in decisions of Patna, Madras and Nagpur High Courts that after notice has been served on the respondent, appellant's duty comes to an end and he is not bound to inquire as to whether respondent is dead or alive. Neither of these views appears to be justified.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(35) Law casts a duty upon the plaintiff or the appellant, as the case may be, to bring the legal representatives of the deceased on the record lest a decree should be obtained against a dead person which is of no legal effect. The duty cannot be deemed to be discharged once notice is served on the respondent. A suit or appeal abates automatically after the expiration of ninety days of the death of the deceased defendant or respondent.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under common law a right of action is said to 'abate' on the death of a defendant, it does not simply mean its suspension or discontinuance, it means an extinguishment of the very right of action itself. The right of prosecuting the suit is effectually wiped out as if it had never existed. When a suit abates, it ceases, terminates or comes to an end prematurely. In the common law sense, therefore, when a suit abates it is absolutely dead but in equity a suit when abated was merely in a state of suspended animation and might be revived.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(36) According to our law, abatement results in interruption of the suit, suspending its progress until new parties are brought before the Court, and if this is not done within the proper time, or the Court does not exercise its discretion in extending the time, the suit comes to an end for good. The law, therefore, imposes an obligation upon the party seeking resuscitation of his action after the lapse of the period of limitation to furnish grounds justifying condonation of the delay. If the applicant satisfies the Court that there was no want of diligence on his part, that he acted in good faith and no in a negligent manner his inaction may not be visited with grave consequences. In other words, it is for him to allege and prove not only that he remained ignorant of the death of the deceased and thus could not bring his legal representatives on the record, but further to show that his ignorance could not be attributed to absence of negligence or want of sufficient vigilance.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">He may even rely upon the circumstances of the case from which want of negligence may be inferable. In a particular case, circumstances without direct proof may furnish sufficient ground for absolving the applicant from the consequences of his laches. The burden cannot be cast upon the opposite party who secures a valuable advantage by the lapse of period of limitation, to adduce proof of facts and circumstances showing negligence or want of good faith on the part of the applicant. In the absence of circumstances or proof of want of negligence a bald statement that the applicant was ignorant of the death cannot be deemed sufficient for revival of the suit or appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(37) Barring such decisions which have taken an extreme view, the controversy appears to be more notional than real. In our judgment, the view adopted by the Punjab decisions and taken by the Chief Courts of Oudh and Sindh and by the High Court of Calcutta and the two decisions of Allahabad High Court, appears to be more in consonance with the correct interpretation of O.22, R. 9, C.P.C., and Arts. 171 and 177 of the Limitation Act. It is for the applicant to make out cogent grounds for excusing delay either by positive evidence led in this behalf or from the circumstances justifying such a conclusion. The question referred to the Full Bench, therefore, must be decided in the negative.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(38) With a view to avoid remand, the next question, whether in this case there is sufficient evidence to show or there are circumstances of the case which indicate, sufficient cause for condoning the delay may be considered. In this case the circumstances are, that the conditions resulting from the partition of the country were exceptional, are very large sections of population on both sides of the frontier were forced to migrate under unusual and unprecedented circumstances and it was humanly impossible for the plaintiffs in this case to keep trace of the defendants who had no settled abode, and were scattered all over the country without there being any clue or information of their whereabouts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Moreover, the revision filed by the respondents remained pending first in the High Court at Lahore and after 1947, in the East Punjab High Court for an inordinately long time. The petitioners before the High Court, in that revision, who were no other than the present respondents, did not bring the fact of the deaths of the deceased respondents to the notice of the High Court. Under these circumstances no reasonable vigilance on the part of the plaintiffs could have the result of dispelling their ignorance, particularly when it was not known, where the deceased respondents and settled at the time of their deaths. It has been sufficiently shown on the record of this case that the plaintiffs' conduct could not be held to be blame-worthy or negligent. There are, in our opinion, sufficient reasons for setting aside the abatement.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(39) In the result, the appeal is allowed and the order of the Subordinate Judge, Ferozepur, holding that the suit has abated as a whole and no further proceedings can be taken in this case, is set aside. The Sub-Judge is directed to proceed with the case after bringing the legal representatives of the deceased parties on the record. In view of the circumstances of the case, there will be no order as to costs.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">G.D. Khosla, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(40) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Shamsher Bahadur, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(41) I also agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(42) Appeal allowed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		(int) 37 => '1',
		(int) 38 => '9',
		(int) 39 => '546',
		(int) 40 => 'two',
		(int) 41 => '461',
		(int) 42 => '9',
		(int) 43 => 'one',
		(int) 44 => '1926',
		(int) 45 => '137',
		(int) 46 => '1',
		(int) 47 => '478.(16',
		(int) 48 => '454',
		(int) 49 => '252',
		(int) 50 => '171',
		(int) 51 => '177',
		(int) 52 => '284',
		(int) 53 => '677',
		(int) 54 => 'two',
		(int) 55 => '19',
		(int) 56 => '348',
		(int) 57 => '490',
		(int) 58 => '219',
		(int) 59 => '30',
		(int) 60 => '229',
		(int) 61 => '9',
		(int) 62 => '49',
		(int) 63 => 'one',
		(int) 64 => '9',
		(int) 65 => '2',
		(int) 66 => '459.(29',
		(int) 67 => '738',
		(int) 68 => 'three',
		(int) 69 => 'two',
		(int) 70 => '9',
		(int) 71 => '171',
		(int) 72 => '177'
	),
	'ORG' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'the Union of India',
		(int) 1 => 'Om Press Company',
		(int) 2 => 'Registrar',
		(int) 3 => 'Joint Stock Companies',
		(int) 4 => 'Om Press Company Limited',
		(int) 5 => 'the High Court',
		(int) 6 => 'Company',
		(int) 7 => 'Company',
		(int) 8 => 'Company',
		(int) 9 => 'the High Court',
		(int) 10 => 'the Civil Court',
		(int) 11 => 'Fazilka',
		(int) 12 => 'Company',
		(int) 13 => 'Court',
		(int) 14 => 'the High Court',
		(int) 15 => 'the High Court',
		(int) 16 => 'Fazilka',
		(int) 17 => 'merits.(5',
		(int) 18 => 'Prabh Dial',
		(int) 19 => 'Court',
		(int) 20 => 'the High Court',
		(int) 21 => 'Court',
		(int) 22 => 'Fazilka',
		(int) 23 => 'Court',
		(int) 24 => 'Court',
		(int) 25 => 'Court',
		(int) 26 => 'the Lahore High Court',
		(int) 27 => 'Bar',
		(int) 28 => 'High Courts',
		(int) 29 => 'High Courts',
		(int) 30 => 'the Court of the existence',
		(int) 31 => 'Court',
		(int) 32 => 'Court',
		(int) 33 => 'AIR 1915',
		(int) 34 => 'Court',
		(int) 35 => 'Court',
		(int) 36 => 'Court',
		(int) 37 => 'AIR 1922',
		(int) 38 => 'AIR 1923',
		(int) 39 => 'Munshi Ram',
		(int) 40 => 'AIR 1924',
		(int) 41 => 'AIR 1933',
		(int) 42 => 'Lah 934',
		(int) 43 => 'AIR 1936 Lah 710',
		(int) 44 => 'Committee of Management of Bunga Sarkar v.',
		(int) 45 => 'Court',
		(int) 46 => 'Court',
		(int) 47 => 'Court',
		(int) 48 => 'Surja',
		(int) 49 => 'Court',
		(int) 50 => 'Court',
		(int) 51 => 'Surja',
		(int) 52 => 'Surja',
		(int) 53 => 'Bench',
		(int) 54 => 'Court &',
		(int) 55 => 'the Chief Court of Punjab',
		(int) 56 => 'Arts',
		(int) 57 => 'High Courts',
		(int) 58 => 'Allahabad High Court',
		(int) 59 => 'AIR 1920',
		(int) 60 => 'AIR 1922',
		(int) 61 => 'Oudh',
		(int) 62 => 'AIR 1925 Oudh 306(2',
		(int) 63 => 'AIR 1941 Oudh',
		(int) 64 => 'AIR 1936 Sind 169',
		(int) 65 => 'Bhau',
		(int) 66 => 'ILR',
		(int) 67 => 'Lime Co., Ltd.',
		(int) 68 => 'ILR',
		(int) 69 => 'AIR 1922 Cal 335',
		(int) 70 => 'AIR',
		(int) 71 => 'Court',
		(int) 72 => 'Court',
		(int) 73 => 'Court',
		(int) 74 => 'Patna High Court',
		(int) 75 => 'Court',
		(int) 76 => 'Hari',
		(int) 77 => 'AIR',
		(int) 78 => 'Allahabad High Court',
		(int) 79 => 'AIR 1932',
		(int) 80 => 'AIR',
		(int) 81 => 'AIR',
		(int) 82 => 'AIR',
		(int) 83 => 'AIR',
		(int) 84 => 'AIR 1953 Cal 367',
		(int) 85 => 'Madras High Court',
		(int) 86 => 'State',
		(int) 87 => 'AIR 1949 Mad 624',
		(int) 88 => 'Nagpur High Courts',
		(int) 89 => 'Court',
		(int) 90 => 'Court',
		(int) 91 => 'Court',
		(int) 92 => 'appeal.(37',
		(int) 93 => 'the Chief Courts of Oudh',
		(int) 94 => 'the High Court of Calcutta',
		(int) 95 => 'Allahabad High Court',
		(int) 96 => 'Arts',
		(int) 97 => 'the High Court',
		(int) 98 => 'the High Court',
		(int) 99 => 'the High Court'
	),
	'PERSON' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'Nos',
		(int) 1 => 'Lal',
		(int) 2 => 'Shri Mukand Lal',
		(int) 3 => 'Simla',
		(int) 4 => 'Achhru Ram J.',
		(int) 5 => 'Achhru Ram J.,',
		(int) 6 => 'Bagha Ram',
		(int) 7 => 'Harden Mal',
		(int) 8 => 'Nos',
		(int) 9 => 'Harden Mal',
		(int) 10 => 'Bagha Ram',
		(int) 11 => 'Harbans Singh J.',
		(int) 12 => 'Bhani Ram',
		(int) 13 => 'Narain Singh',
		(int) 14 => 'kos',
		(int) 15 => 'Daya Singh',
		(int) 16 => 'Buta Singh',
		(int) 17 => 'Chunni Lal v. Kala Khan',
		(int) 18 => 'Tirath Ram',
		(int) 19 => 'Mahammad Abdul Rahim Shah',
		(int) 20 => 'Radha Kishen',
		(int) 21 => 'Haji',
		(int) 22 => 'Lal Tulsiram v.',
		(int) 23 => 'Amin Chand',
		(int) 24 => 'Nawab v. Rahim Dad',
		(int) 25 => 'Pir Bakhsh v. Kidar Nath',
		(int) 26 => 'Mehr Singh v. Sohan Singh',
		(int) 27 => 'Radha Lal v. Fateh Mohammad',
		(int) 28 => 'Sardar Raghbir Singh',
		(int) 29 => 'Simla',
		(int) 30 => 'Kapur J.',
		(int) 31 => 'Soni J. agreed',
		(int) 32 => 'Harlal Sadasukh',
		(int) 33 => 'Khosla J.',
		(int) 34 => 'Soni J.',
		(int) 35 => 'Lachmi Narain v.',
		(int) 36 => 'Muhammad Yusuf',
		(int) 37 => 'Hanuman Dass',
		(int) 38 => 'Pirthvi Nath',
		(int) 39 => 'Mohan Das',
		(int) 40 => 'Mannu Bibi',
		(int) 41 => 'condoned.(23',
		(int) 42 => 'Sant Baksh v. Nabban',
		(int) 43 => 'Bhagwan Din v. Muru',
		(int) 44 => 'Jagadish Bahadur v. Mahadeo Prasad',
		(int) 45 => 'Tejumal Bhawandas',
		(int) 46 => 'Lawrence Jenkins',
		(int) 47 => 'Chandra Sarkar v.',
		(int) 48 => 'Maihar Stone',
		(int) 49 => 'Shriratan Mohta',
		(int) 50 => 'Pat 607',
		(int) 51 => 'Pat 162',
		(int) 52 => 'Behari Lal',
		(int) 53 => 'Mir Wajid Ali v.',
		(int) 54 => 'Fagoo Mandal',
		(int) 55 => 'Nanoo',
		(int) 56 => 'Muni Lal',
		(int) 57 => 'Sadhu Saran Pandey',
		(int) 58 => 'Kumar Singh',
		(int) 59 => 'Ram Ranbijaya',
		(int) 60 => 'Madho Turha',
		(int) 61 => 'Ratansi Agariya v.',
		(int) 62 => 'sup',
		(int) 63 => 'Vinjamuri Kistnamacharyulu',
		(int) 64 => 'abatement.(33',
		(int) 65 => 'Ramalingam',
		(int) 66 => 'Koteswara Rajasthan',
		(int) 67 => 'Ferozepur',
		(int) 68 => 'G.D. Khosla, C.J.(40',
		(int) 69 => 'Shamsher Bahadur',
		(int) 70 => 'J.(41'
	),
	'DATE' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'the year 1938',
		(int) 1 => '25th of April, 1938',
		(int) 2 => '1913',
		(int) 3 => '4th of July, 1938',
		(int) 4 => '28th of June, 1944',
		(int) 5 => 'February',
		(int) 6 => 'October, 1948',
		(int) 7 => '57',
		(int) 8 => '21st of July, 1947',
		(int) 9 => '55',
		(int) 10 => '8th of December',
		(int) 11 => '1947',
		(int) 12 => '28th of July, 1947',
		(int) 13 => '18th of November, 1948',
		(int) 14 => '29th of November, 1948',
		(int) 15 => 'under O.1',
		(int) 16 => '2nd of December, 1948',
		(int) 17 => '55',
		(int) 18 => 'the years 1946 and 1947',
		(int) 19 => '4th of April, 1952',
		(int) 20 => '28th of January, 1959',
		(int) 21 => 'the Full Bench.(7',
		(int) 22 => 'ninety days',
		(int) 23 => 'sixty days',
		(int) 24 => 'sixty days',
		(int) 25 => '150 days',
		(int) 26 => 'ninety days',
		(int) 27 => 'sixty days',
		(int) 28 => 'ninety days',
		(int) 29 => 'sixty days',
		(int) 30 => '150 days',
		(int) 31 => 'from day to day',
		(int) 32 => '1911',
		(int) 33 => 'fifteen months',
		(int) 34 => '1916',
		(int) 35 => '1917',
		(int) 36 => '9(2',
		(int) 37 => 'more than six months',
		(int) 38 => '1911',
		(int) 39 => 'three years',
		(int) 40 => 'nearly nine months',
		(int) 41 => 'more than sixty days',
		(int) 42 => '1953',
		(int) 43 => 'sixty days',
		(int) 44 => 'ninety days',
		(int) 45 => '150 days',
		(int) 46 => '150 days',
		(int) 47 => 'more than six months',
		(int) 48 => '1940',
		(int) 49 => 'many months later',
		(int) 50 => '1926',
		(int) 51 => '1938',
		(int) 52 => 'ninety days',
		(int) 53 => '1947'
	),
	'ORDINAL' => array(
		(int) 0 => '5th',
		(int) 1 => '6th',
		(int) 2 => 'first',
		(int) 3 => 'firstly',
		(int) 4 => 'first',
		(int) 5 => 'first'
	),
	'NORP' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'R.',
		(int) 1 => 'R.',
		(int) 2 => 'R.',
		(int) 3 => 'R.',
		(int) 4 => 'R.',
		(int) 5 => 'R.',
		(int) 6 => 'Punjab',
		(int) 7 => 'Punjab',
		(int) 8 => 'R.',
		(int) 9 => 'R.',
		(int) 10 => 'Punjab',
		(int) 11 => 'R.'
	),
	'FAC' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'Sayad Mir Nawab v. Hardeo'
	),
	'QUANTITY' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'about 200 miles'
	),
	'PRODUCT' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'Birbal',
		(int) 1 => 'Shiv Dayal v. Jagannath',
		(int) 2 => 'Maheshwari Prasad',
		(int) 3 => 'Saran',
		(int) 4 => 'the Full Bench'
	),
	'LOC' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'Madras'
	)
)
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '618451',
		'acts' => 'Indian Companies Act, 1913; Limitation Act - Sections 5 - Schedule - Articles 171 and 177; <a href="/act/51117/code-of-civil-procedure-1908-complete-act">Code of Civil Procedure (CPC), 1908</a> - Order 1, Rule 8 - Order 22, Rule 9',
		'appealno' => 'F.A.F.O. No. 81 of 1952',
		'appellant' => 'Firm Dittu Ram Eyedan and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Firm Dittu Ram Eyedan and ors. Vs. Om Press Co. Ltd. and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 80 (2) & 89 & Punjab Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989, Rules 85 & 80: [T.S. Thakur, CJ, Jasbir Singh & Surya Kant, JJ] Appeal against orders of State or Regional Transport authority  imitation  Held, A stipulation regarding the period of limitation available for invoking the remedy shall have to be strictly construed. That is because any provision by way of limitation is in the nature of a restraint on the remedy provided under the Act. So viewed two inferences are clear viz., (1) Sections 80 and 89 of the Act read with Rule 85 of the Rules make it obligatory for the authorities making the order to communicate it to the applicant concerned and (2) the period of limitation for any appeal against the order is reckonable from the date of such communication of the reasons would imply communication of a copy of the written order itself, a party who knows about the making of an order cannot ignore the same and allow grass to grow under its feet and do nothing except waiting for a formal communication of the order or to choose a tenuous plea that even though he knew about the order, he was waiting for its formal communication to seek redress against the same in appeal. If a party does not know about the making of the order either actually or constructively it may claim that the period of limitation would start running from the date it acquires knowledge of the making of an order but one cannot understand how a party, who has acquired knowledge of the making an order either directly or constructively can ignore the same and belatedly seek redress just because the authority making the order had made a default in formally communicating the order to him. Allowing a party to do so would amount to placing a premium on the lack of diligence of a party, who is remiss in seeking a remedy that was available to it. Therefore, knowledge whether actual or construction of the order passed  by the State or Regional Transport Authority should result in commencement of the period of limitation. Thus,. In cases where the State or Regional Transport Authority has not communicated the order of refusal passed to the persons concerned, the period of limitation for filing an appeal would commence from the date when the parties concerned acquire knowledge of passing of the said order. -  171. If the application is made within sixty days of the abatement or in all within 150 days of the death, the Court may admit the application on being satisfied that the applicant had sufficient cause for not making the application within that time. If for failure to bring legal representatives on the record within ninety days, the suit or the appeal abates, it is for the applicant to get the abatement set aside by making an application within sixty days on proof of sufficient cause. The Court is entitled to know the cause of ignorance before determining whether such ignorance should be deemed to be a good cause for setting aside abatement in the circumstances of a particular case. In that case, a large number of parties and the appeal having remained pending of a long time, were considered good grounds for condoning the delay, and in Radha Lal v. Now ignorance of the death of a party is a very good ground for not moving the Court to bring his legal representatives on record, for a persons cannot think of making an application in this behalf unless he knows that the party is dead. In the circumstances it seems to me that the plaintiff has shown sufficient cause for not making the application in time and the learned District Judge was justified in extending limitation in this respect'.(19) In this case the Bench came to the conclusion that there were circumstances showing sufficient cause excusing delay, though undoubtedly there are observations which suggest that ignorance of the death is per se a good ground for not making an application in time. (20) I am however of the view that before ignorance of death can be deemed to be a good ground, there must exist good grounds for ignorance not attributable to negligence. Jagannath, AIR 1922 All 490, and in its view the negligence of a district lawyer or of his clerk might be enough to constitute sufficient cause for the failure to initiate proceedings within the prescribed period. What is sufficient cause is difficult and undesirable to attempt to define precisely. In our judgment, each case must be decided on its own facts and it must be shown to start with that there is no negligence, want of diligence or good faith. There is the extreme view which is to the effect that through lapse of time a valuable right is secured and it should not be extended in the absence of strong grounds and the burden lies heavily upon the person seeking indulgence, of showing sufficient cause justifying delay in bringing the legal representatives on the record within the period prescribed. (36) According to our law, abatement results in interruption of the suit, suspending its progress until new parties are brought before the Court, and if this is not done within the proper time, or the Court does not exercise its discretion in extending the time, the suit comes to an end for good. If the applicant satisfies the Court that there was no want of diligence on his part, that he acted in good faith and no in a negligent manner his inaction may not be visited with grave consequences. The burden cannot be cast upon the opposite party who secures a valuable advantage by the lapse of period of limitation, to adduce proof of facts and circumstances showing negligence or want of good faith on the part of the applicant. In this case the circumstances are, that the conditions resulting from the partition of the country were exceptional, are very large sections of population on both sides of the frontier were forced to migrate under unusual and unprecedented circumstances and it was humanly impossible for the plaintiffs in this case to keep trace of the defendants who had no settled abode, and were scattered all over the country without there being any clue or information of their whereabouts.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'In Ramalingam v. Koteswara Rajasthan;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1959-12-24',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' G.D. Khosla, C.J.,; Tek Chand and; Shamsher Bahadur, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Tek Chand, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1) The question which has been referred to the Full Bench is--</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'whether ignorance of the death of a defendant is a sufficient cause for setting aside the abatement when the application to bring the legal representatives of he deceased defendant on the record is made after the expiry of the period of limitation'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) The facts and circumstances under which this question arose may be stated briefly. The plaintiffs who are 27 in number, had instituted a suit against 119 defendants besides the Union of India, who was defendant No. 120, claiming rendition of accounts in respect of income and profit etc. and also possession by way of partition of the property mentioned in the schedule attached to the plaint in respect of 108 1/2 shares out of 262.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The plaintiffs and defendants Nos. 2 to 119 (inclusive) were engaged in partnership business of pressing and bailing cotton and wool in the town of Fazilka, District Ferozepur, in the name and style of Om Press Company in the year 1938. The plaintiffs owned 108 1/2 shares out of a total of 262 shares in the concern. On 25th of April, 1938, a notice was received by the partners form the Registrar, Joint Stock Companies, pointing out that the partnership business could not be carried on unless their concern was got registered under the Indian Companies Act, 1913. Consequent upon the notice, the partners met and dissolved partnership with effect from 4th of July, 1938, but at the same time they decided that with the assets of the dissolved partnership they should form a joint stock company.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">With this end in view, defendant No. 2 Shri Mukand Lal was entrusted with the work of preparing memorandum and articles of association and for taking steps for forming a limited liability Company. It was alleged that Shri Mukand Lal, without consulting the plaintiffs as to the memorandum can articles of association, got the Company registered in the name of Om Press Company Limited, Fazilka.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The plaintiffs felt dissatisfied with the terms of the articles and made an application to the High Court at Lahore seeking the removal of their names from the register of the members of the Company which was allowed, but the plaintiffs' prayer that the Company should be directed to pay them back the price of their share in the assets of the Company was rejected. The plaintiffs then applied for the winding up of the Company but the High Court rejected their application on 28th of June, 1944. The plaintiffs then lodged the present suit which was filed in the Civil Court at Fazilka on 5th of February,, 1945.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) The defendants, including the Company, resisted the plaintiffs' suit on several grounds and the trial Court framed seven preliminary issues. Some of these issues were decided against the plaintiffs who were required by the Sub-Judge to amend their plaint. The defendants who were also aggrieved from the decision of the Sub-Judge on certain other preliminary issues, filed a revision against his order in the High Court at Lahore and further proceeding in the case were stayed. After the partition of the country, the revision petition of the defendants was dismissed by the High Court at Simla and Achhru Ram J. by his order dated 6th of October, 1948, sent back the case to the Sub-Judge, Fazilka, for disposal on merits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) When the revision was decided by Achhru Ram J., Bagha Ram defendant No. 57 had died on 21st of July, 1947, Prabh Dial defendant No. 55 had died on 8th of December,, 1947, and Harden Mal plaintiff No. 19 had died on 28th of July, 1947. At the time of the disposal of the petition of revision, no one knew of the deaths of the three persons named above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) The parties appeared before the trial Court on 18th of November, 1948, and the case was adjourned to 29th of November, 1948, in order to enable the plaintiffs to make an application under O.1, R. 8, Civil Procedure Code, and it was prayed that as there were numerous plaintiffs and defendants, plaintiffs No. 2, 3 and 10 might be allowed to sue and defendants Nos. 1 and 2 might be allowed to defend the suit. On 2nd of December, 1948, an application was made under O. 22, Rs. 3, Civil Procedure Code, as Harden Mal, one of the plaintiffs had died.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Another application was made under O. 22 R. 4, for the appointment of legal representatives of Maluk Chand defendant No. 19, Bagha Ram defendant No. 57 and Prabh Dial defendant No. 55. It was stated in the applications that the plaintiffs had come to know of their deaths on the return of the file from the High Court to the trial Court at Fazilka. These applications were opposed by the defendants on the ground that the suit had long abated as the defendants had died in the years 1946 and 1947 and no steps had been taken to get the abatement set aside and to have the legal representatives of the deceased brought on the record within the period of limitation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The trial Court by its order dated 4th of April, 1952, came to the conclusion that the suit had abated as a whole, and that no proceedings could be taken in the case. From this order of the Sub-Judge, the plaintiffs preferred a first appeal to this Court and Harbans Singh J. by his order dated 28th of January, 1959, has referred the matter for decision of the Full Bench.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) On behalf of the plaintiffs it has been firstly urged that ignorance of the deaths of defendants is by itself a sufficient cause for setting aside the abatement in the absence of facts and circumstances showing negligence. It was further maintained that the view that the plaintiffs must keep themselves informed as to whether the defendants were living or have died, was erroneous. In the alternative, it was urged, that in the circumstances of this case a case had been made out for setting aside abatement as the plaintiffs were prevented for sufficient cause from continuing the suit by applying for the setting aside of abatement under O. 22, R. 9, Civil Procedure Code.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) The scheme of O. 22 is that an application to bring on the record the legal representatives of a deceased plaintiff or a deceased defendant must be made within ninety days from the date of the death of the deceased, vide Indian Limitation Act, Schedule I, Arts. 176 and 177. If no such application is made within the period prescribed, the suit abates in the case of a deceased plaintiff under R. 3(2), and in the case of a deceased defendant under R. 4(3). In the event of abatement, the plaintiff or the person claiming to be the legal representative of a deceased plaintiff, as the case may be, may apply under R. 9(2) for an order for setting aside the abatement.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Such an application may be made within sixty days from the date of abatement as provided by the Limitation Act, Schedule I, Art. 171. If the application is made within sixty days of the abatement or in all within 150 days of the death, the Court may admit the application on being satisfied that the applicant had sufficient cause for not making the application within that time.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The contention of the learned counsel for the defendants-respondents is that an abatement ought only to be set aside when substantial grounds have been shown to exist for condoning the delay and the applicant has to satisfy that he was prevented by some sufficient cause from making the application to bring the legal representatives of the deceased on the record with ninety days from the date of the death under R. 9(2) and for not making the application to set aside the abatement within sixty days from the date of abatement under R. 9(3). Sub-rules (2) and (3) of R. 9 of O. 22, Civil Procedure Code, are distinct and independent.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In a large number of cases of the Lahore High Court cited at the Bar the view that has found acceptance is that mere ignorance of the death, per se, is not a sufficient cause for condoning delay. Delay may be excused in cases where ignorance of death was not due to negligence. There are, however, decisions of other High Courts in which a more liberal view has been taken. A careful examination of the various decisions of the High Courts suggests that the divergence of opinion is seeming rather than real and in allowing or refusing applications, Judges have been guided by the particular circumstances of a case, though in some cases a strict, and in others a liberal view has been taken.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) The law casts a duty upon the plaintiff or the appellant, as the case may be, to bring on the record legal representatives of a deceased defendant or respondent where death takes place during the pendency of the lis, in order that no decrees may be passed against deceased persons. If for failure to bring legal representatives on the record within ninety days, the suit or the appeal abates, it is for the applicant to get the abatement set aside by making an application within sixty days on proof of sufficient cause.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Where he allows a period of 150 days to expire from the death of the deceased, he has to satisfy the Court of the existence of circumstances contemplated by Section 5 of the Limitation Act justifying condonation of delay. The reason is that a valuable right accrues to the party against whom suit has abated and the order of abatement should not be set aside as a matter of course or for very slight reasons. An applicant must, therefore, show that he had sufficient cause for not taking timely steps to continue his suit which has abated on account of the death of a party.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In construing the expression 'sufficient cause' the existence or otherwise, of negligence is always a governing factor, and this is because of the omission to perform a duty cast upon him by law. If the applicant has been prevented from making an application due to circumstances beyond his control or despite reasonable diligence, the Court in their desire to do substantial justice do ordinarily, condone delay. It is true that it will be an impossible test if the applicant were required to keep himself informed from day to day as to whether the respondent was dead or alive.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">On the other extreme, will be the case, where ignorance of death taken by itself should be considered a sufficient cause for setting aside abatement. The Court is entitled to know the cause of ignorance before determining whether such ignorance should be deemed to be a good cause for setting aside abatement in the circumstances of a particular case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In Sayad Mir Nawab v. Hardeo, 60 Pun Re 1911, the plea of ignorance of the death of the respondent, until after the expiry of the period of limitation, was repelled by a Division Bench of the Punjab Chief Court. In that case the deceased lived only five or six miles away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) In Bhani Ram v. Narain Singh, AIR 1915 Lah 382, the appellants, who lived 15 kos away from the village of the deceased, set up a plea of ignorance of the fact of murder of the respondent, and further alleged that the plaintiffs-appellants were absent on pilgrimage at the time of the death. The Division Bench held, that sufficient cause for delay in making the application for bringing on record the legal representatives of the deceased had not been shown. The application was made fifteen months after the date of the death.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In Daya Singh v. Buta Singh, 118 Pun Re 1916: (AIR 1917 Lah 10), the view taken by the Division Bench was that the plaintiff or the appellant was out of Court until he could satisfy the Court that he was prevented by any sufficient cause from continuing the suit; and, that under O. 22, R. 9(2), the party must satisfy the Court that he had sufficient excuse for not applying in time. The ignorance of factum of death for more than six months, when the deceased owned land in the village of the applicant, was held to imply great negligence. Following 60 Pun Re 1911, it was observed--</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'ignorance of factum of death cannot by itself save a case'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) Again in Chunni Lal v. Kala Khan, AIR 1922 Lah 61 (1), the Division Bench subscribed to the principle that mere ignorance of the factum of death was not a sufficient excuse under O. 22, R. 9, Civil Procedure Code, and this statement of law was not questioned in Tirath Ram v. Mahammad Abdul Rahim Shah, AIR 1923 Lah 546. In the last mentioned case, however, out of the two applicants, one was a minor and the other a mere youth, who was absent, as he was pursuing his studies at a different place, and in these circumstances, ignorance of death of the respondent was considered a sufficient cause.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) In Munshi Ram v. Radha Kishen, AIR 1924 Lah 461, application under O.22, R. 9 was made after three years in one case and after nearly nine months in the other. The cause alleged in the affidavit was that the parties were living in different districts and their residences were separated by a distant of about 200 miles, but it was not considered sufficient reason for excusing delay in making the application after such a long period. Similar view was taken in Haji v. Janun, AIR 1926 Lah 137; Chuni Lal Tulsiram v. Amin Chand, AIR 1933 Lah 356(2); Nawab v. Rahim Dad, AIR 1934 Lah 934 (1) and Pir Bakhsh v. Kidar Nath, AIR 1935 Lah 478.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) In Mehr Singh v. Sohan Singh, AIR 1936 Lah 710, an application was made more than sixty days after the abatement of the appeal. In that case, a large number of parties and the appeal having remained pending of a long time, were considered good grounds for condoning the delay, and in Radha Lal v. Fateh Mohammad, AIR 1937 Lah 454, the plaintiff was not held guilty of laches because the deceased defendant had no fixed residence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(17) In Committee of Management of Bunga Sarkar v. Sardar Raghbir Singh, AIR 1951 Simla 257, Kapur J. (with whom Soni J. agreed) observed that the mere fact of the ignorance of death of the respondent had never been held to be a sufficient cause, and whenever abatement was set aside there were always some facts or circumstances showing sufficient cause.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(18) The only case of this Court in which seemingly a different view was taken in Birbal v. Harlal Sadasukh, AIR 1953 Punj 252, in which Khosla J., as he then was, sitting with Soni J., said--</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'With regard to the question of abatement it is clear that abatement can be set aside even after the statutory period of sixty days has expired. Abatement takes place ninety days after the death of the defendant or respondent. So the opposite party is allowed a period of 150 days in which to apply for setting aside the abatement, but if for some reason he cannot move the Court in this respect he is entitled to extension under Section 5 of the Limitation Act. The effect of abatement is not that a decree against a dead person is a nullity for all purposes but that the decree can be set aside and the legal representatives given an opportunity of representing their case before the Court. In this case the first point to consider is whether there was a sufficient ground for not making an application with in the statutory period of 150 days. The plaintiff's contention was that he did not know of Surja's death. He has stated this on oath and this statement was accepted by the learned District Judge.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Now ignorance of the death of a party is a very good ground for not moving the Court to bring his legal representatives on record, for a persons cannot think of making an application in this behalf unless he knows that the party is dead. The defendants did not inform the Court and Surja's counsel continued to appear on his behalf. The plaintiff stated on oath that he did not know of Surja's death until much alter. In the circumstances it seems to me that the plaintiff has shown sufficient cause for not making the application in time and the learned District Judge was justified in extending limitation in this respect'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(19) In this case the Bench came to the conclusion that there were circumstances showing sufficient cause excusing delay, though undoubtedly there are observations which suggest that ignorance of the death is per se a good ground for not making an application in time.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(20) I am however of the view that before ignorance of death can be deemed to be a good ground, there must exist good grounds for ignorance not attributable to negligence. When law imposes an obligation on a person to bring legal representatives of deceased opponent on the record within the prescribed period, mere want o knowledge of death, will be insufficient to secure him against consequences of abatement of his suit or appeal; he has further to show absence of want of care. When reasonable vigilance is a duty unqualified ignorance cannot be deemed venial. Want of information may be overlooked if want was not induced by neglectful indifference or blameworthy remissness. Allowing oneself to remain in the dark cannot be treated as a pursuasive ground for condonation of delay.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The above observations with only a single exception find support in a long catena of the decisions of this Court & its predecessor the Chief Court of Punjab. The view that has received almost uniform acceptance in Punjab is that ignorance of death per se does not furnish sufficient ground for setting aside abatement after the expiry of the periods mentioned in Arts. 171 and 177 of the Limitation Act. If a different view were to be taken, that would open many avenues of fraud and it would not be easy in a large number of cases to say, whether the delay was due to negligence or for any want of care on the part of the applicant as he alone would, in a vast majority of cases be in the know of the circumstances which led to his not filing the application within time.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">For no suit could ever abate so long as the applicant would be willing to make a categoric statement that he learnt of the death of the deceased shortly before the date of the filing of the application; except perhaps in very rare cases where direct evidence would be forthcoming showing applicant's awareness of the death of the deceased considerable time before he made an application. In all reasonableness it cannot be expected of the respondent to ascertain facts and circumstances contributing to the knowledge or ignorance of the applicant in a matter which is normally within the exclusive knoweldge of the applicant himself.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(21) I may now examine the decisions of other High Courts on the subject. A Single Judge of Allahabad High Court in Lachmi Narain v. Muhammad Yusuf. AIR 1920 All 284, extended the time to bring the names of legal representatives of the deceased on the record, though the application was made more than six months after the death on the ground that the applicant was ill for a very long time.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(22) A Division Bench of the same High Court in Hanuman Dass v. Pirthvi Nath, AIR 1956 All 677, expressed the view that the term 'sufficient cause' should be so construed as to advance substantial justice, and relied upon two Full Bench decisions reported in Brij Mohan Das v. Mannu Bibi, ILR 19 All 348, and Shiv Dayal v. Jagannath, AIR 1922 All 490, and in its view the negligence of a district lawyer or of his clerk might be enough to constitute sufficient cause for the failure to initiate proceedings within the prescribed period. Each case turned on its own facts and in that case the litigant had shown all the diligence expected of him, but the negligent conduct responsible for the delay was the conduct of the clerk of the lawyer and the delay was, therefore, condoned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(23) The view taken in Oudh is in consonance with the Punjab view that a mere plea of ignorance of the fact that the opposite party had died is not a sufficient cause for setting aside an order of abatement. Special circumstances which entitled the parties concerned to special indulgence must be proved. A party was expected to be active in prosecution of his appeal and to show vigilance and was under an obligation to keep himself informed as to the existence of his opponent, vide Sant Baksh v. Nabban Saheb, AIR 1925 Oudh 306(2); Bhagwan Din v. Muru, 1940 Oudh W. N. 219; and Jagadish Bahadur v. Mahadeo Prasad, AIR 1941 Oudh 16.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(24) In Tejumal Bhawandas v. Murad, AIR 1936 Sind 169, following the observations of Sir Lawrence Jenkins, in Bhau v. Raghunath, ILR 30 Bom 229, to the effect that a successful decree-holder should not be deprived of the advantage which he had obtained on account of the expiry of the period of limitation, the Division Bench thought that those observations equally applied to an application under O.22, R. 9, C.P.C., and in all cases the burden lay heavily on the person who claimed relief under S. 5 of the Limitation Act of adducing distinct proof of sufficient cause on which he relied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(25) The Calcutta High Court in Sarat Chandra Sarkar v. Maihar Stone and Lime Co., Ltd., ILR 49 Cal 62: (AIR 1922 Cal 335), expressed the view that the plaintiffs should show that they had sufficient cause for not preferring the application within limitation. They thought that abatements are not to be set aside as a matter of course or lightly, the burden being on the plaintiffs to show cause as to the existence of a sufficient cause for not making the application in time.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(26) In Mehtab Chand v. Shriratan Mohta, AIR 1953 Cal 367, it was said:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'What is sufficient cause is difficult and undesirable to attempt to define precisely. It depends on the circumstances of each case. But one thing is clear that though the Court does not apply too exacting a standard of diligence, it there is a delay, which in the circumstances of the case the Court thinks unreasonable, the Court does not exercise the discretion conferred on it under O. 22, R. 9 sub-rule (2). In this case in my view the plaintiff has not shown sufficient cause. In fact he has not shown any cause at all. He says that he was suffering from a chronic illness. That did not prevent him from continuing the suit. The delay, therefore, has not been explained at all and we are displaced to take the view that the plaintiff has been dilatory in the conduct of the suit'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(27) In Phulwati Kumari v. Maheshwari Prasad, AIR 1924 Pat 607, a Division Bench of Patna High Court expressed similar view that the appellant must keep himself informed of any devolution of interest that may have taken place by reason of death of any of the respondents, and it was not sufficient merely to say that the appellant had no knowledge of the death of the respondent till many months later. The abatement of an appeal gave a very important right to the opposite party against whom the appeal abated and the Court should not set aside an abatement without sufficient reason.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(28) In Hari Saran Singh v. Md. Eradat Hussain, AIR 1925 Pat 162, the Division Bench thought that it was not the duty of the appellant to be on the look-out and to be always inquiring as to whether the respondent in the appeal is dead or not, and if the appellant has done all that is necessary to bring the appeal to hearing, he cannot be punished for the ignorance of the death where there are no laches on his part so that it cannot be said that by the use of reasonable diligence, he could have come to know of the death earlier. In that case the deceased respondent was a pardanashin lady residing in the interior of a different district and this was considered to be a sufficient reason for delay in bringing her legal representatives on the record. This view also found favour with a Division Bench of Allahabad High Court in Lakshmi Chand v. Behari Lal, AIR 1932 all 459.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(29) In Mir Wajid Ali v. Fagoo Mandal, AIR 1938 Pat 125, the view expressed was that when the appellant had already succeeded in serving the notice of the appeal on the respondent, he had done all that is expected of him to do in connection with the appeal and he was not, therefore, bound to inquire from day to day as to the state of the health of the respondent or whether he was dead or alive, and reliance was placed upon Nanoo v. Muni Lal, AIR 1929 Pat 738; and Sadhu Saran Pandey v. Nand Kumar Singh, AIR 1926 Pat 276.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(30) In Ram Ranbijaya Prasad Singh v. Madho Turha, AIR 1939 Pat 628, it was said that the critical question in deciding whether an abatement should be set aside was whether sufficient cause had been shown and that was a matter for decision on the facts of each case, and that no hard and fast rule could be laid down as to what would constitute sufficient cause in each case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(31) In Ratansi Agariya v. Jaysing Dinkarrao, AIR 1954 Nag 348, the Division Bench, after citing authorities both for the liberal and the stricter views preferred the former, and it was observed:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'In our judgment, each case must be decided on its own facts and it must be shown to start with that there is no negligence, want of diligence or good faith. If this is established, there is no reason why ignorance of the fact that death has taken place should not be held to be sufficient cause. We accept the ruling in AIR 1938 Pat 125, (cit. sup.) as correct and dissent respectfully from the strict view expressed in the other cases. It was pointed out in AIR 1953 Cal 367, that it is not necessary to set too exacting a standard in these matters and we entirely agree'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(32) A Division Bench of Madras High Court in Secretary of State v. Vinjamuri Kistnamacharyulu, AIR 1938 Mad 218, thought that it was not incumbent upon an appellant to make periodical inquires as to whether the respondent was alive. Ignorance of the death of the respondent in the absence of any negligence or other Act or omission, for which the appellant can be held responsible was sufficient cause to excuse delay in seeking to set aside abatement.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(33) In Ramalingam v. Koteswara Rajasthan, AIR 1949 Mad 624, a Single Judge was of the view that the fact that the applicant seeking to set aside abatement was not aware of the death of the party whose legal representatives have to be brought on record constitutes a sufficient cause for excusing the delay in seeking to set aside the abatement.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(34) The above is a representative, though not an exhaustive review of the case law expressing somewhat divergent views. On the one side through the wide gamut of judicial decisions three currents are noticeable. There is the extreme view which is to the effect that through lapse of time a valuable right is secured and it should not be extended in the absence of strong grounds and the burden lies heavily upon the person seeking indulgence, of showing sufficient cause justifying delay in bringing the legal representatives on the record within the period prescribed. On the other extreme is the view expressed in decisions of Patna, Madras and Nagpur High Courts that after notice has been served on the respondent, appellant's duty comes to an end and he is not bound to inquire as to whether respondent is dead or alive. Neither of these views appears to be justified.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(35) Law casts a duty upon the plaintiff or the appellant, as the case may be, to bring the legal representatives of the deceased on the record lest a decree should be obtained against a dead person which is of no legal effect. The duty cannot be deemed to be discharged once notice is served on the respondent. A suit or appeal abates automatically after the expiration of ninety days of the death of the deceased defendant or respondent.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under common law a right of action is said to 'abate' on the death of a defendant, it does not simply mean its suspension or discontinuance, it means an extinguishment of the very right of action itself. The right of prosecuting the suit is effectually wiped out as if it had never existed. When a suit abates, it ceases, terminates or comes to an end prematurely. In the common law sense, therefore, when a suit abates it is absolutely dead but in equity a suit when abated was merely in a state of suspended animation and might be revived.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(36) According to our law, abatement results in interruption of the suit, suspending its progress until new parties are brought before the Court, and if this is not done within the proper time, or the Court does not exercise its discretion in extending the time, the suit comes to an end for good. The law, therefore, imposes an obligation upon the party seeking resuscitation of his action after the lapse of the period of limitation to furnish grounds justifying condonation of the delay. If the applicant satisfies the Court that there was no want of diligence on his part, that he acted in good faith and no in a negligent manner his inaction may not be visited with grave consequences. In other words, it is for him to allege and prove not only that he remained ignorant of the death of the deceased and thus could not bring his legal representatives on the record, but further to show that his ignorance could not be attributed to absence of negligence or want of sufficient vigilance.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">He may even rely upon the circumstances of the case from which want of negligence may be inferable. In a particular case, circumstances without direct proof may furnish sufficient ground for absolving the applicant from the consequences of his laches. The burden cannot be cast upon the opposite party who secures a valuable advantage by the lapse of period of limitation, to adduce proof of facts and circumstances showing negligence or want of good faith on the part of the applicant. In the absence of circumstances or proof of want of negligence a bald statement that the applicant was ignorant of the death cannot be deemed sufficient for revival of the suit or appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(37) Barring such decisions which have taken an extreme view, the controversy appears to be more notional than real. In our judgment, the view adopted by the Punjab decisions and taken by the Chief Courts of Oudh and Sindh and by the High Court of Calcutta and the two decisions of Allahabad High Court, appears to be more in consonance with the correct interpretation of O.22, R. 9, C.P.C., and Arts. 171 and 177 of the Limitation Act. It is for the applicant to make out cogent grounds for excusing delay either by positive evidence led in this behalf or from the circumstances justifying such a conclusion. The question referred to the Full Bench, therefore, must be decided in the negative.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(38) With a view to avoid remand, the next question, whether in this case there is sufficient evidence to show or there are circumstances of the case which indicate, sufficient cause for condoning the delay may be considered. In this case the circumstances are, that the conditions resulting from the partition of the country were exceptional, are very large sections of population on both sides of the frontier were forced to migrate under unusual and unprecedented circumstances and it was humanly impossible for the plaintiffs in this case to keep trace of the defendants who had no settled abode, and were scattered all over the country without there being any clue or information of their whereabouts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Moreover, the revision filed by the respondents remained pending first in the High Court at Lahore and after 1947, in the East Punjab High Court for an inordinately long time. The petitioners before the High Court, in that revision, who were no other than the present respondents, did not bring the fact of the deaths of the deceased respondents to the notice of the High Court. Under these circumstances no reasonable vigilance on the part of the plaintiffs could have the result of dispelling their ignorance, particularly when it was not known, where the deceased respondents and settled at the time of their deaths. It has been sufficiently shown on the record of this case that the plaintiffs' conduct could not be held to be blame-worthy or negligent. There are, in our opinion, sufficient reasons for setting aside the abatement.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(39) In the result, the appeal is allowed and the order of the Subordinate Judge, Ferozepur, holding that the suit has abated as a whole and no further proceedings can be taken in this case, is set aside. The Sub-Judge is directed to proceed with the case after bringing the legal representatives of the deceased parties on the record. In view of the circumstances of the case, there will be no order as to costs.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">G.D. Khosla, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(40) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Shamsher Bahadur, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(41) I also agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(42) Appeal allowed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			(int) 32 => 'Court',
			(int) 33 => 'AIR 1915',
			(int) 34 => 'Court',
			(int) 35 => 'Court',
			(int) 36 => 'Court',
			(int) 37 => 'AIR 1922',
			(int) 38 => 'AIR 1923',
			(int) 39 => 'Munshi Ram',
			(int) 40 => 'AIR 1924',
			(int) 41 => 'AIR 1933',
			(int) 42 => 'Lah 934',
			(int) 43 => 'AIR 1936 Lah 710',
			(int) 44 => 'Committee of Management of Bunga Sarkar v.',
			(int) 45 => 'Court',
			(int) 46 => 'Court',
			(int) 47 => 'Court',
			(int) 48 => 'Surja',
			(int) 49 => 'Court',
			(int) 50 => 'Court',
			(int) 51 => 'Surja',
			(int) 52 => 'Surja',
			(int) 53 => 'Bench',
			(int) 54 => 'Court &',
			(int) 55 => 'the Chief Court of Punjab',
			(int) 56 => 'Arts',
			(int) 57 => 'High Courts',
			(int) 58 => 'Allahabad High Court',
			(int) 59 => 'AIR 1920',
			(int) 60 => 'AIR 1922',
			(int) 61 => 'Oudh',
			(int) 62 => 'AIR 1925 Oudh 306(2',
			(int) 63 => 'AIR 1941 Oudh',
			(int) 64 => 'AIR 1936 Sind 169',
			(int) 65 => 'Bhau',
			(int) 66 => 'ILR',
			(int) 67 => 'Lime Co., Ltd.',
			(int) 68 => 'ILR',
			(int) 69 => 'AIR 1922 Cal 335',
			(int) 70 => 'AIR',
			(int) 71 => 'Court',
			(int) 72 => 'Court',
			(int) 73 => 'Court',
			(int) 74 => 'Patna High Court',
			(int) 75 => 'Court',
			(int) 76 => 'Hari',
			(int) 77 => 'AIR',
			(int) 78 => 'Allahabad High Court',
			(int) 79 => 'AIR 1932',
			(int) 80 => 'AIR',
			(int) 81 => 'AIR',
			(int) 82 => 'AIR',
			(int) 83 => 'AIR',
			(int) 84 => 'AIR 1953 Cal 367',
			(int) 85 => 'Madras High Court',
			(int) 86 => 'State',
			(int) 87 => 'AIR 1949 Mad 624',
			(int) 88 => 'Nagpur High Courts',
			(int) 89 => 'Court',
			(int) 90 => 'Court',
			(int) 91 => 'Court',
			(int) 92 => 'appeal.(37',
			(int) 93 => 'the Chief Courts of Oudh',
			(int) 94 => 'the High Court of Calcutta',
			(int) 95 => 'Allahabad High Court',
			(int) 96 => 'Arts',
			(int) 97 => 'the High Court',
			(int) 98 => 'the High Court',
			(int) 99 => 'the High Court'
		),
		'PERSON' => array(
			(int) 0 => 'Nos',
			(int) 1 => 'Lal',
			(int) 2 => 'Shri Mukand Lal',
			(int) 3 => 'Simla',
			(int) 4 => 'Achhru Ram J.',
			(int) 5 => 'Achhru Ram J.,',
			(int) 6 => 'Bagha Ram',
			(int) 7 => 'Harden Mal',
			(int) 8 => 'Nos',
			(int) 9 => 'Harden Mal',
			(int) 10 => 'Bagha Ram',
			(int) 11 => 'Harbans Singh J.',
			(int) 12 => 'Bhani Ram',
			(int) 13 => 'Narain Singh',
			(int) 14 => 'kos',
			(int) 15 => 'Daya Singh',
			(int) 16 => 'Buta Singh',
			(int) 17 => 'Chunni Lal v. Kala Khan',
			(int) 18 => 'Tirath Ram',
			(int) 19 => 'Mahammad Abdul Rahim Shah',
			(int) 20 => 'Radha Kishen',
			(int) 21 => 'Haji',
			(int) 22 => 'Lal Tulsiram v.',
			(int) 23 => 'Amin Chand',
			(int) 24 => 'Nawab v. Rahim Dad',
			(int) 25 => 'Pir Bakhsh v. Kidar Nath',
			(int) 26 => 'Mehr Singh v. Sohan Singh',
			(int) 27 => 'Radha Lal v. Fateh Mohammad',
			(int) 28 => 'Sardar Raghbir Singh',
			(int) 29 => 'Simla',
			(int) 30 => 'Kapur J.',
			(int) 31 => 'Soni J. agreed',
			(int) 32 => 'Harlal Sadasukh',
			(int) 33 => 'Khosla J.',
			(int) 34 => 'Soni J.',
			(int) 35 => 'Lachmi Narain v.',
			(int) 36 => 'Muhammad Yusuf',
			(int) 37 => 'Hanuman Dass',
			(int) 38 => 'Pirthvi Nath',
			(int) 39 => 'Mohan Das',
			(int) 40 => 'Mannu Bibi',
			(int) 41 => 'condoned.(23',
			(int) 42 => 'Sant Baksh v. Nabban',
			(int) 43 => 'Bhagwan Din v. Muru',
			(int) 44 => 'Jagadish Bahadur v. Mahadeo Prasad',
			(int) 45 => 'Tejumal Bhawandas',
			(int) 46 => 'Lawrence Jenkins',
			(int) 47 => 'Chandra Sarkar v.',
			(int) 48 => 'Maihar Stone',
			(int) 49 => 'Shriratan Mohta',
			(int) 50 => 'Pat 607',
			(int) 51 => 'Pat 162',
			(int) 52 => 'Behari Lal',
			(int) 53 => 'Mir Wajid Ali v.',
			(int) 54 => 'Fagoo Mandal',
			(int) 55 => 'Nanoo',
			(int) 56 => 'Muni Lal',
			(int) 57 => 'Sadhu Saran Pandey',
			(int) 58 => 'Kumar Singh',
			(int) 59 => 'Ram Ranbijaya',
			(int) 60 => 'Madho Turha',
			(int) 61 => 'Ratansi Agariya v.',
			(int) 62 => 'sup',
			(int) 63 => 'Vinjamuri Kistnamacharyulu',
			(int) 64 => 'abatement.(33',
			(int) 65 => 'Ramalingam',
			(int) 66 => 'Koteswara Rajasthan',
			(int) 67 => 'Ferozepur',
			(int) 68 => 'G.D. Khosla, C.J.(40',
			(int) 69 => 'Shamsher Bahadur',
			(int) 70 => 'J.(41'
		),
		'DATE' => array(
			(int) 0 => 'the year 1938',
			(int) 1 => '25th of April, 1938',
			(int) 2 => '1913',
			(int) 3 => '4th of July, 1938',
			(int) 4 => '28th of June, 1944',
			(int) 5 => 'February',
			(int) 6 => 'October, 1948',
			(int) 7 => '57',
			(int) 8 => '21st of July, 1947',
			(int) 9 => '55',
			(int) 10 => '8th of December',
			(int) 11 => '1947',
			(int) 12 => '28th of July, 1947',
			(int) 13 => '18th of November, 1948',
			(int) 14 => '29th of November, 1948',
			(int) 15 => 'under O.1',
			(int) 16 => '2nd of December, 1948',
			(int) 17 => '55',
			(int) 18 => 'the years 1946 and 1947',
			(int) 19 => '4th of April, 1952',
			(int) 20 => '28th of January, 1959',
			(int) 21 => 'the Full Bench.(7',
			(int) 22 => 'ninety days',
			(int) 23 => 'sixty days',
			(int) 24 => 'sixty days',
			(int) 25 => '150 days',
			(int) 26 => 'ninety days',
			(int) 27 => 'sixty days',
			(int) 28 => 'ninety days',
			(int) 29 => 'sixty days',
			(int) 30 => '150 days',
			(int) 31 => 'from day to day',
			(int) 32 => '1911',
			(int) 33 => 'fifteen months',
			(int) 34 => '1916',
			(int) 35 => '1917',
			(int) 36 => '9(2',
			(int) 37 => 'more than six months',
			(int) 38 => '1911',
			(int) 39 => 'three years',
			(int) 40 => 'nearly nine months',
			(int) 41 => 'more than sixty days',
			(int) 42 => '1953',
			(int) 43 => 'sixty days',
			(int) 44 => 'ninety days',
			(int) 45 => '150 days',
			(int) 46 => '150 days',
			(int) 47 => 'more than six months',
			(int) 48 => '1940',
			(int) 49 => 'many months later',
			(int) 50 => '1926',
			(int) 51 => '1938',
			(int) 52 => 'ninety days',
			(int) 53 => '1947'
		),
		'ORDINAL' => array(
			(int) 0 => '5th',
			(int) 1 => '6th',
			(int) 2 => 'first',
			(int) 3 => 'firstly',
			(int) 4 => 'first',
			(int) 5 => 'first'
		),
		'NORP' => array(
			(int) 0 => 'R.',
			(int) 1 => 'R.',
			(int) 2 => 'R.',
			(int) 3 => 'R.',
			(int) 4 => 'R.',
			(int) 5 => 'R.',
			(int) 6 => 'Punjab',
			(int) 7 => 'Punjab',
			(int) 8 => 'R.',
			(int) 9 => 'R.',
			(int) 10 => 'Punjab',
			(int) 11 => 'R.'
		),
		'FAC' => array(
			(int) 0 => 'Sayad Mir Nawab v. Hardeo'
		),
		'QUANTITY' => array(
			(int) 0 => 'about 200 miles'
		),
		'PRODUCT' => array(
			(int) 0 => 'Birbal',
			(int) 1 => 'Shiv Dayal v. Jagannath',
			(int) 2 => 'Maheshwari Prasad',
			(int) 3 => 'Saran',
			(int) 4 => 'the Full Bench'
		),
		'LOC' => array(
			(int) 0 => 'Madras'
		)
	),
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '618451',
			'acts' => 'Indian Companies Act, 1913; Limitation Act - Sections 5 - Schedule - Articles 171 and 177; <a href="/act/51117/code-of-civil-procedure-1908-complete-act">Code of Civil Procedure (CPC), 1908</a> - Order 1, Rule 8 - Order 22, Rule 9',
			'appealno' => 'F.A.F.O. No. 81 of 1952',
			'appellant' => 'Firm Dittu Ram Eyedan and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Firm Dittu Ram Eyedan and ors. Vs. Om Press Co. Ltd. and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 80 (2) & 89 & Punjab Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989, Rules 85 & 80: [T.S. Thakur, CJ, Jasbir Singh & Surya Kant, JJ] Appeal against orders of State or Regional Transport authority  imitation  Held, A stipulation regarding the period of limitation available for invoking the remedy shall have to be strictly construed. That is because any provision by way of limitation is in the nature of a restraint on the remedy provided under the Act. So viewed two inferences are clear viz., (1) Sections 80 and 89 of the Act read with Rule 85 of the Rules make it obligatory for the authorities making the order to communicate it to the applicant concerned and (2) the period of limitation for any appeal against the order is reckonable from the date of such communication of the reasons would imply communication of a copy of the written order itself, a party who knows about the making of an order cannot ignore the same and allow grass to grow under its feet and do nothing except waiting for a formal communication of the order or to choose a tenuous plea that even though he knew about the order, he was waiting for its formal communication to seek redress against the same in appeal. If a party does not know about the making of the order either actually or constructively it may claim that the period of limitation would start running from the date it acquires knowledge of the making of an order but one cannot understand how a party, who has acquired knowledge of the making an order either directly or constructively can ignore the same and belatedly seek redress just because the authority making the order had made a default in formally communicating the order to him. Allowing a party to do so would amount to placing a premium on the lack of diligence of a party, who is remiss in seeking a remedy that was available to it. Therefore, knowledge whether actual or construction of the order passed  by the State or Regional Transport Authority should result in commencement of the period of limitation. Thus,. In cases where the State or Regional Transport Authority has not communicated the order of refusal passed to the persons concerned, the period of limitation for filing an appeal would commence from the date when the parties concerned acquire knowledge of passing of the said order. -  171. If the application is made within sixty days of the abatement or in all within 150 days of the death, the Court may admit the application on being satisfied that the applicant had sufficient cause for not making the application within that time. If for failure to bring legal representatives on the record within ninety days, the suit or the appeal abates, it is for the applicant to get the abatement set aside by making an application within sixty days on proof of sufficient cause. The Court is entitled to know the cause of ignorance before determining whether such ignorance should be deemed to be a good cause for setting aside abatement in the circumstances of a particular case. In that case, a large number of parties and the appeal having remained pending of a long time, were considered good grounds for condoning the delay, and in Radha Lal v. Now ignorance of the death of a party is a very good ground for not moving the Court to bring his legal representatives on record, for a persons cannot think of making an application in this behalf unless he knows that the party is dead. In the circumstances it seems to me that the plaintiff has shown sufficient cause for not making the application in time and the learned District Judge was justified in extending limitation in this respect'.(19) In this case the Bench came to the conclusion that there were circumstances showing sufficient cause excusing delay, though undoubtedly there are observations which suggest that ignorance of the death is per se a good ground for not making an application in time. (20) I am however of the view that before ignorance of death can be deemed to be a good ground, there must exist good grounds for ignorance not attributable to negligence. Jagannath, AIR 1922 All 490, and in its view the negligence of a district lawyer or of his clerk might be enough to constitute sufficient cause for the failure to initiate proceedings within the prescribed period. What is sufficient cause is difficult and undesirable to attempt to define precisely. In our judgment, each case must be decided on its own facts and it must be shown to start with that there is no negligence, want of diligence or good faith. There is the extreme view which is to the effect that through lapse of time a valuable right is secured and it should not be extended in the absence of strong grounds and the burden lies heavily upon the person seeking indulgence, of showing sufficient cause justifying delay in bringing the legal representatives on the record within the period prescribed. (36) According to our law, abatement results in interruption of the suit, suspending its progress until new parties are brought before the Court, and if this is not done within the proper time, or the Court does not exercise its discretion in extending the time, the suit comes to an end for good. If the applicant satisfies the Court that there was no want of diligence on his part, that he acted in good faith and no in a negligent manner his inaction may not be visited with grave consequences. The burden cannot be cast upon the opposite party who secures a valuable advantage by the lapse of period of limitation, to adduce proof of facts and circumstances showing negligence or want of good faith on the part of the applicant. In this case the circumstances are, that the conditions resulting from the partition of the country were exceptional, are very large sections of population on both sides of the frontier were forced to migrate under unusual and unprecedented circumstances and it was humanly impossible for the plaintiffs in this case to keep trace of the defendants who had no settled abode, and were scattered all over the country without there being any clue or information of their whereabouts.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'In Ramalingam v. Koteswara Rajasthan;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1959-12-24',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' G.D. Khosla, C.J.,; Tek Chand and; Shamsher Bahadur, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Tek Chand, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1) The question which has been referred to the Full Bench is--</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'whether ignorance of the death of a defendant is a sufficient cause for setting aside the abatement when the application to bring the legal representatives of he deceased defendant on the record is made after the expiry of the period of limitation'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) The facts and circumstances under which this question arose may be stated briefly. The plaintiffs who are 27 in number, had instituted a suit against 119 defendants besides the Union of India, who was defendant No. 120, claiming rendition of accounts in respect of income and profit etc. and also possession by way of partition of the property mentioned in the schedule attached to the plaint in respect of 108 1/2 shares out of 262.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The plaintiffs and defendants Nos. 2 to 119 (inclusive) were engaged in partnership business of pressing and bailing cotton and wool in the town of Fazilka, District Ferozepur, in the name and style of Om Press Company in the year 1938. The plaintiffs owned 108 1/2 shares out of a total of 262 shares in the concern. On 25th of April, 1938, a notice was received by the partners form the Registrar, Joint Stock Companies, pointing out that the partnership business could not be carried on unless their concern was got registered under the Indian Companies Act, 1913. Consequent upon the notice, the partners met and dissolved partnership with effect from 4th of July, 1938, but at the same time they decided that with the assets of the dissolved partnership they should form a joint stock company.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">With this end in view, defendant No. 2 Shri Mukand Lal was entrusted with the work of preparing memorandum and articles of association and for taking steps for forming a limited liability Company. It was alleged that Shri Mukand Lal, without consulting the plaintiffs as to the memorandum can articles of association, got the Company registered in the name of Om Press Company Limited, Fazilka.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The plaintiffs felt dissatisfied with the terms of the articles and made an application to the High Court at Lahore seeking the removal of their names from the register of the members of the Company which was allowed, but the plaintiffs' prayer that the Company should be directed to pay them back the price of their share in the assets of the Company was rejected. The plaintiffs then applied for the winding up of the Company but the High Court rejected their application on 28th of June, 1944. The plaintiffs then lodged the present suit which was filed in the Civil Court at Fazilka on 5th of February,, 1945.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) The defendants, including the Company, resisted the plaintiffs' suit on several grounds and the trial Court framed seven preliminary issues. Some of these issues were decided against the plaintiffs who were required by the Sub-Judge to amend their plaint. The defendants who were also aggrieved from the decision of the Sub-Judge on certain other preliminary issues, filed a revision against his order in the High Court at Lahore and further proceeding in the case were stayed. After the partition of the country, the revision petition of the defendants was dismissed by the High Court at Simla and Achhru Ram J. by his order dated 6th of October, 1948, sent back the case to the Sub-Judge, Fazilka, for disposal on merits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) When the revision was decided by Achhru Ram J., Bagha Ram defendant No. 57 had died on 21st of July, 1947, Prabh Dial defendant No. 55 had died on 8th of December,, 1947, and Harden Mal plaintiff No. 19 had died on 28th of July, 1947. At the time of the disposal of the petition of revision, no one knew of the deaths of the three persons named above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) The parties appeared before the trial Court on 18th of November, 1948, and the case was adjourned to 29th of November, 1948, in order to enable the plaintiffs to make an application under O.1, R. 8, Civil Procedure Code, and it was prayed that as there were numerous plaintiffs and defendants, plaintiffs No. 2, 3 and 10 might be allowed to sue and defendants Nos. 1 and 2 might be allowed to defend the suit. On 2nd of December, 1948, an application was made under O. 22, Rs. 3, Civil Procedure Code, as Harden Mal, one of the plaintiffs had died.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Another application was made under O. 22 R. 4, for the appointment of legal representatives of Maluk Chand defendant No. 19, Bagha Ram defendant No. 57 and Prabh Dial defendant No. 55. It was stated in the applications that the plaintiffs had come to know of their deaths on the return of the file from the High Court to the trial Court at Fazilka. These applications were opposed by the defendants on the ground that the suit had long abated as the defendants had died in the years 1946 and 1947 and no steps had been taken to get the abatement set aside and to have the legal representatives of the deceased brought on the record within the period of limitation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The trial Court by its order dated 4th of April, 1952, came to the conclusion that the suit had abated as a whole, and that no proceedings could be taken in the case. From this order of the Sub-Judge, the plaintiffs preferred a first appeal to this Court and Harbans Singh J. by his order dated 28th of January, 1959, has referred the matter for decision of the Full Bench.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) On behalf of the plaintiffs it has been firstly urged that ignorance of the deaths of defendants is by itself a sufficient cause for setting aside the abatement in the absence of facts and circumstances showing negligence. It was further maintained that the view that the plaintiffs must keep themselves informed as to whether the defendants were living or have died, was erroneous. In the alternative, it was urged, that in the circumstances of this case a case had been made out for setting aside abatement as the plaintiffs were prevented for sufficient cause from continuing the suit by applying for the setting aside of abatement under O. 22, R. 9, Civil Procedure Code.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) The scheme of O. 22 is that an application to bring on the record the legal representatives of a deceased plaintiff or a deceased defendant must be made within ninety days from the date of the death of the deceased, vide Indian Limitation Act, Schedule I, Arts. 176 and 177. If no such application is made within the period prescribed, the suit abates in the case of a deceased plaintiff under R. 3(2), and in the case of a deceased defendant under R. 4(3). In the event of abatement, the plaintiff or the person claiming to be the legal representative of a deceased plaintiff, as the case may be, may apply under R. 9(2) for an order for setting aside the abatement.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Such an application may be made within sixty days from the date of abatement as provided by the Limitation Act, Schedule I, Art. 171. If the application is made within sixty days of the abatement or in all within 150 days of the death, the Court may admit the application on being satisfied that the applicant had sufficient cause for not making the application within that time.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The contention of the learned counsel for the defendants-respondents is that an abatement ought only to be set aside when substantial grounds have been shown to exist for condoning the delay and the applicant has to satisfy that he was prevented by some sufficient cause from making the application to bring the legal representatives of the deceased on the record with ninety days from the date of the death under R. 9(2) and for not making the application to set aside the abatement within sixty days from the date of abatement under R. 9(3). Sub-rules (2) and (3) of R. 9 of O. 22, Civil Procedure Code, are distinct and independent.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In a large number of cases of the Lahore High Court cited at the Bar the view that has found acceptance is that mere ignorance of the death, per se, is not a sufficient cause for condoning delay. Delay may be excused in cases where ignorance of death was not due to negligence. There are, however, decisions of other High Courts in which a more liberal view has been taken. A careful examination of the various decisions of the High Courts suggests that the divergence of opinion is seeming rather than real and in allowing or refusing applications, Judges have been guided by the particular circumstances of a case, though in some cases a strict, and in others a liberal view has been taken.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) The law casts a duty upon the plaintiff or the appellant, as the case may be, to bring on the record legal representatives of a deceased defendant or respondent where death takes place during the pendency of the lis, in order that no decrees may be passed against deceased persons. If for failure to bring legal representatives on the record within ninety days, the suit or the appeal abates, it is for the applicant to get the abatement set aside by making an application within sixty days on proof of sufficient cause.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Where he allows a period of 150 days to expire from the death of the deceased, he has to satisfy the Court of the existence of circumstances contemplated by Section 5 of the Limitation Act justifying condonation of delay. The reason is that a valuable right accrues to the party against whom suit has abated and the order of abatement should not be set aside as a matter of course or for very slight reasons. An applicant must, therefore, show that he had sufficient cause for not taking timely steps to continue his suit which has abated on account of the death of a party.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In construing the expression 'sufficient cause' the existence or otherwise, of negligence is always a governing factor, and this is because of the omission to perform a duty cast upon him by law. If the applicant has been prevented from making an application due to circumstances beyond his control or despite reasonable diligence, the Court in their desire to do substantial justice do ordinarily, condone delay. It is true that it will be an impossible test if the applicant were required to keep himself informed from day to day as to whether the respondent was dead or alive.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">On the other extreme, will be the case, where ignorance of death taken by itself should be considered a sufficient cause for setting aside abatement. The Court is entitled to know the cause of ignorance before determining whether such ignorance should be deemed to be a good cause for setting aside abatement in the circumstances of a particular case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In Sayad Mir Nawab v. Hardeo, 60 Pun Re 1911, the plea of ignorance of the death of the respondent, until after the expiry of the period of limitation, was repelled by a Division Bench of the Punjab Chief Court. In that case the deceased lived only five or six miles away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) In Bhani Ram v. Narain Singh, AIR 1915 Lah 382, the appellants, who lived 15 kos away from the village of the deceased, set up a plea of ignorance of the fact of murder of the respondent, and further alleged that the plaintiffs-appellants were absent on pilgrimage at the time of the death. The Division Bench held, that sufficient cause for delay in making the application for bringing on record the legal representatives of the deceased had not been shown. The application was made fifteen months after the date of the death.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In Daya Singh v. Buta Singh, 118 Pun Re 1916: (AIR 1917 Lah 10), the view taken by the Division Bench was that the plaintiff or the appellant was out of Court until he could satisfy the Court that he was prevented by any sufficient cause from continuing the suit; and, that under O. 22, R. 9(2), the party must satisfy the Court that he had sufficient excuse for not applying in time. The ignorance of factum of death for more than six months, when the deceased owned land in the village of the applicant, was held to imply great negligence. Following 60 Pun Re 1911, it was observed--</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'ignorance of factum of death cannot by itself save a case'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) Again in Chunni Lal v. Kala Khan, AIR 1922 Lah 61 (1), the Division Bench subscribed to the principle that mere ignorance of the factum of death was not a sufficient excuse under O. 22, R. 9, Civil Procedure Code, and this statement of law was not questioned in Tirath Ram v. Mahammad Abdul Rahim Shah, AIR 1923 Lah 546. In the last mentioned case, however, out of the two applicants, one was a minor and the other a mere youth, who was absent, as he was pursuing his studies at a different place, and in these circumstances, ignorance of death of the respondent was considered a sufficient cause.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) In Munshi Ram v. Radha Kishen, AIR 1924 Lah 461, application under O.22, R. 9 was made after three years in one case and after nearly nine months in the other. The cause alleged in the affidavit was that the parties were living in different districts and their residences were separated by a distant of about 200 miles, but it was not considered sufficient reason for excusing delay in making the application after such a long period. Similar view was taken in Haji v. Janun, AIR 1926 Lah 137; Chuni Lal Tulsiram v. Amin Chand, AIR 1933 Lah 356(2); Nawab v. Rahim Dad, AIR 1934 Lah 934 (1) and Pir Bakhsh v. Kidar Nath, AIR 1935 Lah 478.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) In Mehr Singh v. Sohan Singh, AIR 1936 Lah 710, an application was made more than sixty days after the abatement of the appeal. In that case, a large number of parties and the appeal having remained pending of a long time, were considered good grounds for condoning the delay, and in Radha Lal v. Fateh Mohammad, AIR 1937 Lah 454, the plaintiff was not held guilty of laches because the deceased defendant had no fixed residence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(17) In Committee of Management of Bunga Sarkar v. Sardar Raghbir Singh, AIR 1951 Simla 257, Kapur J. (with whom Soni J. agreed) observed that the mere fact of the ignorance of death of the respondent had never been held to be a sufficient cause, and whenever abatement was set aside there were always some facts or circumstances showing sufficient cause.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(18) The only case of this Court in which seemingly a different view was taken in Birbal v. Harlal Sadasukh, AIR 1953 Punj 252, in which Khosla J., as he then was, sitting with Soni J., said--</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'With regard to the question of abatement it is clear that abatement can be set aside even after the statutory period of sixty days has expired. Abatement takes place ninety days after the death of the defendant or respondent. So the opposite party is allowed a period of 150 days in which to apply for setting aside the abatement, but if for some reason he cannot move the Court in this respect he is entitled to extension under Section 5 of the Limitation Act. The effect of abatement is not that a decree against a dead person is a nullity for all purposes but that the decree can be set aside and the legal representatives given an opportunity of representing their case before the Court. In this case the first point to consider is whether there was a sufficient ground for not making an application with in the statutory period of 150 days. The plaintiff's contention was that he did not know of Surja's death. He has stated this on oath and this statement was accepted by the learned District Judge.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Now ignorance of the death of a party is a very good ground for not moving the Court to bring his legal representatives on record, for a persons cannot think of making an application in this behalf unless he knows that the party is dead. The defendants did not inform the Court and Surja's counsel continued to appear on his behalf. The plaintiff stated on oath that he did not know of Surja's death until much alter. In the circumstances it seems to me that the plaintiff has shown sufficient cause for not making the application in time and the learned District Judge was justified in extending limitation in this respect'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(19) In this case the Bench came to the conclusion that there were circumstances showing sufficient cause excusing delay, though undoubtedly there are observations which suggest that ignorance of the death is per se a good ground for not making an application in time.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(20) I am however of the view that before ignorance of death can be deemed to be a good ground, there must exist good grounds for ignorance not attributable to negligence. When law imposes an obligation on a person to bring legal representatives of deceased opponent on the record within the prescribed period, mere want o knowledge of death, will be insufficient to secure him against consequences of abatement of his suit or appeal; he has further to show absence of want of care. When reasonable vigilance is a duty unqualified ignorance cannot be deemed venial. Want of information may be overlooked if want was not induced by neglectful indifference or blameworthy remissness. Allowing oneself to remain in the dark cannot be treated as a pursuasive ground for condonation of delay.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The above observations with only a single exception find support in a long catena of the decisions of this Court & its predecessor the Chief Court of Punjab. The view that has received almost uniform acceptance in Punjab is that ignorance of death per se does not furnish sufficient ground for setting aside abatement after the expiry of the periods mentioned in Arts. 171 and 177 of the Limitation Act. If a different view were to be taken, that would open many avenues of fraud and it would not be easy in a large number of cases to say, whether the delay was due to negligence or for any want of care on the part of the applicant as he alone would, in a vast majority of cases be in the know of the circumstances which led to his not filing the application within time.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">For no suit could ever abate so long as the applicant would be willing to make a categoric statement that he learnt of the death of the deceased shortly before the date of the filing of the application; except perhaps in very rare cases where direct evidence would be forthcoming showing applicant's awareness of the death of the deceased considerable time before he made an application. In all reasonableness it cannot be expected of the respondent to ascertain facts and circumstances contributing to the knowledge or ignorance of the applicant in a matter which is normally within the exclusive knoweldge of the applicant himself.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(21) I may now examine the decisions of other High Courts on the subject. A Single Judge of Allahabad High Court in Lachmi Narain v. Muhammad Yusuf. AIR 1920 All 284, extended the time to bring the names of legal representatives of the deceased on the record, though the application was made more than six months after the death on the ground that the applicant was ill for a very long time.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(22) A Division Bench of the same High Court in Hanuman Dass v. Pirthvi Nath, AIR 1956 All 677, expressed the view that the term 'sufficient cause' should be so construed as to advance substantial justice, and relied upon two Full Bench decisions reported in Brij Mohan Das v. Mannu Bibi, ILR 19 All 348, and Shiv Dayal v. Jagannath, AIR 1922 All 490, and in its view the negligence of a district lawyer or of his clerk might be enough to constitute sufficient cause for the failure to initiate proceedings within the prescribed period. Each case turned on its own facts and in that case the litigant had shown all the diligence expected of him, but the negligent conduct responsible for the delay was the conduct of the clerk of the lawyer and the delay was, therefore, condoned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(23) The view taken in Oudh is in consonance with the Punjab view that a mere plea of ignorance of the fact that the opposite party had died is not a sufficient cause for setting aside an order of abatement. Special circumstances which entitled the parties concerned to special indulgence must be proved. A party was expected to be active in prosecution of his appeal and to show vigilance and was under an obligation to keep himself informed as to the existence of his opponent, vide Sant Baksh v. Nabban Saheb, AIR 1925 Oudh 306(2); Bhagwan Din v. Muru, 1940 Oudh W. N. 219; and Jagadish Bahadur v. Mahadeo Prasad, AIR 1941 Oudh 16.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(24) In Tejumal Bhawandas v. Murad, AIR 1936 Sind 169, following the observations of Sir Lawrence Jenkins, in Bhau v. Raghunath, ILR 30 Bom 229, to the effect that a successful decree-holder should not be deprived of the advantage which he had obtained on account of the expiry of the period of limitation, the Division Bench thought that those observations equally applied to an application under O.22, R. 9, C.P.C., and in all cases the burden lay heavily on the person who claimed relief under S. 5 of the Limitation Act of adducing distinct proof of sufficient cause on which he relied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(25) The Calcutta High Court in Sarat Chandra Sarkar v. Maihar Stone and Lime Co., Ltd., ILR 49 Cal 62: (AIR 1922 Cal 335), expressed the view that the plaintiffs should show that they had sufficient cause for not preferring the application within limitation. They thought that abatements are not to be set aside as a matter of course or lightly, the burden being on the plaintiffs to show cause as to the existence of a sufficient cause for not making the application in time.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(26) In Mehtab Chand v. Shriratan Mohta, AIR 1953 Cal 367, it was said:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'What is sufficient cause is difficult and undesirable to attempt to define precisely. It depends on the circumstances of each case. But one thing is clear that though the Court does not apply too exacting a standard of diligence, it there is a delay, which in the circumstances of the case the Court thinks unreasonable, the Court does not exercise the discretion conferred on it under O. 22, R. 9 sub-rule (2). In this case in my view the plaintiff has not shown sufficient cause. In fact he has not shown any cause at all. He says that he was suffering from a chronic illness. That did not prevent him from continuing the suit. The delay, therefore, has not been explained at all and we are displaced to take the view that the plaintiff has been dilatory in the conduct of the suit'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(27) In Phulwati Kumari v. Maheshwari Prasad, AIR 1924 Pat 607, a Division Bench of Patna High Court expressed similar view that the appellant must keep himself informed of any devolution of interest that may have taken place by reason of death of any of the respondents, and it was not sufficient merely to say that the appellant had no knowledge of the death of the respondent till many months later. The abatement of an appeal gave a very important right to the opposite party against whom the appeal abated and the Court should not set aside an abatement without sufficient reason.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(28) In Hari Saran Singh v. Md. Eradat Hussain, AIR 1925 Pat 162, the Division Bench thought that it was not the duty of the appellant to be on the look-out and to be always inquiring as to whether the respondent in the appeal is dead or not, and if the appellant has done all that is necessary to bring the appeal to hearing, he cannot be punished for the ignorance of the death where there are no laches on his part so that it cannot be said that by the use of reasonable diligence, he could have come to know of the death earlier. In that case the deceased respondent was a pardanashin lady residing in the interior of a different district and this was considered to be a sufficient reason for delay in bringing her legal representatives on the record. This view also found favour with a Division Bench of Allahabad High Court in Lakshmi Chand v. Behari Lal, AIR 1932 all 459.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(29) In Mir Wajid Ali v. Fagoo Mandal, AIR 1938 Pat 125, the view expressed was that when the appellant had already succeeded in serving the notice of the appeal on the respondent, he had done all that is expected of him to do in connection with the appeal and he was not, therefore, bound to inquire from day to day as to the state of the health of the respondent or whether he was dead or alive, and reliance was placed upon Nanoo v. Muni Lal, AIR 1929 Pat 738; and Sadhu Saran Pandey v. Nand Kumar Singh, AIR 1926 Pat 276.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(30) In Ram Ranbijaya Prasad Singh v. Madho Turha, AIR 1939 Pat 628, it was said that the critical question in deciding whether an abatement should be set aside was whether sufficient cause had been shown and that was a matter for decision on the facts of each case, and that no hard and fast rule could be laid down as to what would constitute sufficient cause in each case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(31) In Ratansi Agariya v. Jaysing Dinkarrao, AIR 1954 Nag 348, the Division Bench, after citing authorities both for the liberal and the stricter views preferred the former, and it was observed:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'In our judgment, each case must be decided on its own facts and it must be shown to start with that there is no negligence, want of diligence or good faith. If this is established, there is no reason why ignorance of the fact that death has taken place should not be held to be sufficient cause. We accept the ruling in AIR 1938 Pat 125, (cit. sup.) as correct and dissent respectfully from the strict view expressed in the other cases. It was pointed out in AIR 1953 Cal 367, that it is not necessary to set too exacting a standard in these matters and we entirely agree'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(32) A Division Bench of Madras High Court in Secretary of State v. Vinjamuri Kistnamacharyulu, AIR 1938 Mad 218, thought that it was not incumbent upon an appellant to make periodical inquires as to whether the respondent was alive. Ignorance of the death of the respondent in the absence of any negligence or other Act or omission, for which the appellant can be held responsible was sufficient cause to excuse delay in seeking to set aside abatement.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(33) In Ramalingam v. Koteswara Rajasthan, AIR 1949 Mad 624, a Single Judge was of the view that the fact that the applicant seeking to set aside abatement was not aware of the death of the party whose legal representatives have to be brought on record constitutes a sufficient cause for excusing the delay in seeking to set aside the abatement.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(34) The above is a representative, though not an exhaustive review of the case law expressing somewhat divergent views. On the one side through the wide gamut of judicial decisions three currents are noticeable. There is the extreme view which is to the effect that through lapse of time a valuable right is secured and it should not be extended in the absence of strong grounds and the burden lies heavily upon the person seeking indulgence, of showing sufficient cause justifying delay in bringing the legal representatives on the record within the period prescribed. On the other extreme is the view expressed in decisions of Patna, Madras and Nagpur High Courts that after notice has been served on the respondent, appellant's duty comes to an end and he is not bound to inquire as to whether respondent is dead or alive. Neither of these views appears to be justified.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(35) Law casts a duty upon the plaintiff or the appellant, as the case may be, to bring the legal representatives of the deceased on the record lest a decree should be obtained against a dead person which is of no legal effect. The duty cannot be deemed to be discharged once notice is served on the respondent. A suit or appeal abates automatically after the expiration of ninety days of the death of the deceased defendant or respondent.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under common law a right of action is said to 'abate' on the death of a defendant, it does not simply mean its suspension or discontinuance, it means an extinguishment of the very right of action itself. The right of prosecuting the suit is effectually wiped out as if it had never existed. When a suit abates, it ceases, terminates or comes to an end prematurely. In the common law sense, therefore, when a suit abates it is absolutely dead but in equity a suit when abated was merely in a state of suspended animation and might be revived.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(36) According to our law, abatement results in interruption of the suit, suspending its progress until new parties are brought before the Court, and if this is not done within the proper time, or the Court does not exercise its discretion in extending the time, the suit comes to an end for good. The law, therefore, imposes an obligation upon the party seeking resuscitation of his action after the lapse of the period of limitation to furnish grounds justifying condonation of the delay. If the applicant satisfies the Court that there was no want of diligence on his part, that he acted in good faith and no in a negligent manner his inaction may not be visited with grave consequences. In other words, it is for him to allege and prove not only that he remained ignorant of the death of the deceased and thus could not bring his legal representatives on the record, but further to show that his ignorance could not be attributed to absence of negligence or want of sufficient vigilance.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">He may even rely upon the circumstances of the case from which want of negligence may be inferable. In a particular case, circumstances without direct proof may furnish sufficient ground for absolving the applicant from the consequences of his laches. The burden cannot be cast upon the opposite party who secures a valuable advantage by the lapse of period of limitation, to adduce proof of facts and circumstances showing negligence or want of good faith on the part of the applicant. In the absence of circumstances or proof of want of negligence a bald statement that the applicant was ignorant of the death cannot be deemed sufficient for revival of the suit or appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(37) Barring such decisions which have taken an extreme view, the controversy appears to be more notional than real. In our judgment, the view adopted by the Punjab decisions and taken by the Chief Courts of Oudh and Sindh and by the High Court of Calcutta and the two decisions of Allahabad High Court, appears to be more in consonance with the correct interpretation of O.22, R. 9, C.P.C., and Arts. 171 and 177 of the Limitation Act. It is for the applicant to make out cogent grounds for excusing delay either by positive evidence led in this behalf or from the circumstances justifying such a conclusion. The question referred to the Full Bench, therefore, must be decided in the negative.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(38) With a view to avoid remand, the next question, whether in this case there is sufficient evidence to show or there are circumstances of the case which indicate, sufficient cause for condoning the delay may be considered. In this case the circumstances are, that the conditions resulting from the partition of the country were exceptional, are very large sections of population on both sides of the frontier were forced to migrate under unusual and unprecedented circumstances and it was humanly impossible for the plaintiffs in this case to keep trace of the defendants who had no settled abode, and were scattered all over the country without there being any clue or information of their whereabouts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Moreover, the revision filed by the respondents remained pending first in the High Court at Lahore and after 1947, in the East Punjab High Court for an inordinately long time. The petitioners before the High Court, in that revision, who were no other than the present respondents, did not bring the fact of the deaths of the deceased respondents to the notice of the High Court. Under these circumstances no reasonable vigilance on the part of the plaintiffs could have the result of dispelling their ignorance, particularly when it was not known, where the deceased respondents and settled at the time of their deaths. It has been sufficiently shown on the record of this case that the plaintiffs' conduct could not be held to be blame-worthy or negligent. There are, in our opinion, sufficient reasons for setting aside the abatement.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(39) In the result, the appeal is allowed and the order of the Subordinate Judge, Ferozepur, holding that the suit has abated as a whole and no further proceedings can be taken in this case, is set aside. The Sub-Judge is directed to proceed with the case after bringing the legal representatives of the deceased parties on the record. In view of the circumstances of the case, there will be no order as to costs.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">G.D. Khosla, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(40) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Shamsher Bahadur, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(41) I also agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(42) Appeal allowed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		(int) 2 => 'Shri Mukand Lal',
		(int) 3 => 'Simla',
		(int) 4 => 'Achhru Ram J.',
		(int) 5 => 'Achhru Ram J.,',
		(int) 6 => 'Bagha Ram',
		(int) 7 => 'Harden Mal',
		(int) 8 => 'Nos',
		(int) 9 => 'Harden Mal',
		(int) 10 => 'Bagha Ram',
		(int) 11 => 'Harbans Singh J.',
		(int) 12 => 'Bhani Ram',
		(int) 13 => 'Narain Singh',
		(int) 14 => 'kos',
		(int) 15 => 'Daya Singh',
		(int) 16 => 'Buta Singh',
		(int) 17 => 'Chunni Lal v. Kala Khan',
		(int) 18 => 'Tirath Ram',
		(int) 19 => 'Mahammad Abdul Rahim Shah',
		(int) 20 => 'Radha Kishen',
		(int) 21 => 'Haji',
		(int) 22 => 'Lal Tulsiram v.',
		(int) 23 => 'Amin Chand',
		(int) 24 => 'Nawab v. Rahim Dad',
		(int) 25 => 'Pir Bakhsh v. Kidar Nath',
		(int) 26 => 'Mehr Singh v. Sohan Singh',
		(int) 27 => 'Radha Lal v. Fateh Mohammad',
		(int) 28 => 'Sardar Raghbir Singh',
		(int) 29 => 'Simla',
		(int) 30 => 'Kapur J.',
		(int) 31 => 'Soni J. agreed',
		(int) 32 => 'Harlal Sadasukh',
		(int) 33 => 'Khosla J.',
		(int) 34 => 'Soni J.',
		(int) 35 => 'Lachmi Narain v.',
		(int) 36 => 'Muhammad Yusuf',
		(int) 37 => 'Hanuman Dass',
		(int) 38 => 'Pirthvi Nath',
		(int) 39 => 'Mohan Das',
		(int) 40 => 'Mannu Bibi',
		(int) 41 => 'condoned.(23',
		(int) 42 => 'Sant Baksh v. Nabban',
		(int) 43 => 'Bhagwan Din v. Muru',
		(int) 44 => 'Jagadish Bahadur v. Mahadeo Prasad',
		(int) 45 => 'Tejumal Bhawandas',
		(int) 46 => 'Lawrence Jenkins',
		(int) 47 => 'Chandra Sarkar v.',
		(int) 48 => 'Maihar Stone',
		(int) 49 => 'Shriratan Mohta',
		(int) 50 => 'Pat 607',
		(int) 51 => 'Pat 162',
		(int) 52 => 'Behari Lal',
		(int) 53 => 'Mir Wajid Ali v.',
		(int) 54 => 'Fagoo Mandal',
		(int) 55 => 'Nanoo',
		(int) 56 => 'Muni Lal',
		(int) 57 => 'Sadhu Saran Pandey',
		(int) 58 => 'Kumar Singh',
		(int) 59 => 'Ram Ranbijaya',
		(int) 60 => 'Madho Turha',
		(int) 61 => 'Ratansi Agariya v.',
		(int) 62 => 'sup',
		(int) 63 => 'Vinjamuri Kistnamacharyulu',
		(int) 64 => 'abatement.(33',
		(int) 65 => 'Ramalingam',
		(int) 66 => 'Koteswara Rajasthan',
		(int) 67 => 'Ferozepur',
		(int) 68 => 'G.D. Khosla, C.J.(40',
		(int) 69 => 'Shamsher Bahadur',
		(int) 70 => 'J.(41'
	),
	'DATE' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'the year 1938',
		(int) 1 => '25th of April, 1938',
		(int) 2 => '1913',
		(int) 3 => '4th of July, 1938',
		(int) 4 => '28th of June, 1944',
		(int) 5 => 'February',
		(int) 6 => 'October, 1948',
		(int) 7 => '57',
		(int) 8 => '21st of July, 1947',
		(int) 9 => '55',
		(int) 10 => '8th of December',
		(int) 11 => '1947',
		(int) 12 => '28th of July, 1947',
		(int) 13 => '18th of November, 1948',
		(int) 14 => '29th of November, 1948',
		(int) 15 => 'under O.1',
		(int) 16 => '2nd of December, 1948',
		(int) 17 => '55',
		(int) 18 => 'the years 1946 and 1947',
		(int) 19 => '4th of April, 1952',
		(int) 20 => '28th of January, 1959',
		(int) 21 => 'the Full Bench.(7',
		(int) 22 => 'ninety days',
		(int) 23 => 'sixty days',
		(int) 24 => 'sixty days',
		(int) 25 => '150 days',
		(int) 26 => 'ninety days',
		(int) 27 => 'sixty days',
		(int) 28 => 'ninety days',
		(int) 29 => 'sixty days',
		(int) 30 => '150 days',
		(int) 31 => 'from day to day',
		(int) 32 => '1911',
		(int) 33 => 'fifteen months',
		(int) 34 => '1916',
		(int) 35 => '1917',
		(int) 36 => '9(2',
		(int) 37 => 'more than six months',
		(int) 38 => '1911',
		(int) 39 => 'three years',
		(int) 40 => 'nearly nine months',
		(int) 41 => 'more than sixty days',
		(int) 42 => '1953',
		(int) 43 => 'sixty days',
		(int) 44 => 'ninety days',
		(int) 45 => '150 days',
		(int) 46 => '150 days',
		(int) 47 => 'more than six months',
		(int) 48 => '1940',
		(int) 49 => 'many months later',
		(int) 50 => '1926',
		(int) 51 => '1938',
		(int) 52 => 'ninety days',
		(int) 53 => '1947'
	),
	'ORDINAL' => array(
		(int) 0 => '5th',
		(int) 1 => '6th',
		(int) 2 => 'first',
		(int) 3 => 'firstly',
		(int) 4 => 'first',
		(int) 5 => 'first'
	),
	'NORP' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'R.',
		(int) 1 => 'R.',
		(int) 2 => 'R.',
		(int) 3 => 'R.',
		(int) 4 => 'R.',
		(int) 5 => 'R.',
		(int) 6 => 'Punjab',
		(int) 7 => 'Punjab',
		(int) 8 => 'R.',
		(int) 9 => 'R.',
		(int) 10 => 'Punjab',
		(int) 11 => 'R.'
	),
	'FAC' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'Sayad Mir Nawab v. Hardeo'
	),
	'QUANTITY' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'about 200 miles'
	),
	'PRODUCT' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'Birbal',
		(int) 1 => 'Shiv Dayal v. Jagannath',
		(int) 2 => 'Maheshwari Prasad',
		(int) 3 => 'Saran',
		(int) 4 => 'the Full Bench'
	),
	'LOC' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'Madras'
	)
)
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '618451',
		'acts' => 'Indian Companies Act, 1913; Limitation Act - Sections 5 - Schedule - Articles 171 and 177; <a href="/act/51117/code-of-civil-procedure-1908-complete-act">Code of Civil Procedure (CPC), 1908</a> - Order 1, Rule 8 - Order 22, Rule 9',
		'appealno' => 'F.A.F.O. No. 81 of 1952',
		'appellant' => 'Firm Dittu Ram Eyedan and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Firm Dittu Ram Eyedan and ors. Vs. Om Press Co. Ltd. and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 80 (2) & 89 & Punjab Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989, Rules 85 & 80: [T.S. Thakur, CJ, Jasbir Singh & Surya Kant, JJ] Appeal against orders of State or Regional Transport authority  imitation  Held, A stipulation regarding the period of limitation available for invoking the remedy shall have to be strictly construed. That is because any provision by way of limitation is in the nature of a restraint on the remedy provided under the Act. So viewed two inferences are clear viz., (1) Sections 80 and 89 of the Act read with Rule 85 of the Rules make it obligatory for the authorities making the order to communicate it to the applicant concerned and (2) the period of limitation for any appeal against the order is reckonable from the date of such communication of the reasons would imply communication of a copy of the written order itself, a party who knows about the making of an order cannot ignore the same and allow grass to grow under its feet and do nothing except waiting for a formal communication of the order or to choose a tenuous plea that even though he knew about the order, he was waiting for its formal communication to seek redress against the same in appeal. If a party does not know about the making of the order either actually or constructively it may claim that the period of limitation would start running from the date it acquires knowledge of the making of an order but one cannot understand how a party, who has acquired knowledge of the making an order either directly or constructively can ignore the same and belatedly seek redress just because the authority making the order had made a default in formally communicating the order to him. Allowing a party to do so would amount to placing a premium on the lack of diligence of a party, who is remiss in seeking a remedy that was available to it. Therefore, knowledge whether actual or construction of the order passed  by the State or Regional Transport Authority should result in commencement of the period of limitation. Thus,. In cases where the State or Regional Transport Authority has not communicated the order of refusal passed to the persons concerned, the period of limitation for filing an appeal would commence from the date when the parties concerned acquire knowledge of passing of the said order. -  171. If the application is made within sixty days of the abatement or in all within 150 days of the death, the Court may admit the application on being satisfied that the applicant had sufficient cause for not making the application within that time. If for failure to bring legal representatives on the record within ninety days, the suit or the appeal abates, it is for the applicant to get the abatement set aside by making an application within sixty days on proof of sufficient cause. The Court is entitled to know the cause of ignorance before determining whether such ignorance should be deemed to be a good cause for setting aside abatement in the circumstances of a particular case. In that case, a large number of parties and the appeal having remained pending of a long time, were considered good grounds for condoning the delay, and in Radha Lal v. Now ignorance of the death of a party is a very good ground for not moving the Court to bring his legal representatives on record, for a persons cannot think of making an application in this behalf unless he knows that the party is dead. In the circumstances it seems to me that the plaintiff has shown sufficient cause for not making the application in time and the learned District Judge was justified in extending limitation in this respect'.(19) In this case the Bench came to the conclusion that there were circumstances showing sufficient cause excusing delay, though undoubtedly there are observations which suggest that ignorance of the death is per se a good ground for not making an application in time. (20) I am however of the view that before ignorance of death can be deemed to be a good ground, there must exist good grounds for ignorance not attributable to negligence. Jagannath, AIR 1922 All 490, and in its view the negligence of a district lawyer or of his clerk might be enough to constitute sufficient cause for the failure to initiate proceedings within the prescribed period. What is sufficient cause is difficult and undesirable to attempt to define precisely. In our judgment, each case must be decided on its own facts and it must be shown to start with that there is no negligence, want of diligence or good faith. There is the extreme view which is to the effect that through lapse of time a valuable right is secured and it should not be extended in the absence of strong grounds and the burden lies heavily upon the person seeking indulgence, of showing sufficient cause justifying delay in bringing the legal representatives on the record within the period prescribed. (36) According to our law, abatement results in interruption of the suit, suspending its progress until new parties are brought before the Court, and if this is not done within the proper time, or the Court does not exercise its discretion in extending the time, the suit comes to an end for good. If the applicant satisfies the Court that there was no want of diligence on his part, that he acted in good faith and no in a negligent manner his inaction may not be visited with grave consequences. The burden cannot be cast upon the opposite party who secures a valuable advantage by the lapse of period of limitation, to adduce proof of facts and circumstances showing negligence or want of good faith on the part of the applicant. In this case the circumstances are, that the conditions resulting from the partition of the country were exceptional, are very large sections of population on both sides of the frontier were forced to migrate under unusual and unprecedented circumstances and it was humanly impossible for the plaintiffs in this case to keep trace of the defendants who had no settled abode, and were scattered all over the country without there being any clue or information of their whereabouts.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'In Ramalingam v. Koteswara Rajasthan;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1959-12-24',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' G.D. Khosla, C.J.,; Tek Chand and; Shamsher Bahadur, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Tek Chand, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1) The question which has been referred to the Full Bench is--</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'whether ignorance of the death of a defendant is a sufficient cause for setting aside the abatement when the application to bring the legal representatives of he deceased defendant on the record is made after the expiry of the period of limitation'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) The facts and circumstances under which this question arose may be stated briefly. The plaintiffs who are 27 in number, had instituted a suit against 119 defendants besides the Union of India, who was defendant No. 120, claiming rendition of accounts in respect of income and profit etc. and also possession by way of partition of the property mentioned in the schedule attached to the plaint in respect of 108 1/2 shares out of 262.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The plaintiffs and defendants Nos. 2 to 119 (inclusive) were engaged in partnership business of pressing and bailing cotton and wool in the town of Fazilka, District Ferozepur, in the name and style of Om Press Company in the year 1938. The plaintiffs owned 108 1/2 shares out of a total of 262 shares in the concern. On 25th of April, 1938, a notice was received by the partners form the Registrar, Joint Stock Companies, pointing out that the partnership business could not be carried on unless their concern was got registered under the Indian Companies Act, 1913. Consequent upon the notice, the partners met and dissolved partnership with effect from 4th of July, 1938, but at the same time they decided that with the assets of the dissolved partnership they should form a joint stock company.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">With this end in view, defendant No. 2 Shri Mukand Lal was entrusted with the work of preparing memorandum and articles of association and for taking steps for forming a limited liability Company. It was alleged that Shri Mukand Lal, without consulting the plaintiffs as to the memorandum can articles of association, got the Company registered in the name of Om Press Company Limited, Fazilka.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The plaintiffs felt dissatisfied with the terms of the articles and made an application to the High Court at Lahore seeking the removal of their names from the register of the members of the Company which was allowed, but the plaintiffs' prayer that the Company should be directed to pay them back the price of their share in the assets of the Company was rejected. The plaintiffs then applied for the winding up of the Company but the High Court rejected their application on 28th of June, 1944. The plaintiffs then lodged the present suit which was filed in the Civil Court at Fazilka on 5th of February,, 1945.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) The defendants, including the Company, resisted the plaintiffs' suit on several grounds and the trial Court framed seven preliminary issues. Some of these issues were decided against the plaintiffs who were required by the Sub-Judge to amend their plaint. The defendants who were also aggrieved from the decision of the Sub-Judge on certain other preliminary issues, filed a revision against his order in the High Court at Lahore and further proceeding in the case were stayed. After the partition of the country, the revision petition of the defendants was dismissed by the High Court at Simla and Achhru Ram J. by his order dated 6th of October, 1948, sent back the case to the Sub-Judge, Fazilka, for disposal on merits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) When the revision was decided by Achhru Ram J., Bagha Ram defendant No. 57 had died on 21st of July, 1947, Prabh Dial defendant No. 55 had died on 8th of December,, 1947, and Harden Mal plaintiff No. 19 had died on 28th of July, 1947. At the time of the disposal of the petition of revision, no one knew of the deaths of the three persons named above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) The parties appeared before the trial Court on 18th of November, 1948, and the case was adjourned to 29th of November, 1948, in order to enable the plaintiffs to make an application under O.1, R. 8, Civil Procedure Code, and it was prayed that as there were numerous plaintiffs and defendants, plaintiffs No. 2, 3 and 10 might be allowed to sue and defendants Nos. 1 and 2 might be allowed to defend the suit. On 2nd of December, 1948, an application was made under O. 22, Rs. 3, Civil Procedure Code, as Harden Mal, one of the plaintiffs had died.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Another application was made under O. 22 R. 4, for the appointment of legal representatives of Maluk Chand defendant No. 19, Bagha Ram defendant No. 57 and Prabh Dial defendant No. 55. It was stated in the applications that the plaintiffs had come to know of their deaths on the return of the file from the High Court to the trial Court at Fazilka. These applications were opposed by the defendants on the ground that the suit had long abated as the defendants had died in the years 1946 and 1947 and no steps had been taken to get the abatement set aside and to have the legal representatives of the deceased brought on the record within the period of limitation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The trial Court by its order dated 4th of April, 1952, came to the conclusion that the suit had abated as a whole, and that no proceedings could be taken in the case. From this order of the Sub-Judge, the plaintiffs preferred a first appeal to this Court and Harbans Singh J. by his order dated 28th of January, 1959, has referred the matter for decision of the Full Bench.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) On behalf of the plaintiffs it has been firstly urged that ignorance of the deaths of defendants is by itself a sufficient cause for setting aside the abatement in the absence of facts and circumstances showing negligence. It was further maintained that the view that the plaintiffs must keep themselves informed as to whether the defendants were living or have died, was erroneous. In the alternative, it was urged, that in the circumstances of this case a case had been made out for setting aside abatement as the plaintiffs were prevented for sufficient cause from continuing the suit by applying for the setting aside of abatement under O. 22, R. 9, Civil Procedure Code.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) The scheme of O. 22 is that an application to bring on the record the legal representatives of a deceased plaintiff or a deceased defendant must be made within ninety days from the date of the death of the deceased, vide Indian Limitation Act, Schedule I, Arts. 176 and 177. If no such application is made within the period prescribed, the suit abates in the case of a deceased plaintiff under R. 3(2), and in the case of a deceased defendant under R. 4(3). In the event of abatement, the plaintiff or the person claiming to be the legal representative of a deceased plaintiff, as the case may be, may apply under R. 9(2) for an order for setting aside the abatement.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Such an application may be made within sixty days from the date of abatement as provided by the Limitation Act, Schedule I, Art. 171. If the application is made within sixty days of the abatement or in all within 150 days of the death, the Court may admit the application on being satisfied that the applicant had sufficient cause for not making the application within that time.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The contention of the learned counsel for the defendants-respondents is that an abatement ought only to be set aside when substantial grounds have been shown to exist for condoning the delay and the applicant has to satisfy that he was prevented by some sufficient cause from making the application to bring the legal representatives of the deceased on the record with ninety days from the date of the death under R. 9(2) and for not making the application to set aside the abatement within sixty days from the date of abatement under R. 9(3). Sub-rules (2) and (3) of R. 9 of O. 22, Civil Procedure Code, are distinct and independent.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In a large number of cases of the Lahore High Court cited at the Bar the view that has found acceptance is that mere ignorance of the death, per se, is not a sufficient cause for condoning delay. Delay may be excused in cases where ignorance of death was not due to negligence. There are, however, decisions of other High Courts in which a more liberal view has been taken. A careful examination of the various decisions of the High Courts suggests that the divergence of opinion is seeming rather than real and in allowing or refusing applications, Judges have been guided by the particular circumstances of a case, though in some cases a strict, and in others a liberal view has been taken.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) The law casts a duty upon the plaintiff or the appellant, as the case may be, to bring on the record legal representatives of a deceased defendant or respondent where death takes place during the pendency of the lis, in order that no decrees may be passed against deceased persons. If for failure to bring legal representatives on the record within ninety days, the suit or the appeal abates, it is for the applicant to get the abatement set aside by making an application within sixty days on proof of sufficient cause.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Where he allows a period of 150 days to expire from the death of the deceased, he has to satisfy the Court of the existence of circumstances contemplated by Section 5 of the Limitation Act justifying condonation of delay. The reason is that a valuable right accrues to the party against whom suit has abated and the order of abatement should not be set aside as a matter of course or for very slight reasons. An applicant must, therefore, show that he had sufficient cause for not taking timely steps to continue his suit which has abated on account of the death of a party.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In construing the expression 'sufficient cause' the existence or otherwise, of negligence is always a governing factor, and this is because of the omission to perform a duty cast upon him by law. If the applicant has been prevented from making an application due to circumstances beyond his control or despite reasonable diligence, the Court in their desire to do substantial justice do ordinarily, condone delay. It is true that it will be an impossible test if the applicant were required to keep himself informed from day to day as to whether the respondent was dead or alive.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">On the other extreme, will be the case, where ignorance of death taken by itself should be considered a sufficient cause for setting aside abatement. The Court is entitled to know the cause of ignorance before determining whether such ignorance should be deemed to be a good cause for setting aside abatement in the circumstances of a particular case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In Sayad Mir Nawab v. Hardeo, 60 Pun Re 1911, the plea of ignorance of the death of the respondent, until after the expiry of the period of limitation, was repelled by a Division Bench of the Punjab Chief Court. In that case the deceased lived only five or six miles away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) In Bhani Ram v. Narain Singh, AIR 1915 Lah 382, the appellants, who lived 15 kos away from the village of the deceased, set up a plea of ignorance of the fact of murder of the respondent, and further alleged that the plaintiffs-appellants were absent on pilgrimage at the time of the death. The Division Bench held, that sufficient cause for delay in making the application for bringing on record the legal representatives of the deceased had not been shown. The application was made fifteen months after the date of the death.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In Daya Singh v. Buta Singh, 118 Pun Re 1916: (AIR 1917 Lah 10), the view taken by the Division Bench was that the plaintiff or the appellant was out of Court until he could satisfy the Court that he was prevented by any sufficient cause from continuing the suit; and, that under O. 22, R. 9(2), the party must satisfy the Court that he had sufficient excuse for not applying in time. The ignorance of factum of death for more than six months, when the deceased owned land in the village of the applicant, was held to imply great negligence. Following 60 Pun Re 1911, it was observed--</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'ignorance of factum of death cannot by itself save a case'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) Again in Chunni Lal v. Kala Khan, AIR 1922 Lah 61 (1), the Division Bench subscribed to the principle that mere ignorance of the factum of death was not a sufficient excuse under O. 22, R. 9, Civil Procedure Code, and this statement of law was not questioned in Tirath Ram v. Mahammad Abdul Rahim Shah, AIR 1923 Lah 546. In the last mentioned case, however, out of the two applicants, one was a minor and the other a mere youth, who was absent, as he was pursuing his studies at a different place, and in these circumstances, ignorance of death of the respondent was considered a sufficient cause.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) In Munshi Ram v. Radha Kishen, AIR 1924 Lah 461, application under O.22, R. 9 was made after three years in one case and after nearly nine months in the other. The cause alleged in the affidavit was that the parties were living in different districts and their residences were separated by a distant of about 200 miles, but it was not considered sufficient reason for excusing delay in making the application after such a long period. Similar view was taken in Haji v. Janun, AIR 1926 Lah 137; Chuni Lal Tulsiram v. Amin Chand, AIR 1933 Lah 356(2); Nawab v. Rahim Dad, AIR 1934 Lah 934 (1) and Pir Bakhsh v. Kidar Nath, AIR 1935 Lah 478.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) In Mehr Singh v. Sohan Singh, AIR 1936 Lah 710, an application was made more than sixty days after the abatement of the appeal. In that case, a large number of parties and the appeal having remained pending of a long time, were considered good grounds for condoning the delay, and in Radha Lal v. Fateh Mohammad, AIR 1937 Lah 454, the plaintiff was not held guilty of laches because the deceased defendant had no fixed residence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(17) In Committee of Management of Bunga Sarkar v. Sardar Raghbir Singh, AIR 1951 Simla 257, Kapur J. (with whom Soni J. agreed) observed that the mere fact of the ignorance of death of the respondent had never been held to be a sufficient cause, and whenever abatement was set aside there were always some facts or circumstances showing sufficient cause.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(18) The only case of this Court in which seemingly a different view was taken in Birbal v. Harlal Sadasukh, AIR 1953 Punj 252, in which Khosla J., as he then was, sitting with Soni J., said--</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'With regard to the question of abatement it is clear that abatement can be set aside even after the statutory period of sixty days has expired. Abatement takes place ninety days after the death of the defendant or respondent. So the opposite party is allowed a period of 150 days in which to apply for setting aside the abatement, but if for some reason he cannot move the Court in this respect he is entitled to extension under Section 5 of the Limitation Act. The effect of abatement is not that a decree against a dead person is a nullity for all purposes but that the decree can be set aside and the legal representatives given an opportunity of representing their case before the Court. In this case the first point to consider is whether there was a sufficient ground for not making an application with in the statutory period of 150 days. The plaintiff's contention was that he did not know of Surja's death. He has stated this on oath and this statement was accepted by the learned District Judge.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Now ignorance of the death of a party is a very good ground for not moving the Court to bring his legal representatives on record, for a persons cannot think of making an application in this behalf unless he knows that the party is dead. The defendants did not inform the Court and Surja's counsel continued to appear on his behalf. The plaintiff stated on oath that he did not know of Surja's death until much alter. In the circumstances it seems to me that the plaintiff has shown sufficient cause for not making the application in time and the learned District Judge was justified in extending limitation in this respect'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(19) In this case the Bench came to the conclusion that there were circumstances showing sufficient cause excusing delay, though undoubtedly there are observations which suggest that ignorance of the death is per se a good ground for not making an application in time.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(20) I am however of the view that before ignorance of death can be deemed to be a good ground, there must exist good grounds for ignorance not attributable to negligence. When law imposes an obligation on a person to bring legal representatives of deceased opponent on the record within the prescribed period, mere want o knowledge of death, will be insufficient to secure him against consequences of abatement of his suit or appeal; he has further to show absence of want of care. When reasonable vigilance is a duty unqualified ignorance cannot be deemed venial. Want of information may be overlooked if want was not induced by neglectful indifference or blameworthy remissness. Allowing oneself to remain in the dark cannot be treated as a pursuasive ground for condonation of delay.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The above observations with only a single exception find support in a long catena of the decisions of this Court & its predecessor the Chief Court of Punjab. The view that has received almost uniform acceptance in Punjab is that ignorance of death per se does not furnish sufficient ground for setting aside abatement after the expiry of the periods mentioned in Arts. 171 and 177 of the Limitation Act. If a different view were to be taken, that would open many avenues of fraud and it would not be easy in a large number of cases to say, whether the delay was due to negligence or for any want of care on the part of the applicant as he alone would, in a vast majority of cases be in the know of the circumstances which led to his not filing the application within time.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">For no suit could ever abate so long as the applicant would be willing to make a categoric statement that he learnt of the death of the deceased shortly before the date of the filing of the application; except perhaps in very rare cases where direct evidence would be forthcoming showing applicant's awareness of the death of the deceased considerable time before he made an application. In all reasonableness it cannot be expected of the respondent to ascertain facts and circumstances contributing to the knowledge or ignorance of the applicant in a matter which is normally within the exclusive knoweldge of the applicant himself.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(21) I may now examine the decisions of other High Courts on the subject. A Single Judge of Allahabad High Court in Lachmi Narain v. Muhammad Yusuf. AIR 1920 All 284, extended the time to bring the names of legal representatives of the deceased on the record, though the application was made more than six months after the death on the ground that the applicant was ill for a very long time.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(22) A Division Bench of the same High Court in Hanuman Dass v. Pirthvi Nath, AIR 1956 All 677, expressed the view that the term 'sufficient cause' should be so construed as to advance substantial justice, and relied upon two Full Bench decisions reported in Brij Mohan Das v. Mannu Bibi, ILR 19 All 348, and Shiv Dayal v. Jagannath, AIR 1922 All 490, and in its view the negligence of a district lawyer or of his clerk might be enough to constitute sufficient cause for the failure to initiate proceedings within the prescribed period. Each case turned on its own facts and in that case the litigant had shown all the diligence expected of him, but the negligent conduct responsible for the delay was the conduct of the clerk of the lawyer and the delay was, therefore, condoned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(23) The view taken in Oudh is in consonance with the Punjab view that a mere plea of ignorance of the fact that the opposite party had died is not a sufficient cause for setting aside an order of abatement. Special circumstances which entitled the parties concerned to special indulgence must be proved. A party was expected to be active in prosecution of his appeal and to show vigilance and was under an obligation to keep himself informed as to the existence of his opponent, vide Sant Baksh v. Nabban Saheb, AIR 1925 Oudh 306(2); Bhagwan Din v. Muru, 1940 Oudh W. N. 219; and Jagadish Bahadur v. Mahadeo Prasad, AIR 1941 Oudh 16.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(24) In Tejumal Bhawandas v. Murad, AIR 1936 Sind 169, following the observations of Sir Lawrence Jenkins, in Bhau v. Raghunath, ILR 30 Bom 229, to the effect that a successful decree-holder should not be deprived of the advantage which he had obtained on account of the expiry of the period of limitation, the Division Bench thought that those observations equally applied to an application under O.22, R. 9, C.P.C., and in all cases the burden lay heavily on the person who claimed relief under S. 5 of the Limitation Act of adducing distinct proof of sufficient cause on which he relied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(25) The Calcutta High Court in Sarat Chandra Sarkar v. Maihar Stone and Lime Co., Ltd., ILR 49 Cal 62: (AIR 1922 Cal 335), expressed the view that the plaintiffs should show that they had sufficient cause for not preferring the application within limitation. They thought that abatements are not to be set aside as a matter of course or lightly, the burden being on the plaintiffs to show cause as to the existence of a sufficient cause for not making the application in time.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(26) In Mehtab Chand v. Shriratan Mohta, AIR 1953 Cal 367, it was said:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'What is sufficient cause is difficult and undesirable to attempt to define precisely. It depends on the circumstances of each case. But one thing is clear that though the Court does not apply too exacting a standard of diligence, it there is a delay, which in the circumstances of the case the Court thinks unreasonable, the Court does not exercise the discretion conferred on it under O. 22, R. 9 sub-rule (2). In this case in my view the plaintiff has not shown sufficient cause. In fact he has not shown any cause at all. He says that he was suffering from a chronic illness. That did not prevent him from continuing the suit. The delay, therefore, has not been explained at all and we are displaced to take the view that the plaintiff has been dilatory in the conduct of the suit'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(27) In Phulwati Kumari v. Maheshwari Prasad, AIR 1924 Pat 607, a Division Bench of Patna High Court expressed similar view that the appellant must keep himself informed of any devolution of interest that may have taken place by reason of death of any of the respondents, and it was not sufficient merely to say that the appellant had no knowledge of the death of the respondent till many months later. The abatement of an appeal gave a very important right to the opposite party against whom the appeal abated and the Court should not set aside an abatement without sufficient reason.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(28) In Hari Saran Singh v. Md. Eradat Hussain, AIR 1925 Pat 162, the Division Bench thought that it was not the duty of the appellant to be on the look-out and to be always inquiring as to whether the respondent in the appeal is dead or not, and if the appellant has done all that is necessary to bring the appeal to hearing, he cannot be punished for the ignorance of the death where there are no laches on his part so that it cannot be said that by the use of reasonable diligence, he could have come to know of the death earlier. In that case the deceased respondent was a pardanashin lady residing in the interior of a different district and this was considered to be a sufficient reason for delay in bringing her legal representatives on the record. This view also found favour with a Division Bench of Allahabad High Court in Lakshmi Chand v. Behari Lal, AIR 1932 all 459.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(29) In Mir Wajid Ali v. Fagoo Mandal, AIR 1938 Pat 125, the view expressed was that when the appellant had already succeeded in serving the notice of the appeal on the respondent, he had done all that is expected of him to do in connection with the appeal and he was not, therefore, bound to inquire from day to day as to the state of the health of the respondent or whether he was dead or alive, and reliance was placed upon Nanoo v. Muni Lal, AIR 1929 Pat 738; and Sadhu Saran Pandey v. Nand Kumar Singh, AIR 1926 Pat 276.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(30) In Ram Ranbijaya Prasad Singh v. Madho Turha, AIR 1939 Pat 628, it was said that the critical question in deciding whether an abatement should be set aside was whether sufficient cause had been shown and that was a matter for decision on the facts of each case, and that no hard and fast rule could be laid down as to what would constitute sufficient cause in each case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(31) In Ratansi Agariya v. Jaysing Dinkarrao, AIR 1954 Nag 348, the Division Bench, after citing authorities both for the liberal and the stricter views preferred the former, and it was observed:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'In our judgment, each case must be decided on its own facts and it must be shown to start with that there is no negligence, want of diligence or good faith. If this is established, there is no reason why ignorance of the fact that death has taken place should not be held to be sufficient cause. We accept the ruling in AIR 1938 Pat 125, (cit. sup.) as correct and dissent respectfully from the strict view expressed in the other cases. It was pointed out in AIR 1953 Cal 367, that it is not necessary to set too exacting a standard in these matters and we entirely agree'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(32) A Division Bench of Madras High Court in Secretary of State v. Vinjamuri Kistnamacharyulu, AIR 1938 Mad 218, thought that it was not incumbent upon an appellant to make periodical inquires as to whether the respondent was alive. Ignorance of the death of the respondent in the absence of any negligence or other Act or omission, for which the appellant can be held responsible was sufficient cause to excuse delay in seeking to set aside abatement.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(33) In Ramalingam v. Koteswara Rajasthan, AIR 1949 Mad 624, a Single Judge was of the view that the fact that the applicant seeking to set aside abatement was not aware of the death of the party whose legal representatives have to be brought on record constitutes a sufficient cause for excusing the delay in seeking to set aside the abatement.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(34) The above is a representative, though not an exhaustive review of the case law expressing somewhat divergent views. On the one side through the wide gamut of judicial decisions three currents are noticeable. There is the extreme view which is to the effect that through lapse of time a valuable right is secured and it should not be extended in the absence of strong grounds and the burden lies heavily upon the person seeking indulgence, of showing sufficient cause justifying delay in bringing the legal representatives on the record within the period prescribed. On the other extreme is the view expressed in decisions of Patna, Madras and Nagpur High Courts that after notice has been served on the respondent, appellant's duty comes to an end and he is not bound to inquire as to whether respondent is dead or alive. Neither of these views appears to be justified.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(35) Law casts a duty upon the plaintiff or the appellant, as the case may be, to bring the legal representatives of the deceased on the record lest a decree should be obtained against a dead person which is of no legal effect. The duty cannot be deemed to be discharged once notice is served on the respondent. A suit or appeal abates automatically after the expiration of ninety days of the death of the deceased defendant or respondent.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under common law a right of action is said to 'abate' on the death of a defendant, it does not simply mean its suspension or discontinuance, it means an extinguishment of the very right of action itself. The right of prosecuting the suit is effectually wiped out as if it had never existed. When a suit abates, it ceases, terminates or comes to an end prematurely. In the common law sense, therefore, when a suit abates it is absolutely dead but in equity a suit when abated was merely in a state of suspended animation and might be revived.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(36) According to our law, abatement results in interruption of the suit, suspending its progress until new parties are brought before the Court, and if this is not done within the proper time, or the Court does not exercise its discretion in extending the time, the suit comes to an end for good. The law, therefore, imposes an obligation upon the party seeking resuscitation of his action after the lapse of the period of limitation to furnish grounds justifying condonation of the delay. If the applicant satisfies the Court that there was no want of diligence on his part, that he acted in good faith and no in a negligent manner his inaction may not be visited with grave consequences. In other words, it is for him to allege and prove not only that he remained ignorant of the death of the deceased and thus could not bring his legal representatives on the record, but further to show that his ignorance could not be attributed to absence of negligence or want of sufficient vigilance.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">He may even rely upon the circumstances of the case from which want of negligence may be inferable. In a particular case, circumstances without direct proof may furnish sufficient ground for absolving the applicant from the consequences of his laches. The burden cannot be cast upon the opposite party who secures a valuable advantage by the lapse of period of limitation, to adduce proof of facts and circumstances showing negligence or want of good faith on the part of the applicant. In the absence of circumstances or proof of want of negligence a bald statement that the applicant was ignorant of the death cannot be deemed sufficient for revival of the suit or appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(37) Barring such decisions which have taken an extreme view, the controversy appears to be more notional than real. In our judgment, the view adopted by the Punjab decisions and taken by the Chief Courts of Oudh and Sindh and by the High Court of Calcutta and the two decisions of Allahabad High Court, appears to be more in consonance with the correct interpretation of O.22, R. 9, C.P.C., and Arts. 171 and 177 of the Limitation Act. It is for the applicant to make out cogent grounds for excusing delay either by positive evidence led in this behalf or from the circumstances justifying such a conclusion. The question referred to the Full Bench, therefore, must be decided in the negative.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(38) With a view to avoid remand, the next question, whether in this case there is sufficient evidence to show or there are circumstances of the case which indicate, sufficient cause for condoning the delay may be considered. In this case the circumstances are, that the conditions resulting from the partition of the country were exceptional, are very large sections of population on both sides of the frontier were forced to migrate under unusual and unprecedented circumstances and it was humanly impossible for the plaintiffs in this case to keep trace of the defendants who had no settled abode, and were scattered all over the country without there being any clue or information of their whereabouts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Moreover, the revision filed by the respondents remained pending first in the High Court at Lahore and after 1947, in the East Punjab High Court for an inordinately long time. The petitioners before the High Court, in that revision, who were no other than the present respondents, did not bring the fact of the deaths of the deceased respondents to the notice of the High Court. Under these circumstances no reasonable vigilance on the part of the plaintiffs could have the result of dispelling their ignorance, particularly when it was not known, where the deceased respondents and settled at the time of their deaths. It has been sufficiently shown on the record of this case that the plaintiffs' conduct could not be held to be blame-worthy or negligent. There are, in our opinion, sufficient reasons for setting aside the abatement.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(39) In the result, the appeal is allowed and the order of the Subordinate Judge, Ferozepur, holding that the suit has abated as a whole and no further proceedings can be taken in this case, is set aside. The Sub-Judge is directed to proceed with the case after bringing the legal representatives of the deceased parties on the record. In view of the circumstances of the case, there will be no order as to costs.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">G.D. Khosla, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(40) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Shamsher Bahadur, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(41) I also agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(42) Appeal allowed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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LAW: the Full Bench, the Indian Companies Act, Indian Limitation Act, the Limitation Act, Section 5, the Limitation Act, Section 5, the Limitation Act, the Limitation Act, the Limitation Act, the Limitation Act

GPE: Tek Chand, Fazilka, District Ferozepur, Lahore, Maluk Chand, O.22, Brij, Saheb, Murad, O.22, C.P.C., Mehtab Chand, Phulwati, Singh, Md., Lakshmi Chand, Singh, AIR, Patna, Sindh, O.22, C.P.C., negative.(38

CARDINAL: 27, 119, 120, 108 1/2, 262.The, 2, 119, 108 1/2, 262, 1945.(4, seven, 19, three, 2, 3, 1, 3, one, 19, 57, 9, 176, 177, 3(2, 4(3, 171, 2, 3, 9, 60, only five, 382, 15, 118, 10, 60, 61, 1, 9, 546, two, 461, 9, one, 1926, 137, 1, 478.(16, 454, 252, 171, 177, 284, 677, two, 19, 348, 490, 219, 30, 229, 9, 49, one, 9, 2, 459.(29, 738, three, two, 9, 171, 177

ORG: the Union of India, Om Press Company, Registrar, Joint Stock Companies, Om Press Company Limited, the High Court, Company, Company, Company, the High Court, the Civil Court, Fazilka, Company, Court, the High Court, the High Court, Fazilka, merits.(5, Prabh Dial, Court, the High Court, Court, Fazilka, Court, Court, Court, the Lahore High Court, Bar, High Courts, High Courts, the Court of the existence, Court, Court, AIR 1915, Court, Court, Court, AIR 1922, AIR 1923, Munshi Ram, AIR 1924, AIR 1933, Lah 934, AIR 1936 Lah 710, Committee of Management of Bunga Sarkar v., Court, Court, Court, Surja, Court, Court, Surja, Surja, Bench, Court &, the Chief Court of Punjab, Arts, High Courts, Allahabad High Court, AIR 1920, AIR 1922, Oudh, AIR 1925 Oudh 306(2, AIR 1941 Oudh, AIR 1936 Sind 169, Bhau, ILR, Lime Co., Ltd., ILR, AIR 1922 Cal 335, AIR, Court, Court, Court, Patna High Court, Court, Hari, AIR, Allahabad High Court, AIR 1932, AIR, AIR, AIR, AIR, AIR 1953 Cal 367, Madras High Court, State, AIR 1949 Mad 624, Nagpur High Courts, Court, Court, Court, appeal.(37, the Chief Courts of Oudh, the High Court of Calcutta, Allahabad High Court, Arts, the High Court, the High Court, the High Court

PERSON: Nos, Lal, Shri Mukand Lal, Simla, Achhru Ram J., Achhru Ram J.,, Bagha Ram, Harden Mal, Nos, Harden Mal, Bagha Ram, Harbans Singh J., Bhani Ram, Narain Singh, kos, Daya Singh, Buta Singh, Chunni Lal v. Kala Khan, Tirath Ram, Mahammad Abdul Rahim Shah, Radha Kishen, Haji, Lal Tulsiram v., Amin Chand, Nawab v. Rahim Dad, Pir Bakhsh v. Kidar Nath, Mehr Singh v. Sohan Singh, Radha Lal v. Fateh Mohammad, Sardar Raghbir Singh, Simla, Kapur J., Soni J. agreed, Harlal Sadasukh, Khosla J., Soni J., Lachmi Narain v., Muhammad Yusuf, Hanuman Dass, Pirthvi Nath, Mohan Das, Mannu Bibi, condoned.(23, Sant Baksh v. Nabban, Bhagwan Din v. Muru, Jagadish Bahadur v. Mahadeo Prasad, Tejumal Bhawandas, Lawrence Jenkins, Chandra Sarkar v., Maihar Stone, Shriratan Mohta, Pat 607, Pat 162, Behari Lal, Mir Wajid Ali v., Fagoo Mandal, Nanoo, Muni Lal, Sadhu Saran Pandey, Kumar Singh, Ram Ranbijaya, Madho Turha, Ratansi Agariya v., sup, Vinjamuri Kistnamacharyulu, abatement.(33, Ramalingam, Koteswara Rajasthan, Ferozepur, G.D. Khosla, C.J.(40, Shamsher Bahadur, J.(41

DATE: the year 1938, 25th of April, 1938, 1913, 4th of July, 1938, 28th of June, 1944, February, October, 1948, 57, 21st of July, 1947, 55, 8th of December, 1947, 28th of July, 1947, 18th of November, 1948, 29th of November, 1948, under O.1, 2nd of December, 1948, 55, the years 1946 and 1947, 4th of April, 1952, 28th of January, 1959, the Full Bench.(7, ninety days, sixty days, sixty days, 150 days, ninety days, sixty days, ninety days, sixty days, 150 days, from day to day, 1911, fifteen months, 1916, 1917, 9(2, more than six months, 1911, three years, nearly nine months, more than sixty days, 1953, sixty days, ninety days, 150 days, 150 days, more than six months, 1940, many months later, 1926, 1938, ninety days, 1947

ORDINAL: 5th, 6th, first, firstly, first, first

NORP: R., R., R., R., R., R., Punjab, Punjab, R., R., Punjab, R.

FAC: Sayad Mir Nawab v. Hardeo

QUANTITY: about 200 miles

PRODUCT: Birbal, Shiv Dayal v. Jagannath, Maheshwari Prasad, Saran, the Full Bench

LOC: Madras