Official Liquidatior, Punjab Finance Pvt. Ltd. (In Liquidation) Vs. Mohan Lal and anr.

Decided On : Sep-27-1977

Court : Punjab and Haryana

Notice (8): Undefined index: topics [APP/View/Case/meta.ctp, line 36]
Code Context


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			'id' => '612961',
			'acts' => '<a href="/act/50905/limitation-act-1963-36-of-1963-complete-act">Limitation Act, 1963</a> - Schedule - Articles 37, 70 and 113; <a href="/act/51006/companies-act-1956-complete-act">Companies Act, 1956</a> - Sections 446(2), 458A and 468',
			'appealno' => 'C.P. No. 105 of 1973',
			'appellant' => 'Official Liquidatior, Punjab Finance Pvt. Ltd. (In Liquidation)',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Official Liquidatior, Punjab Finance Pvt. Ltd. (In Liquidation) Vs. Mohan Lal and anr.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  2,500 from the petitioner on September 11, 1965, and executed a pronote as well as an agreement of pledge whereby the motor vehicle (tempo) No. According to Clause (i), in case of failure or default on the part of the borrower in the payment of any of the instalments, the petitioner was entitled to take possession of the motor vehicle as its pawner and could realise the amount by selling or auctioning the motor vehicle after giving one week notice to the borrower, respondent No.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => ' and First National Bank Ltd. v. Mandi;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' J.S. Narang, Adv. and;Deputy Official Liquidator',
			'counseldef' => ' Sarwan Singh, Adv.',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1977-09-27',
			'deposition' => 'Petition dismissed',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' Harbans Lal, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Lal, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. This is a claim petition under Section 446(2) read with Section 468 of the <a href="/act/51006/companies-act-1956-complete-act">Companies Act, 1956</a> (hereinafter to be called ' the Act'). for the recovery of Rs. 7,518 26.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Punjab Finance Pvt. Ltd., with its registered office at Jullunder city (hereinafter to be called ' the petitioner '), was ordered to be wound up by the order of this court, dated January 7, 1971, and the present petition has been filed on its behalf by the official liquidator. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Mohan Lal, respondent No. 1, took a loan of Rs. 2,500 from the petitioner on September 11, 1965, and executed a pronote as well as an agreement of pledge whereby the motor vehicle (tempo) No. PNH 2239 was pledged with the petitioner on September 11, 1965, for Rs. 2,797.50 comprising of principal, interest and finance commission. The said amount was payable by respondent No. 1 in six instalments. The first instalment of Rs. 466 was payable on March 20, 1965, and the subsequent instalments were to be paid monthly on the 20th of each month commencing from November 20, 1965. The last and the sixth instalment comprising of Rs. 467.50 was payable on March 20, 1966. Darshan Lal Bahri, respondent No. 2, executed the said agreement as guarantor. Respondent No. 1, however, did not pay anyinstalment. An amount of Rs. 5,569.11 was due from him on March 31, 1970. Interest amounting to Rs. 1,949.15 for the period from April 1, 1970, to February 28, 1973, at the rate of 12 per cent, per annum was also payable by him. According to the averments in the claim petition, the cause of action accrued to the petitioner on May 12, 1971, against respondent No. 1 and on January 22, 1973, against respondent No. 2, on which dates demand was made by the petitioner on the two respondents respectively. It was further pleaded that after excluding the period taken in the winding-up proceedings from September 5, 1968, to January 7, 1971, and a further period of one year as provided under Section 458A of the Act, the claim petition was within limitation. It was also averred that registered A.D. notices, dated May 12, 1971, and January 22, 1973, had been sent to respondent Nos. 1 and 2 respectively.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Both the respondents, after notice, filed a joint written statement in which the receipt of loan of Rs. 2,500 by respondent No. 1 was admitted, but the execution of the agreement of pledge was denied. It was, however, contended that after one month the motor vehicle in question had been taken into possession by the petitioner but the sale proceeds of the same had not been adjusted against the loan taken by the respondent. It was further alleged that the claim petition was barred by limitation. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. On the pleadings of the parties the following issues were framed : </p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Whether the claim petition is within time? </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Whether the agreement of pledge of motor vehicles was not executed by the respondents (Burden of proof of this issue has been put on Mohan Lal, respondent, as he has signed the written statement in Hindi, whereas the document in question is typed in English and it is not the case of this respondent that he does not know English. Counsel for this respondent admits that his client knows English and can sign in English). </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 3. Whether Tempo No. PNH 2239, Engine No. 117472, and Chassis No. 461203 was taken into possession by the company about one month after the payment of rupees two thousand five hundred had been made to the respondents </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 4. If the preceding issue is proved, did the petitioner return the vehicle in question to respondent No. 1 and adjust its price or sale proceeds in favour of the respondents To what amount, if any, is the petitioner entitled on account of principal and interest </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 5. Relief. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Subsequently, issue No. 2 was recast by the order of Sharma J. dated December 6, 1974, and the onus was placed on the official liquidator. Main arguments were addressed by both sides on the question of limitationregarding issue No. 1, which shall be dealt with a little later. In the first instance, issues No. 2, 3 and 4 may be disposed of. Issue No.2 </p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Execution of the hire purchase agreement described as agreement of pledge of the motor vehicle (exhibit P-1) is proved by Kanwar Sain (P.W. 1). According to him it was signed by respondent No. 1 as hirer and by respondent No. 2 as guarantor, and that the loan of Rs. 2,500 was obtained by respondent No. 1 on its basis. Respondent No. 1 had agreed to pay a sum of Rs. 2,792.50 through five equal instalments of Rs. 466 and the last instalment of Rs. 467.50 was to be paid thereafter. Respondent No. 1 had pledged his vehicle as security, the details of which were entered in the said agreement. The account was opened in the account books of the petitioner and its copy is exhibit P-2. It was also stated that respondent No. 1 had not paid any instalment. Shri K.S. Mathra Das, managing director of the petitioner, also corroborated this statement as P.W. 1. He further stated that he had not signed this agreement himself. In his statement Mohan Lal, respondent No. 1, did not deny the execution of the agreement exhibit P-1. He admitted that he had not paid any instalment. Thus issue No. 2 is decided in favour of the petitioner and it is held that the agreement of pledge, exhibit P-1, was executed by respondent No. 1 as hirer and by respondent No. 2 as guarantor. Issues Nos. 3 & 4 </p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. These relate to the same matter and are dealt with together. Mohan Lal, respondent No. 1, stated as R.W. 1 that a month and a half after the taking of the loan from the petitioner, the tempo in question, pledged with the petitioner, had been taken into possession by the petitioner, and subsequently, he was not told as to for what amount the same had been sold. It was further stated that the tempo had been taken into possession by the son of Dewan Mathra Das and a driver but he was not in a position to tell the name of the said son. He admitted that he had not taken any receipt for the delivery of the tempo. He had gone to the office of the petitioner in February or March, 1966, to enquire about the sale proceeds of the said tempo, but he did not find anybody there. Alter that he did not keep track and, according to him, he could not do so on account of the circumstances beyond his control. Besides his bald statement there is no evidence to prove the capture of the tempo by anybody on behalf of the petitioner or its sale by the latter. The same is denied both by P.W. 1 and P.W. 2. In these circumstances, it is not possible to hold that the tempo or the motor vehicle which had been pledged by respondent No. 1 with the petitioner had been taken into possession by the latter at any time. As such the question of its sale by the petitioner does not arise. Issues Nos. 3 and 4 are thus decided against the respondents.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Issue No. 1 </p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It is the admitted case of the parties that the loan of Rs. 2,500 was obtained by respondent No. 1 on September 11, 1965, against the security of a motor vehicle known as tempo and the agreement, exhibit P-1, was executed therefor. According to the terms of this agreement, the first instalment of loan was payable on October 20, 1965. Thereafter, each instalment was to be paid on the 20th of each month and the last instalment was payable on March 20, 1966. According to Clause (b) of this agreement, respondent No. 1, who was described as borrower, was entitled to retain the motor vehicle as a bailee on behalf of the company. According to Clause (i), in case of failure or default on the part of the borrower in the payment of any of the instalments, the petitioner was entitled to take possession of the motor vehicle as its pawner and could realise the amount by selling or auctioning the motor vehicle after giving one week notice to the borrower, respondent No. 1. It was also stipulated that the petitioner was entitled to waive his right in case of any default. According to the learned counsel for the petitioner, the petitioner could wait till the last default had been made. The last instalment was payable on March 20, 1966, As none of the instalments was paid, the petitioner was within his right to wait till March 20, 1966. The petition for winding up the company was admittedly filed on September 5, 1968, and the winding-up order was passed on January 7, 1971. Under Section 458A of the Act, in cases of companies under liquidation, the period taken in the winding up proceedings and one year in addition, after the winding up order is passed, is to be excluded for the purpose of determination of the period of limitation. Thus, the petitioner was entitled to exclude the period between September 5, 1968, and January 7, 1972. If the cause of action accrued to the petitioner on March 20, 1966, when the last payment due was not made, up to the commencement of the winding-up proceedings a period of two years five months and fourteen days had elapsed. The present petition was filed on March 28, 1973. Thus, it is clear that up to the date of filing the present claim petition, more than three years had elapsed even if the period as envisaged under Section 458A of the Act is excluded. According to the learned counsel for the petitioner, Article 70 of the Limitation Act is applicable to the facts of the present case. Article 70 is to the following effect : </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Description of suitPeriod of limitation</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Time from which period beginsto run<p style="text-align: justify;">70.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">To recover movable propertydeposited or pawned from a depository or pawnee.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Three years.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The date of refusal afterdemand.<p style="text-align: justify;">10. Perusal of the above Article shows that this provision is applicable only if the suit or the petition is for recovery of movable property or articles deposited or pawned. It is contended by the learned counsel for the petitioner that according to the agreement, exhibit P-1, though the motor vehicle pledged belonged to respondent No. 1, yet the same was transferred to the latter as a bailee or pawnee and the position of the petitioner was of bailor, pawner or depositor. Though the cumulative effect of the various terms and conditions incorporated in the agreement, exhibit P-1, does warrant this conclusion that respondent No. 1 was only a bailee regarding the vehicle, as the loan had not been paid, yet in the present case the petition is not for the return of the vehicle but it is only for recovevy of the loan, Though it is mentioned in para. 5 of the petition that in terms of the agreement the petitioner is entitled to capture, seize or dispose of the vehicle entrusted to the respondent, yet the fact stands that the petition is only for recovery of the loan and interest, and the only other prayer towards the end is that orders of attachment of the vehicle may also be passed. In my considered opinion, the petition as it stands cannot be construed as for the return of the vehicle. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. The learned counsel for the petitioner then contended that under Section 468 of the Act, a petition can be filed at any time without the bar of limitation against the trustee of a company. It is urged that according to the conditions in the agreement, exhibit P-1, the position of respondent No. 1 was that of a bailee or a pawnee and as such his status was that of a trustee. It has been further contended that as held in Bharat Traders Ltd. (In liquidation) v. S. Sadhu Singh [1968] 38 Comp Cas 537 (Punj) a claim petition against a trustee under Section 468 of the Act is not subject to the law of limitation. However, it is not necessary to go into this aspect of the matter in this case because the question of trustee would arise only if the petition had been for return of the motor vehicle, of which possession was given to respondent No. 1 as a bailee or a trustee. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. Now the question for consideration is as to which Article of the Limitation Act is applicable in the circumstances of the present case. Undoubtedly, the claim petition is for the recovery of the loan against the motor vehicle in question which had been pledged as a security, and the loan could also be recovered by seizure and sale of the said vehicle. If the claim petition is to be treated as one for the recovery of the loan simpliciter advanced by the petitioner to respondent No. 1, then Article 19 of the Limitation Act will be applicable under which the period prescribed is three years and the time begins to run from the date of the loan. In the present case, the loan was payable by instalments and the petitioner was also entitled under the conditions of the agreement, exhibit P-1, to ignore one or more default in payment by the borrower and to wait till the lastdefault had been committed. In such a case Article 37 of the Limitation Act will be applicable and the period of limitation is three years from the date of default, and if the claimant wants to ignore the default, then from the date when fresh default is made. According to the learned counsel for the respondents, as the loan had been advanced against the security of a vehicle which had been pledged with the petitioner, the residuary Article 113 of the Limitation Act will be applicable. Reliance in this respect has been placed on Sangarmal Sowcar v. K. Murugesa Naicker, AIR 1964 Mad 17, Mahalinga Nadar v. Ganapathi Subbien, ILR [1904] 27 Mad 528 [FB] and First National Bank Ltd. v. Mandi (State) Industries Ltd. [1957] 59 PLR 588 (Punj). Even under this Article the period of limitation is three years and the time begins to run from the date of right to sue accrues. In the present case, the right to sue accrued on March 20, 1966, when the last instalment due from respondent No. 1 was not paid and the default was committed. After excluding the period as provided under Section 459A of the Act, more than three years had elapsed on the date when the claim petition was filed. Thus, whichever Article of the Limitation Act is held to be applicable to the facts of the present case, the claim petition was filed beyond limitation. Consequently, this petition is dismissed as barred by time, with no order as to costs.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		(int) 5 => 'Section 458A of the Act',
		(int) 6 => 'Article 70 of the Limitation Act',
		(int) 7 => 'Article 70',
		(int) 8 => 'Section 468',
		(int) 9 => 'Section 468',
		(int) 10 => 'Article of the Limitation Act',
		(int) 11 => 'Article 19 of the Limitation Act',
		(int) 12 => 'Article 37 of the Limitation Act',
		(int) 13 => 'Article 113 of the Limitation Act',
		(int) 14 => 'Section 459A of the Act',
		(int) 15 => 'Article of the Limitation Act'
	),
	'PERSON' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'Harbans Lal',
		(int) 1 => 'Mohan Lal',
		(int) 2 => 'Darshan Lal Bahri',
		(int) 3 => 'Nos',
		(int) 4 => 'Mohan Lal',
		(int) 5 => 'Sharma J.',
		(int) 6 => 'K.S. Mathra Das',
		(int) 7 => 'Mohan Lal',
		(int) 8 => 'Mohan Lal',
		(int) 9 => 'S. Sadhu Singh',
		(int) 10 => 'K. Murugesa Naicker'
	),
	'CARDINAL' => array(
		(int) 0 => '1',
		(int) 1 => '7,518',
		(int) 2 => '26.2',
		(int) 3 => '3',
		(int) 4 => '1',
		(int) 5 => '2,500',
		(int) 6 => '2,797.50',
		(int) 7 => '1',
		(int) 8 => 'six',
		(int) 9 => '466',
		(int) 10 => '467.50',
		(int) 11 => '2',
		(int) 12 => '1',
		(int) 13 => '1',
		(int) 14 => '2',
		(int) 15 => 'two',
		(int) 16 => '1',
		(int) 17 => '2',
		(int) 18 => '2,500',
		(int) 19 => '1',
		(int) 20 => '4.',
		(int) 21 => '1',
		(int) 22 => '2',
		(int) 23 => '3',
		(int) 24 => '4',
		(int) 25 => '1',
		(int) 26 => '5',
		(int) 27 => '5',
		(int) 28 => '2',
		(int) 29 => '1',
		(int) 30 => '2',
		(int) 31 => 'No.2 6',
		(int) 32 => '1',
		(int) 33 => '2',
		(int) 34 => '2,500',
		(int) 35 => '1',
		(int) 36 => '1',
		(int) 37 => '2,792.50',
		(int) 38 => 'five',
		(int) 39 => '466',
		(int) 40 => '467.50',
		(int) 41 => '1',
		(int) 42 => '1',
		(int) 43 => '1',
		(int) 44 => '2',
		(int) 45 => '1',
		(int) 46 => '2',
		(int) 47 => '3',
		(int) 48 => '1',
		(int) 49 => '1',
		(int) 50 => '3 and 4',
		(int) 51 => '1 9',
		(int) 52 => '2,500',
		(int) 53 => '1',
		(int) 54 => '1',
		(int) 55 => '1',
		(int) 56 => '1',
		(int) 57 => '1',
		(int) 58 => '5',
		(int) 59 => '11',
		(int) 60 => '1',
		(int) 61 => '1968',
		(int) 62 => '38',
		(int) 63 => '1',
		(int) 64 => '12',
		(int) 65 => '1',
		(int) 66 => 'one',
		(int) 67 => '59',
		(int) 68 => '1'
	),
	'DATE' => array(
		(int) 0 => '1956',
		(int) 1 => 'January 7, 1971',
		(int) 2 => 'September 11, 1965',
		(int) 3 => '2239',
		(int) 4 => 'September 11, 1965',
		(int) 5 => 'March 20, 1965',
		(int) 6 => 'monthly',
		(int) 7 => 'the 20th of each month',
		(int) 8 => 'November 20, 1965',
		(int) 9 => 'March 20, 1966',
		(int) 10 => '5,569.11',
		(int) 11 => 'March 31, 1970',
		(int) 12 => '1,949.15',
		(int) 13 => 'April 1, 1970',
		(int) 14 => 'February 28, 1973',
		(int) 15 => 'May 12, 1971',
		(int) 16 => 'January 22, 1973',
		(int) 17 => 'September 5, 1968',
		(int) 18 => 'January 7, 1971',
		(int) 19 => 'one year',
		(int) 20 => 'May 12, 1971',
		(int) 21 => 'January 22, 1973',
		(int) 22 => 'one month',
		(int) 23 => '2239',
		(int) 24 => '117472',
		(int) 25 => 'about one month',
		(int) 26 => 'two thousand five hundred',
		(int) 27 => 'December 6, 1974',
		(int) 28 => 'a little later',
		(int) 29 => '3',
		(int) 30 => 'February or March, 1966',
		(int) 31 => 'September 11, 1965',
		(int) 32 => 'October 20, 1965',
		(int) 33 => 'the 20th of each month',
		(int) 34 => 'March 20, 1966',
		(int) 35 => 'one week',
		(int) 36 => 'March 20, 1966',
		(int) 37 => 'March 20, 1966',
		(int) 38 => 'September 5, 1968',
		(int) 39 => 'January 7, 1971',
		(int) 40 => 'one year',
		(int) 41 => 'the period',
		(int) 42 => '1968',
		(int) 43 => 'January 7, 1972',
		(int) 44 => 'March 20, 1966',
		(int) 45 => 'a period of',
		(int) 46 => 'two years five months',
		(int) 47 => 'fourteen days',
		(int) 48 => 'March 28, 1973',
		(int) 49 => 'more than three years',
		(int) 50 => 'Three years',
		(int) 51 => 'three years',
		(int) 52 => 'three years',
		(int) 53 => 'Mad 17',
		(int) 54 => '1904',
		(int) 55 => '1957',
		(int) 56 => 'three years',
		(int) 57 => 'March 20, 1966',
		(int) 58 => 'more than three years'
	),
	'ORG' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'Finance Pvt. Ltd.',
		(int) 1 => 'Kanwar Sain (P.W. 1',
		(int) 2 => 'Dewan Mathra Das',
		(int) 3 => 'P.W. 1 and',
		(int) 4 => 'respondents.8',
		(int) 5 => 'Bharat Traders Ltd.',
		(int) 6 => 'Reliance',
		(int) 7 => 'Sangarmal Sowcar',
		(int) 8 => 'AIR 1964',
		(int) 9 => 'Mahalinga Nadar v. Ganapathi Subbien',
		(int) 10 => 'ILR',
		(int) 11 => 'First National Bank Ltd.',
		(int) 12 => 'Mandi (State) Industries Ltd.',
		(int) 13 => 'PLR 588'
	),
	'GPE' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'Jullunder city',
		(int) 1 => 'A.D.',
		(int) 2 => 'Hindi'
	),
	'ORDINAL' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'first',
		(int) 1 => 'sixth',
		(int) 2 => 'first',
		(int) 3 => 'first'
	),
	'MONEY' => array(
		(int) 0 => '12 per cent'
	),
	'LANGUAGE' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'English',
		(int) 1 => 'English',
		(int) 2 => 'English',
		(int) 3 => 'English'
	),
	'NORP' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'P-1',
		(int) 1 => 'P-1',
		(int) 2 => 'P-1',
		(int) 3 => 'P-1',
		(int) 4 => 'P-1',
		(int) 5 => 'P-1',
		(int) 6 => 'P-1',
		(int) 7 => 'P-1'
	),
	'PRODUCT' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'P.W. 1',
		(int) 1 => 'R.W. 1',
		(int) 2 => 'P.W. 2'
	),
	'WORK_OF_ART' => array(
		(int) 0 => '27 Mad 528'
	)
)
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '612961',
		'acts' => '<a href="/act/50905/limitation-act-1963-36-of-1963-complete-act">Limitation Act, 1963</a> - Schedule - Articles 37, 70 and 113; <a href="/act/51006/companies-act-1956-complete-act">Companies Act, 1956</a> - Sections 446(2), 458A and 468',
		'appealno' => 'C.P. No. 105 of 1973',
		'appellant' => 'Official Liquidatior, Punjab Finance Pvt. Ltd. (In Liquidation)',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Official Liquidatior, Punjab Finance Pvt. Ltd. (In Liquidation) Vs. Mohan Lal and anr.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  2,500 from the petitioner on September 11, 1965, and executed a pronote as well as an agreement of pledge whereby the motor vehicle (tempo) No. According to Clause (i), in case of failure or default on the part of the borrower in the payment of any of the instalments, the petitioner was entitled to take possession of the motor vehicle as its pawner and could realise the amount by selling or auctioning the motor vehicle after giving one week notice to the borrower, respondent No.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => ' and First National Bank Ltd. v. Mandi;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' J.S. Narang, Adv. and;Deputy Official Liquidator',
		'counseldef' => ' Sarwan Singh, Adv.',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1977-09-27',
		'deposition' => 'Petition dismissed',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' Harbans Lal, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Lal, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. This is a claim petition under Section 446(2) read with Section 468 of the <a href="/act/51006/companies-act-1956-complete-act">Companies Act, 1956</a> (hereinafter to be called ' the Act'). for the recovery of Rs. 7,518 26.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Punjab Finance Pvt. Ltd., with its registered office at Jullunder city (hereinafter to be called ' the petitioner '), was ordered to be wound up by the order of this court, dated January 7, 1971, and the present petition has been filed on its behalf by the official liquidator. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Mohan Lal, respondent No. 1, took a loan of Rs. 2,500 from the petitioner on September 11, 1965, and executed a pronote as well as an agreement of pledge whereby the motor vehicle (tempo) No. PNH 2239 was pledged with the petitioner on September 11, 1965, for Rs. 2,797.50 comprising of principal, interest and finance commission. The said amount was payable by respondent No. 1 in six instalments. The first instalment of Rs. 466 was payable on March 20, 1965, and the subsequent instalments were to be paid monthly on the 20th of each month commencing from November 20, 1965. The last and the sixth instalment comprising of Rs. 467.50 was payable on March 20, 1966. Darshan Lal Bahri, respondent No. 2, executed the said agreement as guarantor. Respondent No. 1, however, did not pay anyinstalment. An amount of Rs. 5,569.11 was due from him on March 31, 1970. Interest amounting to Rs. 1,949.15 for the period from April 1, 1970, to February 28, 1973, at the rate of 12 per cent, per annum was also payable by him. According to the averments in the claim petition, the cause of action accrued to the petitioner on May 12, 1971, against respondent No. 1 and on January 22, 1973, against respondent No. 2, on which dates demand was made by the petitioner on the two respondents respectively. It was further pleaded that after excluding the period taken in the winding-up proceedings from September 5, 1968, to January 7, 1971, and a further period of one year as provided under Section 458A of the Act, the claim petition was within limitation. It was also averred that registered A.D. notices, dated May 12, 1971, and January 22, 1973, had been sent to respondent Nos. 1 and 2 respectively.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Both the respondents, after notice, filed a joint written statement in which the receipt of loan of Rs. 2,500 by respondent No. 1 was admitted, but the execution of the agreement of pledge was denied. It was, however, contended that after one month the motor vehicle in question had been taken into possession by the petitioner but the sale proceeds of the same had not been adjusted against the loan taken by the respondent. It was further alleged that the claim petition was barred by limitation. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. On the pleadings of the parties the following issues were framed : </p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Whether the claim petition is within time? </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Whether the agreement of pledge of motor vehicles was not executed by the respondents (Burden of proof of this issue has been put on Mohan Lal, respondent, as he has signed the written statement in Hindi, whereas the document in question is typed in English and it is not the case of this respondent that he does not know English. Counsel for this respondent admits that his client knows English and can sign in English). </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 3. Whether Tempo No. PNH 2239, Engine No. 117472, and Chassis No. 461203 was taken into possession by the company about one month after the payment of rupees two thousand five hundred had been made to the respondents </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 4. If the preceding issue is proved, did the petitioner return the vehicle in question to respondent No. 1 and adjust its price or sale proceeds in favour of the respondents To what amount, if any, is the petitioner entitled on account of principal and interest </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 5. Relief. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Subsequently, issue No. 2 was recast by the order of Sharma J. dated December 6, 1974, and the onus was placed on the official liquidator. Main arguments were addressed by both sides on the question of limitationregarding issue No. 1, which shall be dealt with a little later. In the first instance, issues No. 2, 3 and 4 may be disposed of. Issue No.2 </p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Execution of the hire purchase agreement described as agreement of pledge of the motor vehicle (exhibit P-1) is proved by Kanwar Sain (P.W. 1). According to him it was signed by respondent No. 1 as hirer and by respondent No. 2 as guarantor, and that the loan of Rs. 2,500 was obtained by respondent No. 1 on its basis. Respondent No. 1 had agreed to pay a sum of Rs. 2,792.50 through five equal instalments of Rs. 466 and the last instalment of Rs. 467.50 was to be paid thereafter. Respondent No. 1 had pledged his vehicle as security, the details of which were entered in the said agreement. The account was opened in the account books of the petitioner and its copy is exhibit P-2. It was also stated that respondent No. 1 had not paid any instalment. Shri K.S. Mathra Das, managing director of the petitioner, also corroborated this statement as P.W. 1. He further stated that he had not signed this agreement himself. In his statement Mohan Lal, respondent No. 1, did not deny the execution of the agreement exhibit P-1. He admitted that he had not paid any instalment. Thus issue No. 2 is decided in favour of the petitioner and it is held that the agreement of pledge, exhibit P-1, was executed by respondent No. 1 as hirer and by respondent No. 2 as guarantor. Issues Nos. 3 & 4 </p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. These relate to the same matter and are dealt with together. Mohan Lal, respondent No. 1, stated as R.W. 1 that a month and a half after the taking of the loan from the petitioner, the tempo in question, pledged with the petitioner, had been taken into possession by the petitioner, and subsequently, he was not told as to for what amount the same had been sold. It was further stated that the tempo had been taken into possession by the son of Dewan Mathra Das and a driver but he was not in a position to tell the name of the said son. He admitted that he had not taken any receipt for the delivery of the tempo. He had gone to the office of the petitioner in February or March, 1966, to enquire about the sale proceeds of the said tempo, but he did not find anybody there. Alter that he did not keep track and, according to him, he could not do so on account of the circumstances beyond his control. Besides his bald statement there is no evidence to prove the capture of the tempo by anybody on behalf of the petitioner or its sale by the latter. The same is denied both by P.W. 1 and P.W. 2. In these circumstances, it is not possible to hold that the tempo or the motor vehicle which had been pledged by respondent No. 1 with the petitioner had been taken into possession by the latter at any time. As such the question of its sale by the petitioner does not arise. Issues Nos. 3 and 4 are thus decided against the respondents.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Issue No. 1 </p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It is the admitted case of the parties that the loan of Rs. 2,500 was obtained by respondent No. 1 on September 11, 1965, against the security of a motor vehicle known as tempo and the agreement, exhibit P-1, was executed therefor. According to the terms of this agreement, the first instalment of loan was payable on October 20, 1965. Thereafter, each instalment was to be paid on the 20th of each month and the last instalment was payable on March 20, 1966. According to Clause (b) of this agreement, respondent No. 1, who was described as borrower, was entitled to retain the motor vehicle as a bailee on behalf of the company. According to Clause (i), in case of failure or default on the part of the borrower in the payment of any of the instalments, the petitioner was entitled to take possession of the motor vehicle as its pawner and could realise the amount by selling or auctioning the motor vehicle after giving one week notice to the borrower, respondent No. 1. It was also stipulated that the petitioner was entitled to waive his right in case of any default. According to the learned counsel for the petitioner, the petitioner could wait till the last default had been made. The last instalment was payable on March 20, 1966, As none of the instalments was paid, the petitioner was within his right to wait till March 20, 1966. The petition for winding up the company was admittedly filed on September 5, 1968, and the winding-up order was passed on January 7, 1971. Under Section 458A of the Act, in cases of companies under liquidation, the period taken in the winding up proceedings and one year in addition, after the winding up order is passed, is to be excluded for the purpose of determination of the period of limitation. Thus, the petitioner was entitled to exclude the period between September 5, 1968, and January 7, 1972. If the cause of action accrued to the petitioner on March 20, 1966, when the last payment due was not made, up to the commencement of the winding-up proceedings a period of two years five months and fourteen days had elapsed. The present petition was filed on March 28, 1973. Thus, it is clear that up to the date of filing the present claim petition, more than three years had elapsed even if the period as envisaged under Section 458A of the Act is excluded. According to the learned counsel for the petitioner, Article 70 of the Limitation Act is applicable to the facts of the present case. Article 70 is to the following effect : </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Description of suitPeriod of limitation</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Time from which period beginsto run<p style="text-align: justify;">70.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">To recover movable propertydeposited or pawned from a depository or pawnee.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Three years.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The date of refusal afterdemand.<p style="text-align: justify;">10. Perusal of the above Article shows that this provision is applicable only if the suit or the petition is for recovery of movable property or articles deposited or pawned. It is contended by the learned counsel for the petitioner that according to the agreement, exhibit P-1, though the motor vehicle pledged belonged to respondent No. 1, yet the same was transferred to the latter as a bailee or pawnee and the position of the petitioner was of bailor, pawner or depositor. Though the cumulative effect of the various terms and conditions incorporated in the agreement, exhibit P-1, does warrant this conclusion that respondent No. 1 was only a bailee regarding the vehicle, as the loan had not been paid, yet in the present case the petition is not for the return of the vehicle but it is only for recovevy of the loan, Though it is mentioned in para. 5 of the petition that in terms of the agreement the petitioner is entitled to capture, seize or dispose of the vehicle entrusted to the respondent, yet the fact stands that the petition is only for recovery of the loan and interest, and the only other prayer towards the end is that orders of attachment of the vehicle may also be passed. In my considered opinion, the petition as it stands cannot be construed as for the return of the vehicle. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. The learned counsel for the petitioner then contended that under Section 468 of the Act, a petition can be filed at any time without the bar of limitation against the trustee of a company. It is urged that according to the conditions in the agreement, exhibit P-1, the position of respondent No. 1 was that of a bailee or a pawnee and as such his status was that of a trustee. It has been further contended that as held in Bharat Traders Ltd. (In liquidation) v. S. Sadhu Singh [1968] 38 Comp Cas 537 (Punj) a claim petition against a trustee under Section 468 of the Act is not subject to the law of limitation. However, it is not necessary to go into this aspect of the matter in this case because the question of trustee would arise only if the petition had been for return of the motor vehicle, of which possession was given to respondent No. 1 as a bailee or a trustee. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. Now the question for consideration is as to which Article of the Limitation Act is applicable in the circumstances of the present case. Undoubtedly, the claim petition is for the recovery of the loan against the motor vehicle in question which had been pledged as a security, and the loan could also be recovered by seizure and sale of the said vehicle. If the claim petition is to be treated as one for the recovery of the loan simpliciter advanced by the petitioner to respondent No. 1, then Article 19 of the Limitation Act will be applicable under which the period prescribed is three years and the time begins to run from the date of the loan. In the present case, the loan was payable by instalments and the petitioner was also entitled under the conditions of the agreement, exhibit P-1, to ignore one or more default in payment by the borrower and to wait till the lastdefault had been committed. In such a case Article 37 of the Limitation Act will be applicable and the period of limitation is three years from the date of default, and if the claimant wants to ignore the default, then from the date when fresh default is made. According to the learned counsel for the respondents, as the loan had been advanced against the security of a vehicle which had been pledged with the petitioner, the residuary Article 113 of the Limitation Act will be applicable. Reliance in this respect has been placed on Sangarmal Sowcar v. K. Murugesa Naicker, AIR 1964 Mad 17, Mahalinga Nadar v. Ganapathi Subbien, ILR [1904] 27 Mad 528 [FB] and First National Bank Ltd. v. Mandi (State) Industries Ltd. [1957] 59 PLR 588 (Punj). Even under this Article the period of limitation is three years and the time begins to run from the date of right to sue accrues. In the present case, the right to sue accrued on March 20, 1966, when the last instalment due from respondent No. 1 was not paid and the default was committed. After excluding the period as provided under Section 459A of the Act, more than three years had elapsed on the date when the claim petition was filed. Thus, whichever Article of the Limitation Act is held to be applicable to the facts of the present case, the claim petition was filed beyond limitation. Consequently, this petition is dismissed as barred by time, with no order as to costs.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'pubs' => '[1978]48CompCas271(P&amp; H)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'Mohan Lal and anr.',
		'sub' => 'Company',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
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			(int) 3 => 'Section 458A of the Act',
			(int) 4 => 'Section 458A of the Act',
			(int) 5 => 'Section 458A of the Act',
			(int) 6 => 'Article 70 of the Limitation Act',
			(int) 7 => 'Article 70',
			(int) 8 => 'Section 468',
			(int) 9 => 'Section 468',
			(int) 10 => 'Article of the Limitation Act',
			(int) 11 => 'Article 19 of the Limitation Act',
			(int) 12 => 'Article 37 of the Limitation Act',
			(int) 13 => 'Article 113 of the Limitation Act',
			(int) 14 => 'Section 459A of the Act',
			(int) 15 => 'Article of the Limitation Act'
		),
		'PERSON' => array(
			(int) 0 => 'Harbans Lal',
			(int) 1 => 'Mohan Lal',
			(int) 2 => 'Darshan Lal Bahri',
			(int) 3 => 'Nos',
			(int) 4 => 'Mohan Lal',
			(int) 5 => 'Sharma J.',
			(int) 6 => 'K.S. Mathra Das',
			(int) 7 => 'Mohan Lal',
			(int) 8 => 'Mohan Lal',
			(int) 9 => 'S. Sadhu Singh',
			(int) 10 => 'K. Murugesa Naicker'
		),
		'CARDINAL' => array(
			(int) 0 => '1',
			(int) 1 => '7,518',
			(int) 2 => '26.2',
			(int) 3 => '3',
			(int) 4 => '1',
			(int) 5 => '2,500',
			(int) 6 => '2,797.50',
			(int) 7 => '1',
			(int) 8 => 'six',
			(int) 9 => '466',
			(int) 10 => '467.50',
			(int) 11 => '2',
			(int) 12 => '1',
			(int) 13 => '1',
			(int) 14 => '2',
			(int) 15 => 'two',
			(int) 16 => '1',
			(int) 17 => '2',
			(int) 18 => '2,500',
			(int) 19 => '1',
			(int) 20 => '4.',
			(int) 21 => '1',
			(int) 22 => '2',
			(int) 23 => '3',
			(int) 24 => '4',
			(int) 25 => '1',
			(int) 26 => '5',
			(int) 27 => '5',
			(int) 28 => '2',
			(int) 29 => '1',
			(int) 30 => '2',
			(int) 31 => 'No.2 6',
			(int) 32 => '1',
			(int) 33 => '2',
			(int) 34 => '2,500',
			(int) 35 => '1',
			(int) 36 => '1',
			(int) 37 => '2,792.50',
			(int) 38 => 'five',
			(int) 39 => '466',
			(int) 40 => '467.50',
			(int) 41 => '1',
			(int) 42 => '1',
			(int) 43 => '1',
			(int) 44 => '2',
			(int) 45 => '1',
			(int) 46 => '2',
			(int) 47 => '3',
			(int) 48 => '1',
			(int) 49 => '1',
			(int) 50 => '3 and 4',
			(int) 51 => '1 9',
			(int) 52 => '2,500',
			(int) 53 => '1',
			(int) 54 => '1',
			(int) 55 => '1',
			(int) 56 => '1',
			(int) 57 => '1',
			(int) 58 => '5',
			(int) 59 => '11',
			(int) 60 => '1',
			(int) 61 => '1968',
			(int) 62 => '38',
			(int) 63 => '1',
			(int) 64 => '12',
			(int) 65 => '1',
			(int) 66 => 'one',
			(int) 67 => '59',
			(int) 68 => '1'
		),
		'DATE' => array(
			(int) 0 => '1956',
			(int) 1 => 'January 7, 1971',
			(int) 2 => 'September 11, 1965',
			(int) 3 => '2239',
			(int) 4 => 'September 11, 1965',
			(int) 5 => 'March 20, 1965',
			(int) 6 => 'monthly',
			(int) 7 => 'the 20th of each month',
			(int) 8 => 'November 20, 1965',
			(int) 9 => 'March 20, 1966',
			(int) 10 => '5,569.11',
			(int) 11 => 'March 31, 1970',
			(int) 12 => '1,949.15',
			(int) 13 => 'April 1, 1970',
			(int) 14 => 'February 28, 1973',
			(int) 15 => 'May 12, 1971',
			(int) 16 => 'January 22, 1973',
			(int) 17 => 'September 5, 1968',
			(int) 18 => 'January 7, 1971',
			(int) 19 => 'one year',
			(int) 20 => 'May 12, 1971',
			(int) 21 => 'January 22, 1973',
			(int) 22 => 'one month',
			(int) 23 => '2239',
			(int) 24 => '117472',
			(int) 25 => 'about one month',
			(int) 26 => 'two thousand five hundred',
			(int) 27 => 'December 6, 1974',
			(int) 28 => 'a little later',
			(int) 29 => '3',
			(int) 30 => 'February or March, 1966',
			(int) 31 => 'September 11, 1965',
			(int) 32 => 'October 20, 1965',
			(int) 33 => 'the 20th of each month',
			(int) 34 => 'March 20, 1966',
			(int) 35 => 'one week',
			(int) 36 => 'March 20, 1966',
			(int) 37 => 'March 20, 1966',
			(int) 38 => 'September 5, 1968',
			(int) 39 => 'January 7, 1971',
			(int) 40 => 'one year',
			(int) 41 => 'the period',
			(int) 42 => '1968',
			(int) 43 => 'January 7, 1972',
			(int) 44 => 'March 20, 1966',
			(int) 45 => 'a period of',
			(int) 46 => 'two years five months',
			(int) 47 => 'fourteen days',
			(int) 48 => 'March 28, 1973',
			(int) 49 => 'more than three years',
			(int) 50 => 'Three years',
			(int) 51 => 'three years',
			(int) 52 => 'three years',
			(int) 53 => 'Mad 17',
			(int) 54 => '1904',
			(int) 55 => '1957',
			(int) 56 => 'three years',
			(int) 57 => 'March 20, 1966',
			(int) 58 => 'more than three years'
		),
		'ORG' => array(
			(int) 0 => 'Finance Pvt. Ltd.',
			(int) 1 => 'Kanwar Sain (P.W. 1',
			(int) 2 => 'Dewan Mathra Das',
			(int) 3 => 'P.W. 1 and',
			(int) 4 => 'respondents.8',
			(int) 5 => 'Bharat Traders Ltd.',
			(int) 6 => 'Reliance',
			(int) 7 => 'Sangarmal Sowcar',
			(int) 8 => 'AIR 1964',
			(int) 9 => 'Mahalinga Nadar v. Ganapathi Subbien',
			(int) 10 => 'ILR',
			(int) 11 => 'First National Bank Ltd.',
			(int) 12 => 'Mandi (State) Industries Ltd.',
			(int) 13 => 'PLR 588'
		),
		'GPE' => array(
			(int) 0 => 'Jullunder city',
			(int) 1 => 'A.D.',
			(int) 2 => 'Hindi'
		),
		'ORDINAL' => array(
			(int) 0 => 'first',
			(int) 1 => 'sixth',
			(int) 2 => 'first',
			(int) 3 => 'first'
		),
		'MONEY' => array(
			(int) 0 => '12 per cent'
		),
		'LANGUAGE' => array(
			(int) 0 => 'English',
			(int) 1 => 'English',
			(int) 2 => 'English',
			(int) 3 => 'English'
		),
		'NORP' => array(
			(int) 0 => 'P-1',
			(int) 1 => 'P-1',
			(int) 2 => 'P-1',
			(int) 3 => 'P-1',
			(int) 4 => 'P-1',
			(int) 5 => 'P-1',
			(int) 6 => 'P-1',
			(int) 7 => 'P-1'
		),
		'PRODUCT' => array(
			(int) 0 => 'P.W. 1',
			(int) 1 => 'R.W. 1',
			(int) 2 => 'P.W. 2'
		),
		'WORK_OF_ART' => array(
			(int) 0 => '27 Mad 528'
		)
	),
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '612961',
			'acts' => '<a href="/act/50905/limitation-act-1963-36-of-1963-complete-act">Limitation Act, 1963</a> - Schedule - Articles 37, 70 and 113; <a href="/act/51006/companies-act-1956-complete-act">Companies Act, 1956</a> - Sections 446(2), 458A and 468',
			'appealno' => 'C.P. No. 105 of 1973',
			'appellant' => 'Official Liquidatior, Punjab Finance Pvt. Ltd. (In Liquidation)',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Official Liquidatior, Punjab Finance Pvt. Ltd. (In Liquidation) Vs. Mohan Lal and anr.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  2,500 from the petitioner on September 11, 1965, and executed a pronote as well as an agreement of pledge whereby the motor vehicle (tempo) No. According to Clause (i), in case of failure or default on the part of the borrower in the payment of any of the instalments, the petitioner was entitled to take possession of the motor vehicle as its pawner and could realise the amount by selling or auctioning the motor vehicle after giving one week notice to the borrower, respondent No.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => ' and First National Bank Ltd. v. Mandi;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' J.S. Narang, Adv. and;Deputy Official Liquidator',
			'counseldef' => ' Sarwan Singh, Adv.',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1977-09-27',
			'deposition' => 'Petition dismissed',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' Harbans Lal, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Lal, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. This is a claim petition under Section 446(2) read with Section 468 of the <a href="/act/51006/companies-act-1956-complete-act">Companies Act, 1956</a> (hereinafter to be called ' the Act'). for the recovery of Rs. 7,518 26.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Punjab Finance Pvt. Ltd., with its registered office at Jullunder city (hereinafter to be called ' the petitioner '), was ordered to be wound up by the order of this court, dated January 7, 1971, and the present petition has been filed on its behalf by the official liquidator. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Mohan Lal, respondent No. 1, took a loan of Rs. 2,500 from the petitioner on September 11, 1965, and executed a pronote as well as an agreement of pledge whereby the motor vehicle (tempo) No. PNH 2239 was pledged with the petitioner on September 11, 1965, for Rs. 2,797.50 comprising of principal, interest and finance commission. The said amount was payable by respondent No. 1 in six instalments. The first instalment of Rs. 466 was payable on March 20, 1965, and the subsequent instalments were to be paid monthly on the 20th of each month commencing from November 20, 1965. The last and the sixth instalment comprising of Rs. 467.50 was payable on March 20, 1966. Darshan Lal Bahri, respondent No. 2, executed the said agreement as guarantor. Respondent No. 1, however, did not pay anyinstalment. An amount of Rs. 5,569.11 was due from him on March 31, 1970. Interest amounting to Rs. 1,949.15 for the period from April 1, 1970, to February 28, 1973, at the rate of 12 per cent, per annum was also payable by him. According to the averments in the claim petition, the cause of action accrued to the petitioner on May 12, 1971, against respondent No. 1 and on January 22, 1973, against respondent No. 2, on which dates demand was made by the petitioner on the two respondents respectively. It was further pleaded that after excluding the period taken in the winding-up proceedings from September 5, 1968, to January 7, 1971, and a further period of one year as provided under Section 458A of the Act, the claim petition was within limitation. It was also averred that registered A.D. notices, dated May 12, 1971, and January 22, 1973, had been sent to respondent Nos. 1 and 2 respectively.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Both the respondents, after notice, filed a joint written statement in which the receipt of loan of Rs. 2,500 by respondent No. 1 was admitted, but the execution of the agreement of pledge was denied. It was, however, contended that after one month the motor vehicle in question had been taken into possession by the petitioner but the sale proceeds of the same had not been adjusted against the loan taken by the respondent. It was further alleged that the claim petition was barred by limitation. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. On the pleadings of the parties the following issues were framed : </p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Whether the claim petition is within time? </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Whether the agreement of pledge of motor vehicles was not executed by the respondents (Burden of proof of this issue has been put on Mohan Lal, respondent, as he has signed the written statement in Hindi, whereas the document in question is typed in English and it is not the case of this respondent that he does not know English. Counsel for this respondent admits that his client knows English and can sign in English). </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 3. Whether Tempo No. PNH 2239, Engine No. 117472, and Chassis No. 461203 was taken into possession by the company about one month after the payment of rupees two thousand five hundred had been made to the respondents </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 4. If the preceding issue is proved, did the petitioner return the vehicle in question to respondent No. 1 and adjust its price or sale proceeds in favour of the respondents To what amount, if any, is the petitioner entitled on account of principal and interest </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 5. Relief. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Subsequently, issue No. 2 was recast by the order of Sharma J. dated December 6, 1974, and the onus was placed on the official liquidator. Main arguments were addressed by both sides on the question of limitationregarding issue No. 1, which shall be dealt with a little later. In the first instance, issues No. 2, 3 and 4 may be disposed of. Issue No.2 </p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Execution of the hire purchase agreement described as agreement of pledge of the motor vehicle (exhibit P-1) is proved by Kanwar Sain (P.W. 1). According to him it was signed by respondent No. 1 as hirer and by respondent No. 2 as guarantor, and that the loan of Rs. 2,500 was obtained by respondent No. 1 on its basis. Respondent No. 1 had agreed to pay a sum of Rs. 2,792.50 through five equal instalments of Rs. 466 and the last instalment of Rs. 467.50 was to be paid thereafter. Respondent No. 1 had pledged his vehicle as security, the details of which were entered in the said agreement. The account was opened in the account books of the petitioner and its copy is exhibit P-2. It was also stated that respondent No. 1 had not paid any instalment. Shri K.S. Mathra Das, managing director of the petitioner, also corroborated this statement as P.W. 1. He further stated that he had not signed this agreement himself. In his statement Mohan Lal, respondent No. 1, did not deny the execution of the agreement exhibit P-1. He admitted that he had not paid any instalment. Thus issue No. 2 is decided in favour of the petitioner and it is held that the agreement of pledge, exhibit P-1, was executed by respondent No. 1 as hirer and by respondent No. 2 as guarantor. Issues Nos. 3 & 4 </p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. These relate to the same matter and are dealt with together. Mohan Lal, respondent No. 1, stated as R.W. 1 that a month and a half after the taking of the loan from the petitioner, the tempo in question, pledged with the petitioner, had been taken into possession by the petitioner, and subsequently, he was not told as to for what amount the same had been sold. It was further stated that the tempo had been taken into possession by the son of Dewan Mathra Das and a driver but he was not in a position to tell the name of the said son. He admitted that he had not taken any receipt for the delivery of the tempo. He had gone to the office of the petitioner in February or March, 1966, to enquire about the sale proceeds of the said tempo, but he did not find anybody there. Alter that he did not keep track and, according to him, he could not do so on account of the circumstances beyond his control. Besides his bald statement there is no evidence to prove the capture of the tempo by anybody on behalf of the petitioner or its sale by the latter. The same is denied both by P.W. 1 and P.W. 2. In these circumstances, it is not possible to hold that the tempo or the motor vehicle which had been pledged by respondent No. 1 with the petitioner had been taken into possession by the latter at any time. As such the question of its sale by the petitioner does not arise. Issues Nos. 3 and 4 are thus decided against the respondents.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Issue No. 1 </p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It is the admitted case of the parties that the loan of Rs. 2,500 was obtained by respondent No. 1 on September 11, 1965, against the security of a motor vehicle known as tempo and the agreement, exhibit P-1, was executed therefor. According to the terms of this agreement, the first instalment of loan was payable on October 20, 1965. Thereafter, each instalment was to be paid on the 20th of each month and the last instalment was payable on March 20, 1966. According to Clause (b) of this agreement, respondent No. 1, who was described as borrower, was entitled to retain the motor vehicle as a bailee on behalf of the company. According to Clause (i), in case of failure or default on the part of the borrower in the payment of any of the instalments, the petitioner was entitled to take possession of the motor vehicle as its pawner and could realise the amount by selling or auctioning the motor vehicle after giving one week notice to the borrower, respondent No. 1. It was also stipulated that the petitioner was entitled to waive his right in case of any default. According to the learned counsel for the petitioner, the petitioner could wait till the last default had been made. The last instalment was payable on March 20, 1966, As none of the instalments was paid, the petitioner was within his right to wait till March 20, 1966. The petition for winding up the company was admittedly filed on September 5, 1968, and the winding-up order was passed on January 7, 1971. Under Section 458A of the Act, in cases of companies under liquidation, the period taken in the winding up proceedings and one year in addition, after the winding up order is passed, is to be excluded for the purpose of determination of the period of limitation. Thus, the petitioner was entitled to exclude the period between September 5, 1968, and January 7, 1972. If the cause of action accrued to the petitioner on March 20, 1966, when the last payment due was not made, up to the commencement of the winding-up proceedings a period of two years five months and fourteen days had elapsed. The present petition was filed on March 28, 1973. Thus, it is clear that up to the date of filing the present claim petition, more than three years had elapsed even if the period as envisaged under Section 458A of the Act is excluded. According to the learned counsel for the petitioner, Article 70 of the Limitation Act is applicable to the facts of the present case. Article 70 is to the following effect : </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Description of suitPeriod of limitation</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Time from which period beginsto run<p style="text-align: justify;">70.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">To recover movable propertydeposited or pawned from a depository or pawnee.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Three years.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The date of refusal afterdemand.<p style="text-align: justify;">10. Perusal of the above Article shows that this provision is applicable only if the suit or the petition is for recovery of movable property or articles deposited or pawned. It is contended by the learned counsel for the petitioner that according to the agreement, exhibit P-1, though the motor vehicle pledged belonged to respondent No. 1, yet the same was transferred to the latter as a bailee or pawnee and the position of the petitioner was of bailor, pawner or depositor. Though the cumulative effect of the various terms and conditions incorporated in the agreement, exhibit P-1, does warrant this conclusion that respondent No. 1 was only a bailee regarding the vehicle, as the loan had not been paid, yet in the present case the petition is not for the return of the vehicle but it is only for recovevy of the loan, Though it is mentioned in para. 5 of the petition that in terms of the agreement the petitioner is entitled to capture, seize or dispose of the vehicle entrusted to the respondent, yet the fact stands that the petition is only for recovery of the loan and interest, and the only other prayer towards the end is that orders of attachment of the vehicle may also be passed. In my considered opinion, the petition as it stands cannot be construed as for the return of the vehicle. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. The learned counsel for the petitioner then contended that under Section 468 of the Act, a petition can be filed at any time without the bar of limitation against the trustee of a company. It is urged that according to the conditions in the agreement, exhibit P-1, the position of respondent No. 1 was that of a bailee or a pawnee and as such his status was that of a trustee. It has been further contended that as held in Bharat Traders Ltd. (In liquidation) v. S. Sadhu Singh [1968] 38 Comp Cas 537 (Punj) a claim petition against a trustee under Section 468 of the Act is not subject to the law of limitation. However, it is not necessary to go into this aspect of the matter in this case because the question of trustee would arise only if the petition had been for return of the motor vehicle, of which possession was given to respondent No. 1 as a bailee or a trustee. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. Now the question for consideration is as to which Article of the Limitation Act is applicable in the circumstances of the present case. Undoubtedly, the claim petition is for the recovery of the loan against the motor vehicle in question which had been pledged as a security, and the loan could also be recovered by seizure and sale of the said vehicle. If the claim petition is to be treated as one for the recovery of the loan simpliciter advanced by the petitioner to respondent No. 1, then Article 19 of the Limitation Act will be applicable under which the period prescribed is three years and the time begins to run from the date of the loan. In the present case, the loan was payable by instalments and the petitioner was also entitled under the conditions of the agreement, exhibit P-1, to ignore one or more default in payment by the borrower and to wait till the lastdefault had been committed. In such a case Article 37 of the Limitation Act will be applicable and the period of limitation is three years from the date of default, and if the claimant wants to ignore the default, then from the date when fresh default is made. According to the learned counsel for the respondents, as the loan had been advanced against the security of a vehicle which had been pledged with the petitioner, the residuary Article 113 of the Limitation Act will be applicable. Reliance in this respect has been placed on Sangarmal Sowcar v. K. Murugesa Naicker, AIR 1964 Mad 17, Mahalinga Nadar v. Ganapathi Subbien, ILR [1904] 27 Mad 528 [FB] and First National Bank Ltd. v. Mandi (State) Industries Ltd. [1957] 59 PLR 588 (Punj). Even under this Article the period of limitation is three years and the time begins to run from the date of right to sue accrues. In the present case, the right to sue accrued on March 20, 1966, when the last instalment due from respondent No. 1 was not paid and the default was committed. After excluding the period as provided under Section 459A of the Act, more than three years had elapsed on the date when the claim petition was filed. Thus, whichever Article of the Limitation Act is held to be applicable to the facts of the present case, the claim petition was filed beyond limitation. Consequently, this petition is dismissed as barred by time, with no order as to costs.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => '[1978]48CompCas271(P&amp; H)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'Mohan Lal and anr.',
			'sub' => 'Company',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '612961'
	)
)
$title_for_layout = 'Official Liquidatior, Punjab Finance Pvt. Ltd. (In Liquidation) Vs. Mohan Lal and anr. Semantic Analysis'
$shops = array(
	'LAW' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'Section 446(2',
		(int) 1 => 'Section 468',
		(int) 2 => 'the Companies Act',
		(int) 3 => 'Section 458A of the Act',
		(int) 4 => 'Section 458A of the Act',
		(int) 5 => 'Section 458A of the Act',
		(int) 6 => 'Article 70 of the Limitation Act',
		(int) 7 => 'Article 70',
		(int) 8 => 'Section 468',
		(int) 9 => 'Section 468',
		(int) 10 => 'Article of the Limitation Act',
		(int) 11 => 'Article 19 of the Limitation Act',
		(int) 12 => 'Article 37 of the Limitation Act',
		(int) 13 => 'Article 113 of the Limitation Act',
		(int) 14 => 'Section 459A of the Act',
		(int) 15 => 'Article of the Limitation Act'
	),
	'PERSON' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'Harbans Lal',
		(int) 1 => 'Mohan Lal',
		(int) 2 => 'Darshan Lal Bahri',
		(int) 3 => 'Nos',
		(int) 4 => 'Mohan Lal',
		(int) 5 => 'Sharma J.',
		(int) 6 => 'K.S. Mathra Das',
		(int) 7 => 'Mohan Lal',
		(int) 8 => 'Mohan Lal',
		(int) 9 => 'S. Sadhu Singh',
		(int) 10 => 'K. Murugesa Naicker'
	),
	'CARDINAL' => array(
		(int) 0 => '1',
		(int) 1 => '7,518',
		(int) 2 => '26.2',
		(int) 3 => '3',
		(int) 4 => '1',
		(int) 5 => '2,500',
		(int) 6 => '2,797.50',
		(int) 7 => '1',
		(int) 8 => 'six',
		(int) 9 => '466',
		(int) 10 => '467.50',
		(int) 11 => '2',
		(int) 12 => '1',
		(int) 13 => '1',
		(int) 14 => '2',
		(int) 15 => 'two',
		(int) 16 => '1',
		(int) 17 => '2',
		(int) 18 => '2,500',
		(int) 19 => '1',
		(int) 20 => '4.',
		(int) 21 => '1',
		(int) 22 => '2',
		(int) 23 => '3',
		(int) 24 => '4',
		(int) 25 => '1',
		(int) 26 => '5',
		(int) 27 => '5',
		(int) 28 => '2',
		(int) 29 => '1',
		(int) 30 => '2',
		(int) 31 => 'No.2 6',
		(int) 32 => '1',
		(int) 33 => '2',
		(int) 34 => '2,500',
		(int) 35 => '1',
		(int) 36 => '1',
		(int) 37 => '2,792.50',
		(int) 38 => 'five',
		(int) 39 => '466',
		(int) 40 => '467.50',
		(int) 41 => '1',
		(int) 42 => '1',
		(int) 43 => '1',
		(int) 44 => '2',
		(int) 45 => '1',
		(int) 46 => '2',
		(int) 47 => '3',
		(int) 48 => '1',
		(int) 49 => '1',
		(int) 50 => '3 and 4',
		(int) 51 => '1 9',
		(int) 52 => '2,500',
		(int) 53 => '1',
		(int) 54 => '1',
		(int) 55 => '1',
		(int) 56 => '1',
		(int) 57 => '1',
		(int) 58 => '5',
		(int) 59 => '11',
		(int) 60 => '1',
		(int) 61 => '1968',
		(int) 62 => '38',
		(int) 63 => '1',
		(int) 64 => '12',
		(int) 65 => '1',
		(int) 66 => 'one',
		(int) 67 => '59',
		(int) 68 => '1'
	),
	'DATE' => array(
		(int) 0 => '1956',
		(int) 1 => 'January 7, 1971',
		(int) 2 => 'September 11, 1965',
		(int) 3 => '2239',
		(int) 4 => 'September 11, 1965',
		(int) 5 => 'March 20, 1965',
		(int) 6 => 'monthly',
		(int) 7 => 'the 20th of each month',
		(int) 8 => 'November 20, 1965',
		(int) 9 => 'March 20, 1966',
		(int) 10 => '5,569.11',
		(int) 11 => 'March 31, 1970',
		(int) 12 => '1,949.15',
		(int) 13 => 'April 1, 1970',
		(int) 14 => 'February 28, 1973',
		(int) 15 => 'May 12, 1971',
		(int) 16 => 'January 22, 1973',
		(int) 17 => 'September 5, 1968',
		(int) 18 => 'January 7, 1971',
		(int) 19 => 'one year',
		(int) 20 => 'May 12, 1971',
		(int) 21 => 'January 22, 1973',
		(int) 22 => 'one month',
		(int) 23 => '2239',
		(int) 24 => '117472',
		(int) 25 => 'about one month',
		(int) 26 => 'two thousand five hundred',
		(int) 27 => 'December 6, 1974',
		(int) 28 => 'a little later',
		(int) 29 => '3',
		(int) 30 => 'February or March, 1966',
		(int) 31 => 'September 11, 1965',
		(int) 32 => 'October 20, 1965',
		(int) 33 => 'the 20th of each month',
		(int) 34 => 'March 20, 1966',
		(int) 35 => 'one week',
		(int) 36 => 'March 20, 1966',
		(int) 37 => 'March 20, 1966',
		(int) 38 => 'September 5, 1968',
		(int) 39 => 'January 7, 1971',
		(int) 40 => 'one year',
		(int) 41 => 'the period',
		(int) 42 => '1968',
		(int) 43 => 'January 7, 1972',
		(int) 44 => 'March 20, 1966',
		(int) 45 => 'a period of',
		(int) 46 => 'two years five months',
		(int) 47 => 'fourteen days',
		(int) 48 => 'March 28, 1973',
		(int) 49 => 'more than three years',
		(int) 50 => 'Three years',
		(int) 51 => 'three years',
		(int) 52 => 'three years',
		(int) 53 => 'Mad 17',
		(int) 54 => '1904',
		(int) 55 => '1957',
		(int) 56 => 'three years',
		(int) 57 => 'March 20, 1966',
		(int) 58 => 'more than three years'
	),
	'ORG' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'Finance Pvt. Ltd.',
		(int) 1 => 'Kanwar Sain (P.W. 1',
		(int) 2 => 'Dewan Mathra Das',
		(int) 3 => 'P.W. 1 and',
		(int) 4 => 'respondents.8',
		(int) 5 => 'Bharat Traders Ltd.',
		(int) 6 => 'Reliance',
		(int) 7 => 'Sangarmal Sowcar',
		(int) 8 => 'AIR 1964',
		(int) 9 => 'Mahalinga Nadar v. Ganapathi Subbien',
		(int) 10 => 'ILR',
		(int) 11 => 'First National Bank Ltd.',
		(int) 12 => 'Mandi (State) Industries Ltd.',
		(int) 13 => 'PLR 588'
	),
	'GPE' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'Jullunder city',
		(int) 1 => 'A.D.',
		(int) 2 => 'Hindi'
	),
	'ORDINAL' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'first',
		(int) 1 => 'sixth',
		(int) 2 => 'first',
		(int) 3 => 'first'
	),
	'MONEY' => array(
		(int) 0 => '12 per cent'
	),
	'LANGUAGE' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'English',
		(int) 1 => 'English',
		(int) 2 => 'English',
		(int) 3 => 'English'
	),
	'NORP' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'P-1',
		(int) 1 => 'P-1',
		(int) 2 => 'P-1',
		(int) 3 => 'P-1',
		(int) 4 => 'P-1',
		(int) 5 => 'P-1',
		(int) 6 => 'P-1',
		(int) 7 => 'P-1'
	),
	'PRODUCT' => array(
		(int) 0 => 'P.W. 1',
		(int) 1 => 'R.W. 1',
		(int) 2 => 'P.W. 2'
	),
	'WORK_OF_ART' => array(
		(int) 0 => '27 Mad 528'
	)
)
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '612961',
		'acts' => '<a href="/act/50905/limitation-act-1963-36-of-1963-complete-act">Limitation Act, 1963</a> - Schedule - Articles 37, 70 and 113; <a href="/act/51006/companies-act-1956-complete-act">Companies Act, 1956</a> - Sections 446(2), 458A and 468',
		'appealno' => 'C.P. No. 105 of 1973',
		'appellant' => 'Official Liquidatior, Punjab Finance Pvt. Ltd. (In Liquidation)',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Official Liquidatior, Punjab Finance Pvt. Ltd. (In Liquidation) Vs. Mohan Lal and anr.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  2,500 from the petitioner on September 11, 1965, and executed a pronote as well as an agreement of pledge whereby the motor vehicle (tempo) No. According to Clause (i), in case of failure or default on the part of the borrower in the payment of any of the instalments, the petitioner was entitled to take possession of the motor vehicle as its pawner and could realise the amount by selling or auctioning the motor vehicle after giving one week notice to the borrower, respondent No.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => ' and First National Bank Ltd. v. Mandi;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' J.S. Narang, Adv. and;Deputy Official Liquidator',
		'counseldef' => ' Sarwan Singh, Adv.',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1977-09-27',
		'deposition' => 'Petition dismissed',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' Harbans Lal, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Lal, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. This is a claim petition under Section 446(2) read with Section 468 of the <a href="/act/51006/companies-act-1956-complete-act">Companies Act, 1956</a> (hereinafter to be called ' the Act'). for the recovery of Rs. 7,518 26.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Punjab Finance Pvt. Ltd., with its registered office at Jullunder city (hereinafter to be called ' the petitioner '), was ordered to be wound up by the order of this court, dated January 7, 1971, and the present petition has been filed on its behalf by the official liquidator. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Mohan Lal, respondent No. 1, took a loan of Rs. 2,500 from the petitioner on September 11, 1965, and executed a pronote as well as an agreement of pledge whereby the motor vehicle (tempo) No. PNH 2239 was pledged with the petitioner on September 11, 1965, for Rs. 2,797.50 comprising of principal, interest and finance commission. The said amount was payable by respondent No. 1 in six instalments. The first instalment of Rs. 466 was payable on March 20, 1965, and the subsequent instalments were to be paid monthly on the 20th of each month commencing from November 20, 1965. The last and the sixth instalment comprising of Rs. 467.50 was payable on March 20, 1966. Darshan Lal Bahri, respondent No. 2, executed the said agreement as guarantor. Respondent No. 1, however, did not pay anyinstalment. An amount of Rs. 5,569.11 was due from him on March 31, 1970. Interest amounting to Rs. 1,949.15 for the period from April 1, 1970, to February 28, 1973, at the rate of 12 per cent, per annum was also payable by him. According to the averments in the claim petition, the cause of action accrued to the petitioner on May 12, 1971, against respondent No. 1 and on January 22, 1973, against respondent No. 2, on which dates demand was made by the petitioner on the two respondents respectively. It was further pleaded that after excluding the period taken in the winding-up proceedings from September 5, 1968, to January 7, 1971, and a further period of one year as provided under Section 458A of the Act, the claim petition was within limitation. It was also averred that registered A.D. notices, dated May 12, 1971, and January 22, 1973, had been sent to respondent Nos. 1 and 2 respectively.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Both the respondents, after notice, filed a joint written statement in which the receipt of loan of Rs. 2,500 by respondent No. 1 was admitted, but the execution of the agreement of pledge was denied. It was, however, contended that after one month the motor vehicle in question had been taken into possession by the petitioner but the sale proceeds of the same had not been adjusted against the loan taken by the respondent. It was further alleged that the claim petition was barred by limitation. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. On the pleadings of the parties the following issues were framed : </p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Whether the claim petition is within time? </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Whether the agreement of pledge of motor vehicles was not executed by the respondents (Burden of proof of this issue has been put on Mohan Lal, respondent, as he has signed the written statement in Hindi, whereas the document in question is typed in English and it is not the case of this respondent that he does not know English. Counsel for this respondent admits that his client knows English and can sign in English). </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 3. Whether Tempo No. PNH 2239, Engine No. 117472, and Chassis No. 461203 was taken into possession by the company about one month after the payment of rupees two thousand five hundred had been made to the respondents </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 4. If the preceding issue is proved, did the petitioner return the vehicle in question to respondent No. 1 and adjust its price or sale proceeds in favour of the respondents To what amount, if any, is the petitioner entitled on account of principal and interest </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 5. Relief. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Subsequently, issue No. 2 was recast by the order of Sharma J. dated December 6, 1974, and the onus was placed on the official liquidator. Main arguments were addressed by both sides on the question of limitationregarding issue No. 1, which shall be dealt with a little later. In the first instance, issues No. 2, 3 and 4 may be disposed of. Issue No.2 </p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Execution of the hire purchase agreement described as agreement of pledge of the motor vehicle (exhibit P-1) is proved by Kanwar Sain (P.W. 1). According to him it was signed by respondent No. 1 as hirer and by respondent No. 2 as guarantor, and that the loan of Rs. 2,500 was obtained by respondent No. 1 on its basis. Respondent No. 1 had agreed to pay a sum of Rs. 2,792.50 through five equal instalments of Rs. 466 and the last instalment of Rs. 467.50 was to be paid thereafter. Respondent No. 1 had pledged his vehicle as security, the details of which were entered in the said agreement. The account was opened in the account books of the petitioner and its copy is exhibit P-2. It was also stated that respondent No. 1 had not paid any instalment. Shri K.S. Mathra Das, managing director of the petitioner, also corroborated this statement as P.W. 1. He further stated that he had not signed this agreement himself. In his statement Mohan Lal, respondent No. 1, did not deny the execution of the agreement exhibit P-1. He admitted that he had not paid any instalment. Thus issue No. 2 is decided in favour of the petitioner and it is held that the agreement of pledge, exhibit P-1, was executed by respondent No. 1 as hirer and by respondent No. 2 as guarantor. Issues Nos. 3 & 4 </p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. These relate to the same matter and are dealt with together. Mohan Lal, respondent No. 1, stated as R.W. 1 that a month and a half after the taking of the loan from the petitioner, the tempo in question, pledged with the petitioner, had been taken into possession by the petitioner, and subsequently, he was not told as to for what amount the same had been sold. It was further stated that the tempo had been taken into possession by the son of Dewan Mathra Das and a driver but he was not in a position to tell the name of the said son. He admitted that he had not taken any receipt for the delivery of the tempo. He had gone to the office of the petitioner in February or March, 1966, to enquire about the sale proceeds of the said tempo, but he did not find anybody there. Alter that he did not keep track and, according to him, he could not do so on account of the circumstances beyond his control. Besides his bald statement there is no evidence to prove the capture of the tempo by anybody on behalf of the petitioner or its sale by the latter. The same is denied both by P.W. 1 and P.W. 2. In these circumstances, it is not possible to hold that the tempo or the motor vehicle which had been pledged by respondent No. 1 with the petitioner had been taken into possession by the latter at any time. As such the question of its sale by the petitioner does not arise. Issues Nos. 3 and 4 are thus decided against the respondents.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Issue No. 1 </p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It is the admitted case of the parties that the loan of Rs. 2,500 was obtained by respondent No. 1 on September 11, 1965, against the security of a motor vehicle known as tempo and the agreement, exhibit P-1, was executed therefor. According to the terms of this agreement, the first instalment of loan was payable on October 20, 1965. Thereafter, each instalment was to be paid on the 20th of each month and the last instalment was payable on March 20, 1966. According to Clause (b) of this agreement, respondent No. 1, who was described as borrower, was entitled to retain the motor vehicle as a bailee on behalf of the company. According to Clause (i), in case of failure or default on the part of the borrower in the payment of any of the instalments, the petitioner was entitled to take possession of the motor vehicle as its pawner and could realise the amount by selling or auctioning the motor vehicle after giving one week notice to the borrower, respondent No. 1. It was also stipulated that the petitioner was entitled to waive his right in case of any default. According to the learned counsel for the petitioner, the petitioner could wait till the last default had been made. The last instalment was payable on March 20, 1966, As none of the instalments was paid, the petitioner was within his right to wait till March 20, 1966. The petition for winding up the company was admittedly filed on September 5, 1968, and the winding-up order was passed on January 7, 1971. Under Section 458A of the Act, in cases of companies under liquidation, the period taken in the winding up proceedings and one year in addition, after the winding up order is passed, is to be excluded for the purpose of determination of the period of limitation. Thus, the petitioner was entitled to exclude the period between September 5, 1968, and January 7, 1972. If the cause of action accrued to the petitioner on March 20, 1966, when the last payment due was not made, up to the commencement of the winding-up proceedings a period of two years five months and fourteen days had elapsed. The present petition was filed on March 28, 1973. Thus, it is clear that up to the date of filing the present claim petition, more than three years had elapsed even if the period as envisaged under Section 458A of the Act is excluded. According to the learned counsel for the petitioner, Article 70 of the Limitation Act is applicable to the facts of the present case. Article 70 is to the following effect : </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Description of suitPeriod of limitation</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Time from which period beginsto run<p style="text-align: justify;">70.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">To recover movable propertydeposited or pawned from a depository or pawnee.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Three years.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The date of refusal afterdemand.<p style="text-align: justify;">10. Perusal of the above Article shows that this provision is applicable only if the suit or the petition is for recovery of movable property or articles deposited or pawned. It is contended by the learned counsel for the petitioner that according to the agreement, exhibit P-1, though the motor vehicle pledged belonged to respondent No. 1, yet the same was transferred to the latter as a bailee or pawnee and the position of the petitioner was of bailor, pawner or depositor. Though the cumulative effect of the various terms and conditions incorporated in the agreement, exhibit P-1, does warrant this conclusion that respondent No. 1 was only a bailee regarding the vehicle, as the loan had not been paid, yet in the present case the petition is not for the return of the vehicle but it is only for recovevy of the loan, Though it is mentioned in para. 5 of the petition that in terms of the agreement the petitioner is entitled to capture, seize or dispose of the vehicle entrusted to the respondent, yet the fact stands that the petition is only for recovery of the loan and interest, and the only other prayer towards the end is that orders of attachment of the vehicle may also be passed. In my considered opinion, the petition as it stands cannot be construed as for the return of the vehicle. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. The learned counsel for the petitioner then contended that under Section 468 of the Act, a petition can be filed at any time without the bar of limitation against the trustee of a company. It is urged that according to the conditions in the agreement, exhibit P-1, the position of respondent No. 1 was that of a bailee or a pawnee and as such his status was that of a trustee. It has been further contended that as held in Bharat Traders Ltd. (In liquidation) v. S. Sadhu Singh [1968] 38 Comp Cas 537 (Punj) a claim petition against a trustee under Section 468 of the Act is not subject to the law of limitation. However, it is not necessary to go into this aspect of the matter in this case because the question of trustee would arise only if the petition had been for return of the motor vehicle, of which possession was given to respondent No. 1 as a bailee or a trustee. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. Now the question for consideration is as to which Article of the Limitation Act is applicable in the circumstances of the present case. Undoubtedly, the claim petition is for the recovery of the loan against the motor vehicle in question which had been pledged as a security, and the loan could also be recovered by seizure and sale of the said vehicle. If the claim petition is to be treated as one for the recovery of the loan simpliciter advanced by the petitioner to respondent No. 1, then Article 19 of the Limitation Act will be applicable under which the period prescribed is three years and the time begins to run from the date of the loan. In the present case, the loan was payable by instalments and the petitioner was also entitled under the conditions of the agreement, exhibit P-1, to ignore one or more default in payment by the borrower and to wait till the lastdefault had been committed. In such a case Article 37 of the Limitation Act will be applicable and the period of limitation is three years from the date of default, and if the claimant wants to ignore the default, then from the date when fresh default is made. According to the learned counsel for the respondents, as the loan had been advanced against the security of a vehicle which had been pledged with the petitioner, the residuary Article 113 of the Limitation Act will be applicable. Reliance in this respect has been placed on Sangarmal Sowcar v. K. Murugesa Naicker, AIR 1964 Mad 17, Mahalinga Nadar v. Ganapathi Subbien, ILR [1904] 27 Mad 528 [FB] and First National Bank Ltd. v. Mandi (State) Industries Ltd. [1957] 59 PLR 588 (Punj). Even under this Article the period of limitation is three years and the time begins to run from the date of right to sue accrues. In the present case, the right to sue accrued on March 20, 1966, when the last instalment due from respondent No. 1 was not paid and the default was committed. After excluding the period as provided under Section 459A of the Act, more than three years had elapsed on the date when the claim petition was filed. Thus, whichever Article of the Limitation Act is held to be applicable to the facts of the present case, the claim petition was filed beyond limitation. Consequently, this petition is dismissed as barred by time, with no order as to costs.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => '',
		'pubs' => '[1978]48CompCas271(P&amp; H)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'Mohan Lal and anr.',
		'sub' => 'Company',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
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LAW: Section 446(2, Section 468, the Companies Act, Section 458A of the Act, Section 458A of the Act, Section 458A of the Act, Article 70 of the Limitation Act, Article 70, Section 468, Section 468, Article of the Limitation Act, Article 19 of the Limitation Act, Article 37 of the Limitation Act, Article 113 of the Limitation Act, Section 459A of the Act, Article of the Limitation Act

PERSON: Harbans Lal, Mohan Lal, Darshan Lal Bahri, Nos, Mohan Lal, Sharma J., K.S. Mathra Das, Mohan Lal, Mohan Lal, S. Sadhu Singh, K. Murugesa Naicker

CARDINAL: 1, 7,518, 26.2, 3, 1, 2,500, 2,797.50, 1, six, 466, 467.50, 2, 1, 1, 2, two, 1, 2, 2,500, 1, 4., 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 5, 5, 2, 1, 2, No.2 6, 1, 2, 2,500, 1, 1, 2,792.50, five, 466, 467.50, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 1, 1, 3 and 4, 1 9, 2,500, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 5, 11, 1, 1968, 38, 1, 12, 1, one, 59, 1

DATE: 1956, January 7, 1971, September 11, 1965, 2239, September 11, 1965, March 20, 1965, monthly, the 20th of each month, November 20, 1965, March 20, 1966, 5,569.11, March 31, 1970, 1,949.15, April 1, 1970, February 28, 1973, May 12, 1971, January 22, 1973, September 5, 1968, January 7, 1971, one year, May 12, 1971, January 22, 1973, one month, 2239, 117472, about one month, two thousand five hundred, December 6, 1974, a little later, 3, February or March, 1966, September 11, 1965, October 20, 1965, the 20th of each month, March 20, 1966, one week, March 20, 1966, March 20, 1966, September 5, 1968, January 7, 1971, one year, the period, 1968, January 7, 1972, March 20, 1966, a period of, two years five months, fourteen days, March 28, 1973, more than three years, Three years, three years, three years, Mad 17, 1904, 1957, three years, March 20, 1966, more than three years

ORG: Finance Pvt. Ltd., Kanwar Sain (P.W. 1, Dewan Mathra Das, P.W. 1 and, respondents.8, Bharat Traders Ltd., Reliance, Sangarmal Sowcar, AIR 1964, Mahalinga Nadar v. Ganapathi Subbien, ILR, First National Bank Ltd., Mandi (State) Industries Ltd., PLR 588

GPE: Jullunder city, A.D., Hindi

ORDINAL: first, sixth, first, first

MONEY: 12 per cent

LANGUAGE: English, English, English, English

NORP: P-1, P-1, P-1, P-1, P-1, P-1, P-1, P-1

PRODUCT: P.W. 1, R.W. 1, P.W. 2

WORK_OF_ART: 27 Mad 528