State Vs. Kali Ram Nand Lal

Decided On : Dec-07-1966

Court : Punjab and Haryana

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			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 88 of 1965',
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			'casename' => 'State Vs. Kali Ram Nand Lal',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  The respondent, however, failed to appear at the next hearing Non-bailable warrants for his arrest were thereupon ordered to issue for 26th November, 1963, Those warrants, however, could not be executed for lack of complete address. As none of the prosecution witnesses appeared that day, they were ordered to be summoned again for 22nd October, 1964. Again, it was found that the summons have not been received back and the prosecution having failed to produce any witness, the learned Magistrate refused to grant any further adjournment, closed the prosecution evidence and acquitted the accused holding that the prosecution had not established its case against the accused. Chhiber, who appears for the State, has contended that the failure of the prosecution to produce its witnesses did not empower the Magistrate to close its evidence and acquit the accused, as it was the duty of the Magistrate to procure the attendance of the witnesses who had been duly summoned. Bindra argues that the absence of such a provision from Section 251-A, which lays down the procedure for trial of warrant cases instituted on police report, clearly indicates that the Magistrate has no power to summon the prosecution witnesses, much less a duty to enforce their attendance. In 1961 (2) Cri LJ 331 (All) a learned Single Judge of the Allahabad High Court, after pointing out that there is no such provision in Section 251-A of the Criminal Procedure Code like the one contained in Section 252(2) enjoining upon the prosecution to summon the witnesses of the prosecution, observed as follows: ' 7. In 1962 (2) Cri LJ 537 (2) (Guj) it was ruled that where in a warrant case instituted on a police report, if owing to the failure of the prosecution to produce theirwitnesses and make full endeavour to serve summonses according to the provisions contained in Sections 69, 70 and 71 Cr. Sambangi Mudaliar, AIR 1965 Mad 31. In the Madras case AIR 1965 Mad 31 a learned Single Judge after observing that an important duty lay on the Court to see that all the powers available to the Court for the examination of witnesses are exercised for a just decision of the case, irrespective of the laches of the prosecution, observed that even where the prosecution failed to produce its evidence, the Court has to summon the material witnesses in exercise of its powers under Section 540 of the Criminal Procedure Code. ruled that though in cases where the prosecutor himself undertakes to produce the prosecution witnesses the entire responsibility for the production of evidence in support of the prosecution is that of the Prosecutor, yet in cases where the Prosecutor has taken recourse to the agency of the Court for securing the attendance of the prosecution witnesses, it is undoubtedly the duty of the Magistrate to take steps for securing the attendance of the prosecution witnesses, and if they fail to attend despite service, the proper course for the Magistrate to take necessary steps is to compel the attendance of the witnesses and not to acquit the accused for lack of evidence A Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court held in Sm. In this view of the matter, the learned Judges refused to interfere with an order of acquittal recorded by the Magistrate for failure of the prosecution to produce its evidence despite ample opportunity that the learned Judges referred to the amendment of the Code of Criminal Procedure in the year 1955 by which Section 251-A prescribing a different procedure for trial of warrant cases instituted on police report from that relating to the trial of warrant cases instituted on complaints, was introduced 9. In AIR 1965 Tripura 39 the learned Judicial Commissioner took the view that where in a case triable under Section 251-A of the Criminal Procedure Code the prosecutor relies on the agency of the Court for securing the attendance of witnesses, the Magistrate cannot pass an order of acquittal on account of want of evidence without taking steps to secure the attendance of the prosecution witnesses. It is well known that the object of the various amendments introduced in the Criminal Procedure Code in the year 1955 was to expedite criminal trials and enquiries under the Code, and it was with that end in view that a provision was made in Sub-section (7) of Section 251-A that on the date fixed for examination of prosecution evidence 'the Magistrate shall proceed to take all such evidence as may be produced in support of the prosecution. From this it clearly follows that the Magistrate is not under an obligation to ascertain the names of the prosecution witnesses and to summon them, but it is for the prosecution to disclose the names of its witnesses and to produce them. This however, is not tantamount to saying that where the names of the witnesses are disclosed by the prosecution and it requires the assistance of the Magistrate to procure their attendance, the Magistrate has no authority to summon the witnesses and must proceed to acquit the accused notwithstanding the fact that the failure of the prosecution to produce its witnesses is not due to any remissness or default on its part. Apart from this, there may be witnesses like the Government servants who have to be summoned through Head of their Departments and it is obvious that to secure the attendance of such witnesses it may become necessary for the prosecution to apply to the Court for summoning them, and if need be to compel their attendance by coercive process The duty to summon the witnesses in the course of the trial is that of the Magistrate or the Court concerned. The respondent had himself failed to appear before the Magistrate, and then the military authorities expressed their inability to spare him.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Krishan Murari v. State of Punjab;',
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			'counselplain' => ' M.R. Chhibber, Adv.',
			'counseldef' => ' Bhupinder Singh Bindra and; S.S. Kang, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
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			'decidedon' => '1966-12-07',
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			'judge' => ' S.B. Capoor and; Gurdev Singh, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Gurdev Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. This is a State-appeal against the order of Shri G.R. Gogiam, Magistrate First Class, Ludhiana, dated 22nd October, 1964, acquitting therespondent Kali Ram of charges under Sections 324 and 354 of the Indian Penal Code without having recorded the entire evidence that the prosecution had to produce. The relevant facts are as follows: -</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. On 8th September 1963, Gurmit Singh, a resident of Bhangali Kalan, district Amritsar, who had brought a dancing party to the fair at Raikot in the District of Ludhiana, lodged a report at the local police station complaining that the respondent Kali Ram had attacked him with a knife, and geting hold of Shrimati Nishi, a member of the dancing party had caught her by the breasts. On due investigation, the respondent was prosecuted, and in accordance with the provisions of Sub-section (3) of Section 251A of the Criminal Procedure Code, charges under Sections 324 and 354 of the Indian Penal Code were framed against him by a Magistrate First Class at Ludhiana in 29th October, 1963</p><p style="text-align: justify;">On Kali Ram pleading not guilty the case was adjourned to 12th November, 1963, with the direction that the prosecution evidence be summoned for that day. The respondent, however, failed to appear at the next hearing Non-bailable warrants for his arrest were thereupon ordered to issue for 26th November, 1963, Those warrants, however, could not be executed for lack of complete address. The respondent's surety was called upon to furnish the correct address, and the case was transferred to the Court of Shri G.R. Gogia, Magistrate First Class. On 6th December, 1963, non-bailable warrants at the address given by the surety were issued. They remained unexecuted. Information in the meantime having been received that the accused had joined the army, attempts were made to secure his attendance in Court, but the military authorities informed the Magistrate that he could not be spared due to emergency. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">This necessitated several adjournments and it was only on 12th September, 1964, that the accused (respondent) appeared in Court. The learned Magistrate happened to be on election duty and, accordingly. The case was not taken up that day and was adjourned to 16th September, 1964. Dr. Dharampal, one of the prosecution witnesses, who was present, was asked to attend the Court on the adjourned hearing, and direction was given by the Duty Magistrate that the remaining prosecution evidence be summoned On 16th September 1964, when the case was taken up it was found that the case-property was not available. Accordingly further proceedings were adjourned to 26th September 1964. Dr. Dharampal, who was in attendance was directed to appear on that day, and summons were ordered to issue to the remaining witnesses of the prosecution. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. On 26th September. 1964. the statement of Dr. Dharam Pal alone was re-corded as no other prosecution witness was present and it was found that even summons issued to them had not been received back. The Magistrate thereupon directed fresh summons for the prosecution witnesses to issue for 14th October, 1964. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">On the adjourned hearing, the case was taken up by Shri Gogia, Magistrate First Class, to whom it had been transferred in the meantime. As none of the prosecution witnesses appeared that day, they were ordered to be summoned again for 22nd October, 1964. Again, it was found that the summons have not been received back and the prosecution having failed to produce any witness, the learned Magistrate refused to grant any further adjournment, closed the prosecution evidence and acquitted the accused holding that the prosecution had not established its case against the accused. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. In assailing the order of the respondent's acquittal, Mr. M.R. Chhiber, who appears for the State, has contended that the failure of the prosecution to produce its witnesses did not empower the Magistrate to close its evidence and acquit the accused, as it was the duty of the Magistrate to procure the attendance of the witnesses who had been duly summoned. In this connection, he has relied upon Sub-section (7) of Section 251-A of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which enjoins upon a Magistrate 'to take such evidence as may be produced in support of the prosecution, 'and pointed out that under Sub-section (11) of Section 251-A the Magistrate is entitled to acquit an accused person only if he finds that the accused is not guilty. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">The short question requiring our consideration is whether the learned Magistrate was justified in ordering the closure of the prosecution evidence and refusing to adjourn the proceedings any further to procure the attendance of the prosecution witnesses. In defending the Magistrate's order Mr. Bhupinder Singh Bindra, appearing for the respondent, has relied upon the fact that in Section 251A, which admittedly governs the procedure applicable to the respondent's trial there is no provision requiring a Magistrate to summon prosecution witnesses or enforce their attendance. He contends that in a case brought on a police report triable under Section 251A of the Criminal Procedure Code it is the duty of the prosecution to produce its witnesses, and it is not for the Magistrate to summon the witnesses or to secure their attendance. In support of this submission, reliance is placed on Sub-section (7) of Section 251A which runs thus: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">'251-A (7): On the date so fixed, the Magistrate shall proceed to take all such evidence as may be produced in support of the prosecution; </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Provided that the Magistrate may permit the cross-examination of any witness to be deferred until any other witness or witnes-ses have been examined, or recall any witness for further cross-examination.' </p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Referring to the trial of a warrant case instituted otherwise than on a police report, to which the procedure detailed in Sections 252 to 259 applies, Mr. Bindra has pointed out that unlike the procedure laid down in Section 251-A for the trial of warrant cases instituted on a police report, a duty is cast on the Magistrate under Sub-section (2) of Section 252 not only to ascertain from the complainant or otherwise the names of any person likely to be acquainted with the facts of the case and to be able to give evidence for the prosecution but also to summon such of those persons as he considers necessary to give evidence before himself. Mr. Bindra argues that the absence of such a provision from Section 251-A, which lays down the procedure for trial of warrant cases instituted on police report, clearly indicates that the Magistrate has no power to summon the prosecution witnesses, much less a duty to enforce their attendance. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. The authorities cited by learned counsel for the State and the respondent disclose considerable divergence of judicial opinion. For the extreme proposition put forward on behalf of the respondent that no duty is cast upon the Magistrate to summon the prosecution witnesses, State of Gujarat v. Baya Bhadya, 1962 (2) Cri LJ 537 (2) (Guj); State v. Ram Lal, 1961 (2) Cri LJ 331 (All) and State v. John Abraham 1961 (2) Cri LJ 92 (1) (Ker) have been cited. In 1961 (2) Cri LJ 331 (All) a learned Single Judge of the Allahabad High Court, after pointing out that there is no such provision in Section 251-A of the Criminal Procedure Code like the one contained in Section 252(2) enjoining upon the prosecution to summon the witnesses of the prosecution, observed as follows: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">'After this amendment, the only procedure applicable to cases instituted on a police report is one provided by Section 251-A Cr. P. C. This section nowhere provides that the public prosecutor may ask the Magistrate to summon his witnesses nor does it authorise the Magistrate to summon the prosecution witnesses either upon an application on behalf of the public prosecutor or suo motu for any reason. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Section 252 on the other hand imposes a duty upon the Magistrate to ascertain the names of the witnesses who could give evidence on the relevant points and to summon those witnesses in evidence. By providing an entirely new procedure under Section 251-A Cr. P. C. in cases instituted by the police, the legislature has deliberately departed from that procedure and in the new procedure has made no provisions for summoning of the prosecution witnesses.' </p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. In 1962 (2) Cri LJ 537 (2) (Guj) it was ruled that where in a warrant case instituted on a police report, if owing to the failure of the prosecution to produce theirwitnesses and make full endeavour to serve summonses according to the provisions contained in Sections 69, 70 and 71 Cr. P. C. there is no evidence before the Magistrate, the Magistrate can acquit the accused under Section 251-A Sub-section (11) of the Criminal Procedure Code. That case is somewhat distinguishable as it was found that after obtaining the summons for the prosecution witnesses the Sub-Inspector, to whose police station the case related, had not made any effort to effect service upon the witnesses concerned. In fact, the learned Judges found that 'he was not only indifferent to his duty but showed Utter disregard and disrespect to the learned Magistrate's Court,' thus prolonging the detention of the accused in judicial custody. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. On behalf of the State, reliance has been placed upon Suresh Chandra Goswami v. Suresh Chandra Deb Nath, AIR 1965 Tripura 39; State of Bihar v. Polo Mistry, AIR 1964 Pat 351; Nathuram Darjee v. Pannalal Aggarwala, AIR 1961 Assam 97 and Public Prosecutor v. M. Sambangi Mudaliar, AIR 1965 Mad 31. In the Madras case AIR 1965 Mad 31 a learned Single Judge after observing that an important duty lay on the Court to see that all the powers available to the Court for the examination of witnesses are exercised for a just decision of the case, irrespective of the laches of the prosecution, observed that even where the prosecution failed to produce its evidence, the Court has to summon the material witnesses in exercise of its powers under Section 540 of the Criminal Procedure Code. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">AIR 1961 Assam 97 is a Division Bench authority in which, after observing that Section 258 (1) of the Criminal Procedure Code had no application to warrant cases instituted on police report, it was ruled that the Magistrate acted illegally in acquitting the accused and refusing an adjournment to the prosecution when the prosecution witnesses were not present and the prosecutor had asked for adjournment undertaking to produce the witnesses on the next hearing. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">In AIR 1964 Pat 351, G.N. Prasad J. ruled that though in cases where the prosecutor himself undertakes to produce the prosecution witnesses the entire responsibility for the production of evidence in support of the prosecution is that of the Prosecutor, yet in cases where the Prosecutor has taken recourse to the agency of the Court for securing the attendance of the prosecution witnesses, it is undoubtedly the duty of the Magistrate to take steps for securing the attendance of the prosecution witnesses, and if they fail to attend despite service, the proper course for the Magistrate to take necessary steps is to compel the attendance of the witnesses and not to acquit the accused for lack of evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court held in Sm. Jyotirmoyee Bose v. Birendra Nath Prodhan, AIR 1960 Cal 263 that Sub-section (6) of Section 251-A does not en-join upon the Magistrate any duty to compel the attendance of any witness unless it was applied for. In this view of the matter, the learned Judges refused to interfere with an order of acquittal recorded by the Magistrate for failure of the prosecution to produce its evidence despite ample opportunity that the learned Judges referred to the amendment of the Code of Criminal Procedure in the year 1955 by which Section 251-A prescribing a different procedure for trial of warrant cases instituted on police report from that relating to the trial of warrant cases instituted on complaints, was introduced</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. In AIR 1965 Tripura 39 the learned Judicial Commissioner took the view that where in a case triable under Section 251-A of the Criminal Procedure Code the prosecutor relies on the agency of the Court for securing the attendance of witnesses, the Magistrate cannot pass an order of acquittal on account of want of evidence without taking steps to secure the attendance of the prosecution witnesses. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Speaking with respect, the view taken by the learned Judicial Commissioner of Tripura is correct. While I do not find it possible to subscribe to the opinion that if in the trial of a warrant case instituted on a police report the prosecution fails to produce its witnesses, the Court is neither competent to summon the witnesses nor is under a duty to compel their attendance, at the same time I am unable to accept the other extreme view that the Court has no power to acquit the accused in such cases and is duty-bound to summon the prosecution witnesses in exercise of its powers under Section 540 of the Criminal Procedure Code. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Before the amendment of the Code of Criminal Procedure in the year 1955, the procedure applicable to the trial of warrant cases whether instituted on police report or otherwise, was the same. By the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1955, Section 251-A was introduced laying down a new procedure for the trial of warrant cases instituted on police report. It is well known that the object of the various amendments introduced in the Criminal Procedure Code in the year 1955 was to expedite criminal trials and enquiries under the Code, and it was with that end in view that a provision was made in Sub-section (7) of Section 251-A that on the date fixed for examination of prosecution evidence 'the Magistrate shall proceed to take all such evidence as may be produced in support of the prosecution.' The clear intention of the legislature was that to avoid delay the prosecution is to produce its witnesses on the date fixed for their evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Before this amendment, under Sub-section (2) of Section 252 which applied to warrant case instituted on police report as well as on complaints, a duty was cast upon the Magistrate to 'ascertain, from the complain-ant or otherwise, the names of any person likely to be acquainted with the facts of the case and to be able to give evidence for the prosecution,' and to summon 'such of them as he thinks necessary'. This provision has been retained so far as the trial of warrant cases instituted otherwise than on a police report is concerned, but there is no corresponding provision contained in Section 251-A. From this it clearly follows that the Magistrate is not under an obligation to ascertain the names of the prosecution witnesses and to summon them, but it is for the prosecution to disclose the names of its witnesses and to produce them. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">This however, is not tantamount to saying that where the names of the witnesses are disclosed by the prosecution and it requires the assistance of the Magistrate to procure their attendance, the Magistrate has no authority to summon the witnesses and must proceed to acquit the accused notwithstanding the fact that the failure of the prosecution to produce its witnesses is not due to any remissness or default on its part. After the case is instituted in Court, the police has no power to summon the witnesses. Apart from this, there may be witnesses like the Government servants who have to be summoned through Head of their Departments and it is obvious that to secure the attendance of such witnesses it may become necessary for the prosecution to apply to the Court for summoning them, and if need be to compel their attendance by coercive process</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The duty to summon the witnesses in the course of the trial is that of the Magistrate or the Court concerned. I do not find anything in Section 251-A or in any other provision under the Criminal Procedure Code which debars the Magistrate from summoning the prosecution witnesses or enforcing their attendance if they refuse to appear on the date fixed for their evidence despite the fact that the prosecution had directed them to attend the Court on that day. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. This, however, does not mean that the Magistrate conducting the trial under Section 251-A of the Criminal Procedure Code must go on adjourning the trial till it suits the convenience of the prosecution to produce its evidence. Whether or not the Magistrate will proceed to enforce the attendance of the witnessess for the prosecution and grant adjournment for that purpose would depend upon the facts and circumstances of each case. Though it is true that the Magistrate should not be in a hury to close the prosecution evidence, yet at the same time the Magistrate must be vigilant enough to see that the process of the Court is not abused by the prosecution obtaining unnecessary adjournments resulting in harassment of the accused. As I had occasion to observe in Krishan Murari v. State of Punjab, (1966) 88 Pun LR 143=(1966 Cri LJ 866) while dealing with a case under Sections 107/151 of the Criminal Procedure Code: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">'In cases where the Magistrate finds that the prosecution is deliberately avoiding production of its evidence and seeks adjournment of the proceedings for no adequate reason, he must act with some firmness, and guard against giving an impression that he is a party to the harassment of the person proceeded against.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. Applying the principles set out above to the facts of the case before us. I find that the learned Magistrate was not justified in closing the prosecution evidence and acquitting the respondent. It is true that the trial had been pending for sometime, but as the facts set out above disclose, the prosecution was not to blame for it. The respondent had himself failed to appear before the Magistrate, and then the military authorities expressed their inability to spare him. Summons for the prosecution witnesses were obtained by the prosecution but they were not received back on 22nd October, 1964, when the Magistrate proceeded to acquit the respondent Only eight days were given to summon these witnesses, and there is nothing on the record to indicate that the police was responsible for non-service. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">In those circumstances, the Magistrate ought to have granted an adjournment and resummoned the witnesses. I thus find that the order of the Magistrate closing the prosecution evidence and acquitting the respondent is illegal and improper. The appeal la accordingly accepted, the Magistrate's order acquitting the respondent is set aside, and the case remitted to the trial Court for proceeding with the trial in accordance with law after affording the prosecution an opportunity to produce its evidence, and if necessary to apply for summoning its witnesses. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Cappor, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. I agree. <p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'pubs' => 'AIR1968P&amp; H87; 1968CriLJ369',
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$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '611237',
		'acts' => '<a href="/act/133280/code-of-criminal-procedure-1898-complete-act">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) , 1898</a> - Sections 251A, 252(2) to 259 and 540;',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 88 of 1965',
		'appellant' => 'State',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'State Vs. Kali Ram Nand Lal',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  The respondent, however, failed to appear at the next hearing Non-bailable warrants for his arrest were thereupon ordered to issue for 26th November, 1963, Those warrants, however, could not be executed for lack of complete address. As none of the prosecution witnesses appeared that day, they were ordered to be summoned again for 22nd October, 1964. Again, it was found that the summons have not been received back and the prosecution having failed to produce any witness, the learned Magistrate refused to grant any further adjournment, closed the prosecution evidence and acquitted the accused holding that the prosecution had not established its case against the accused. Chhiber, who appears for the State, has contended that the failure of the prosecution to produce its witnesses did not empower the Magistrate to close its evidence and acquit the accused, as it was the duty of the Magistrate to procure the attendance of the witnesses who had been duly summoned. Bindra argues that the absence of such a provision from Section 251-A, which lays down the procedure for trial of warrant cases instituted on police report, clearly indicates that the Magistrate has no power to summon the prosecution witnesses, much less a duty to enforce their attendance. In 1961 (2) Cri LJ 331 (All) a learned Single Judge of the Allahabad High Court, after pointing out that there is no such provision in Section 251-A of the Criminal Procedure Code like the one contained in Section 252(2) enjoining upon the prosecution to summon the witnesses of the prosecution, observed as follows: ' 7. In 1962 (2) Cri LJ 537 (2) (Guj) it was ruled that where in a warrant case instituted on a police report, if owing to the failure of the prosecution to produce theirwitnesses and make full endeavour to serve summonses according to the provisions contained in Sections 69, 70 and 71 Cr. Sambangi Mudaliar, AIR 1965 Mad 31. In the Madras case AIR 1965 Mad 31 a learned Single Judge after observing that an important duty lay on the Court to see that all the powers available to the Court for the examination of witnesses are exercised for a just decision of the case, irrespective of the laches of the prosecution, observed that even where the prosecution failed to produce its evidence, the Court has to summon the material witnesses in exercise of its powers under Section 540 of the Criminal Procedure Code. ruled that though in cases where the prosecutor himself undertakes to produce the prosecution witnesses the entire responsibility for the production of evidence in support of the prosecution is that of the Prosecutor, yet in cases where the Prosecutor has taken recourse to the agency of the Court for securing the attendance of the prosecution witnesses, it is undoubtedly the duty of the Magistrate to take steps for securing the attendance of the prosecution witnesses, and if they fail to attend despite service, the proper course for the Magistrate to take necessary steps is to compel the attendance of the witnesses and not to acquit the accused for lack of evidence A Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court held in Sm. In this view of the matter, the learned Judges refused to interfere with an order of acquittal recorded by the Magistrate for failure of the prosecution to produce its evidence despite ample opportunity that the learned Judges referred to the amendment of the Code of Criminal Procedure in the year 1955 by which Section 251-A prescribing a different procedure for trial of warrant cases instituted on police report from that relating to the trial of warrant cases instituted on complaints, was introduced 9. In AIR 1965 Tripura 39 the learned Judicial Commissioner took the view that where in a case triable under Section 251-A of the Criminal Procedure Code the prosecutor relies on the agency of the Court for securing the attendance of witnesses, the Magistrate cannot pass an order of acquittal on account of want of evidence without taking steps to secure the attendance of the prosecution witnesses. It is well known that the object of the various amendments introduced in the Criminal Procedure Code in the year 1955 was to expedite criminal trials and enquiries under the Code, and it was with that end in view that a provision was made in Sub-section (7) of Section 251-A that on the date fixed for examination of prosecution evidence 'the Magistrate shall proceed to take all such evidence as may be produced in support of the prosecution. From this it clearly follows that the Magistrate is not under an obligation to ascertain the names of the prosecution witnesses and to summon them, but it is for the prosecution to disclose the names of its witnesses and to produce them. This however, is not tantamount to saying that where the names of the witnesses are disclosed by the prosecution and it requires the assistance of the Magistrate to procure their attendance, the Magistrate has no authority to summon the witnesses and must proceed to acquit the accused notwithstanding the fact that the failure of the prosecution to produce its witnesses is not due to any remissness or default on its part. Apart from this, there may be witnesses like the Government servants who have to be summoned through Head of their Departments and it is obvious that to secure the attendance of such witnesses it may become necessary for the prosecution to apply to the Court for summoning them, and if need be to compel their attendance by coercive process The duty to summon the witnesses in the course of the trial is that of the Magistrate or the Court concerned. The respondent had himself failed to appear before the Magistrate, and then the military authorities expressed their inability to spare him.',
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		'counselplain' => ' M.R. Chhibber, Adv.',
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		'decidedon' => '1966-12-07',
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		'judge' => ' S.B. Capoor and; Gurdev Singh, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Gurdev Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. This is a State-appeal against the order of Shri G.R. Gogiam, Magistrate First Class, Ludhiana, dated 22nd October, 1964, acquitting therespondent Kali Ram of charges under Sections 324 and 354 of the Indian Penal Code without having recorded the entire evidence that the prosecution had to produce. The relevant facts are as follows: -</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. On 8th September 1963, Gurmit Singh, a resident of Bhangali Kalan, district Amritsar, who had brought a dancing party to the fair at Raikot in the District of Ludhiana, lodged a report at the local police station complaining that the respondent Kali Ram had attacked him with a knife, and geting hold of Shrimati Nishi, a member of the dancing party had caught her by the breasts. On due investigation, the respondent was prosecuted, and in accordance with the provisions of Sub-section (3) of Section 251A of the Criminal Procedure Code, charges under Sections 324 and 354 of the Indian Penal Code were framed against him by a Magistrate First Class at Ludhiana in 29th October, 1963</p><p style="text-align: justify;">On Kali Ram pleading not guilty the case was adjourned to 12th November, 1963, with the direction that the prosecution evidence be summoned for that day. The respondent, however, failed to appear at the next hearing Non-bailable warrants for his arrest were thereupon ordered to issue for 26th November, 1963, Those warrants, however, could not be executed for lack of complete address. The respondent's surety was called upon to furnish the correct address, and the case was transferred to the Court of Shri G.R. Gogia, Magistrate First Class. On 6th December, 1963, non-bailable warrants at the address given by the surety were issued. They remained unexecuted. Information in the meantime having been received that the accused had joined the army, attempts were made to secure his attendance in Court, but the military authorities informed the Magistrate that he could not be spared due to emergency. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">This necessitated several adjournments and it was only on 12th September, 1964, that the accused (respondent) appeared in Court. The learned Magistrate happened to be on election duty and, accordingly. The case was not taken up that day and was adjourned to 16th September, 1964. Dr. Dharampal, one of the prosecution witnesses, who was present, was asked to attend the Court on the adjourned hearing, and direction was given by the Duty Magistrate that the remaining prosecution evidence be summoned On 16th September 1964, when the case was taken up it was found that the case-property was not available. Accordingly further proceedings were adjourned to 26th September 1964. Dr. Dharampal, who was in attendance was directed to appear on that day, and summons were ordered to issue to the remaining witnesses of the prosecution. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. On 26th September. 1964. the statement of Dr. Dharam Pal alone was re-corded as no other prosecution witness was present and it was found that even summons issued to them had not been received back. The Magistrate thereupon directed fresh summons for the prosecution witnesses to issue for 14th October, 1964. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">On the adjourned hearing, the case was taken up by Shri Gogia, Magistrate First Class, to whom it had been transferred in the meantime. As none of the prosecution witnesses appeared that day, they were ordered to be summoned again for 22nd October, 1964. Again, it was found that the summons have not been received back and the prosecution having failed to produce any witness, the learned Magistrate refused to grant any further adjournment, closed the prosecution evidence and acquitted the accused holding that the prosecution had not established its case against the accused. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. In assailing the order of the respondent's acquittal, Mr. M.R. Chhiber, who appears for the State, has contended that the failure of the prosecution to produce its witnesses did not empower the Magistrate to close its evidence and acquit the accused, as it was the duty of the Magistrate to procure the attendance of the witnesses who had been duly summoned. In this connection, he has relied upon Sub-section (7) of Section 251-A of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which enjoins upon a Magistrate 'to take such evidence as may be produced in support of the prosecution, 'and pointed out that under Sub-section (11) of Section 251-A the Magistrate is entitled to acquit an accused person only if he finds that the accused is not guilty. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">The short question requiring our consideration is whether the learned Magistrate was justified in ordering the closure of the prosecution evidence and refusing to adjourn the proceedings any further to procure the attendance of the prosecution witnesses. In defending the Magistrate's order Mr. Bhupinder Singh Bindra, appearing for the respondent, has relied upon the fact that in Section 251A, which admittedly governs the procedure applicable to the respondent's trial there is no provision requiring a Magistrate to summon prosecution witnesses or enforce their attendance. He contends that in a case brought on a police report triable under Section 251A of the Criminal Procedure Code it is the duty of the prosecution to produce its witnesses, and it is not for the Magistrate to summon the witnesses or to secure their attendance. In support of this submission, reliance is placed on Sub-section (7) of Section 251A which runs thus: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">'251-A (7): On the date so fixed, the Magistrate shall proceed to take all such evidence as may be produced in support of the prosecution; </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Provided that the Magistrate may permit the cross-examination of any witness to be deferred until any other witness or witnes-ses have been examined, or recall any witness for further cross-examination.' </p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Referring to the trial of a warrant case instituted otherwise than on a police report, to which the procedure detailed in Sections 252 to 259 applies, Mr. Bindra has pointed out that unlike the procedure laid down in Section 251-A for the trial of warrant cases instituted on a police report, a duty is cast on the Magistrate under Sub-section (2) of Section 252 not only to ascertain from the complainant or otherwise the names of any person likely to be acquainted with the facts of the case and to be able to give evidence for the prosecution but also to summon such of those persons as he considers necessary to give evidence before himself. Mr. Bindra argues that the absence of such a provision from Section 251-A, which lays down the procedure for trial of warrant cases instituted on police report, clearly indicates that the Magistrate has no power to summon the prosecution witnesses, much less a duty to enforce their attendance. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. The authorities cited by learned counsel for the State and the respondent disclose considerable divergence of judicial opinion. For the extreme proposition put forward on behalf of the respondent that no duty is cast upon the Magistrate to summon the prosecution witnesses, State of Gujarat v. Baya Bhadya, 1962 (2) Cri LJ 537 (2) (Guj); State v. Ram Lal, 1961 (2) Cri LJ 331 (All) and State v. John Abraham 1961 (2) Cri LJ 92 (1) (Ker) have been cited. In 1961 (2) Cri LJ 331 (All) a learned Single Judge of the Allahabad High Court, after pointing out that there is no such provision in Section 251-A of the Criminal Procedure Code like the one contained in Section 252(2) enjoining upon the prosecution to summon the witnesses of the prosecution, observed as follows: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">'After this amendment, the only procedure applicable to cases instituted on a police report is one provided by Section 251-A Cr. P. C. This section nowhere provides that the public prosecutor may ask the Magistrate to summon his witnesses nor does it authorise the Magistrate to summon the prosecution witnesses either upon an application on behalf of the public prosecutor or suo motu for any reason. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Section 252 on the other hand imposes a duty upon the Magistrate to ascertain the names of the witnesses who could give evidence on the relevant points and to summon those witnesses in evidence. By providing an entirely new procedure under Section 251-A Cr. P. C. in cases instituted by the police, the legislature has deliberately departed from that procedure and in the new procedure has made no provisions for summoning of the prosecution witnesses.' </p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. In 1962 (2) Cri LJ 537 (2) (Guj) it was ruled that where in a warrant case instituted on a police report, if owing to the failure of the prosecution to produce theirwitnesses and make full endeavour to serve summonses according to the provisions contained in Sections 69, 70 and 71 Cr. P. C. there is no evidence before the Magistrate, the Magistrate can acquit the accused under Section 251-A Sub-section (11) of the Criminal Procedure Code. That case is somewhat distinguishable as it was found that after obtaining the summons for the prosecution witnesses the Sub-Inspector, to whose police station the case related, had not made any effort to effect service upon the witnesses concerned. In fact, the learned Judges found that 'he was not only indifferent to his duty but showed Utter disregard and disrespect to the learned Magistrate's Court,' thus prolonging the detention of the accused in judicial custody. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. On behalf of the State, reliance has been placed upon Suresh Chandra Goswami v. Suresh Chandra Deb Nath, AIR 1965 Tripura 39; State of Bihar v. Polo Mistry, AIR 1964 Pat 351; Nathuram Darjee v. Pannalal Aggarwala, AIR 1961 Assam 97 and Public Prosecutor v. M. Sambangi Mudaliar, AIR 1965 Mad 31. In the Madras case AIR 1965 Mad 31 a learned Single Judge after observing that an important duty lay on the Court to see that all the powers available to the Court for the examination of witnesses are exercised for a just decision of the case, irrespective of the laches of the prosecution, observed that even where the prosecution failed to produce its evidence, the Court has to summon the material witnesses in exercise of its powers under Section 540 of the Criminal Procedure Code. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">AIR 1961 Assam 97 is a Division Bench authority in which, after observing that Section 258 (1) of the Criminal Procedure Code had no application to warrant cases instituted on police report, it was ruled that the Magistrate acted illegally in acquitting the accused and refusing an adjournment to the prosecution when the prosecution witnesses were not present and the prosecutor had asked for adjournment undertaking to produce the witnesses on the next hearing. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">In AIR 1964 Pat 351, G.N. Prasad J. ruled that though in cases where the prosecutor himself undertakes to produce the prosecution witnesses the entire responsibility for the production of evidence in support of the prosecution is that of the Prosecutor, yet in cases where the Prosecutor has taken recourse to the agency of the Court for securing the attendance of the prosecution witnesses, it is undoubtedly the duty of the Magistrate to take steps for securing the attendance of the prosecution witnesses, and if they fail to attend despite service, the proper course for the Magistrate to take necessary steps is to compel the attendance of the witnesses and not to acquit the accused for lack of evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court held in Sm. Jyotirmoyee Bose v. Birendra Nath Prodhan, AIR 1960 Cal 263 that Sub-section (6) of Section 251-A does not en-join upon the Magistrate any duty to compel the attendance of any witness unless it was applied for. In this view of the matter, the learned Judges refused to interfere with an order of acquittal recorded by the Magistrate for failure of the prosecution to produce its evidence despite ample opportunity that the learned Judges referred to the amendment of the Code of Criminal Procedure in the year 1955 by which Section 251-A prescribing a different procedure for trial of warrant cases instituted on police report from that relating to the trial of warrant cases instituted on complaints, was introduced</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. In AIR 1965 Tripura 39 the learned Judicial Commissioner took the view that where in a case triable under Section 251-A of the Criminal Procedure Code the prosecutor relies on the agency of the Court for securing the attendance of witnesses, the Magistrate cannot pass an order of acquittal on account of want of evidence without taking steps to secure the attendance of the prosecution witnesses. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Speaking with respect, the view taken by the learned Judicial Commissioner of Tripura is correct. While I do not find it possible to subscribe to the opinion that if in the trial of a warrant case instituted on a police report the prosecution fails to produce its witnesses, the Court is neither competent to summon the witnesses nor is under a duty to compel their attendance, at the same time I am unable to accept the other extreme view that the Court has no power to acquit the accused in such cases and is duty-bound to summon the prosecution witnesses in exercise of its powers under Section 540 of the Criminal Procedure Code. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Before the amendment of the Code of Criminal Procedure in the year 1955, the procedure applicable to the trial of warrant cases whether instituted on police report or otherwise, was the same. By the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1955, Section 251-A was introduced laying down a new procedure for the trial of warrant cases instituted on police report. It is well known that the object of the various amendments introduced in the Criminal Procedure Code in the year 1955 was to expedite criminal trials and enquiries under the Code, and it was with that end in view that a provision was made in Sub-section (7) of Section 251-A that on the date fixed for examination of prosecution evidence 'the Magistrate shall proceed to take all such evidence as may be produced in support of the prosecution.' The clear intention of the legislature was that to avoid delay the prosecution is to produce its witnesses on the date fixed for their evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Before this amendment, under Sub-section (2) of Section 252 which applied to warrant case instituted on police report as well as on complaints, a duty was cast upon the Magistrate to 'ascertain, from the complain-ant or otherwise, the names of any person likely to be acquainted with the facts of the case and to be able to give evidence for the prosecution,' and to summon 'such of them as he thinks necessary'. This provision has been retained so far as the trial of warrant cases instituted otherwise than on a police report is concerned, but there is no corresponding provision contained in Section 251-A. From this it clearly follows that the Magistrate is not under an obligation to ascertain the names of the prosecution witnesses and to summon them, but it is for the prosecution to disclose the names of its witnesses and to produce them. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">This however, is not tantamount to saying that where the names of the witnesses are disclosed by the prosecution and it requires the assistance of the Magistrate to procure their attendance, the Magistrate has no authority to summon the witnesses and must proceed to acquit the accused notwithstanding the fact that the failure of the prosecution to produce its witnesses is not due to any remissness or default on its part. After the case is instituted in Court, the police has no power to summon the witnesses. Apart from this, there may be witnesses like the Government servants who have to be summoned through Head of their Departments and it is obvious that to secure the attendance of such witnesses it may become necessary for the prosecution to apply to the Court for summoning them, and if need be to compel their attendance by coercive process</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The duty to summon the witnesses in the course of the trial is that of the Magistrate or the Court concerned. I do not find anything in Section 251-A or in any other provision under the Criminal Procedure Code which debars the Magistrate from summoning the prosecution witnesses or enforcing their attendance if they refuse to appear on the date fixed for their evidence despite the fact that the prosecution had directed them to attend the Court on that day. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. This, however, does not mean that the Magistrate conducting the trial under Section 251-A of the Criminal Procedure Code must go on adjourning the trial till it suits the convenience of the prosecution to produce its evidence. Whether or not the Magistrate will proceed to enforce the attendance of the witnessess for the prosecution and grant adjournment for that purpose would depend upon the facts and circumstances of each case. Though it is true that the Magistrate should not be in a hury to close the prosecution evidence, yet at the same time the Magistrate must be vigilant enough to see that the process of the Court is not abused by the prosecution obtaining unnecessary adjournments resulting in harassment of the accused. As I had occasion to observe in Krishan Murari v. State of Punjab, (1966) 88 Pun LR 143=(1966 Cri LJ 866) while dealing with a case under Sections 107/151 of the Criminal Procedure Code: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">'In cases where the Magistrate finds that the prosecution is deliberately avoiding production of its evidence and seeks adjournment of the proceedings for no adequate reason, he must act with some firmness, and guard against giving an impression that he is a party to the harassment of the person proceeded against.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. Applying the principles set out above to the facts of the case before us. I find that the learned Magistrate was not justified in closing the prosecution evidence and acquitting the respondent. It is true that the trial had been pending for sometime, but as the facts set out above disclose, the prosecution was not to blame for it. The respondent had himself failed to appear before the Magistrate, and then the military authorities expressed their inability to spare him. Summons for the prosecution witnesses were obtained by the prosecution but they were not received back on 22nd October, 1964, when the Magistrate proceeded to acquit the respondent Only eight days were given to summon these witnesses, and there is nothing on the record to indicate that the police was responsible for non-service. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">In those circumstances, the Magistrate ought to have granted an adjournment and resummoned the witnesses. I thus find that the order of the Magistrate closing the prosecution evidence and acquitting the respondent is illegal and improper. The appeal la accordingly accepted, the Magistrate's order acquitting the respondent is set aside, and the case remitted to the trial Court for proceeding with the trial in accordance with law after affording the prosecution an opportunity to produce its evidence, and if necessary to apply for summoning its witnesses. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Cappor, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. I agree. <p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			(int) 1 => 'Ludhiana',
			(int) 2 => 'Sections',
			(int) 3 => 'Gujarat',
			(int) 4 => 'Bihar',
			(int) 5 => 'Pannalal Aggarwala',
			(int) 6 => 'Sm',
			(int) 7 => 'processThe'
		),
		'ORDINAL' => array(
			(int) 0 => '16th'
		),
		'EVENT' => array(
			(int) 0 => 'Section 252(2'
		),
		'PRODUCT' => array(
			(int) 0 => 'G.N. Prasad J.'
		),
		'WORK_OF_ART' => array(
			(int) 0 => 'State of Punjab'
		)
	),
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '611237',
			'acts' => '<a href="/act/133280/code-of-criminal-procedure-1898-complete-act">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) , 1898</a> - Sections 251A, 252(2) to 259 and 540;',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 88 of 1965',
			'appellant' => 'State',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'State Vs. Kali Ram Nand Lal',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  The respondent, however, failed to appear at the next hearing Non-bailable warrants for his arrest were thereupon ordered to issue for 26th November, 1963, Those warrants, however, could not be executed for lack of complete address. As none of the prosecution witnesses appeared that day, they were ordered to be summoned again for 22nd October, 1964. Again, it was found that the summons have not been received back and the prosecution having failed to produce any witness, the learned Magistrate refused to grant any further adjournment, closed the prosecution evidence and acquitted the accused holding that the prosecution had not established its case against the accused. Chhiber, who appears for the State, has contended that the failure of the prosecution to produce its witnesses did not empower the Magistrate to close its evidence and acquit the accused, as it was the duty of the Magistrate to procure the attendance of the witnesses who had been duly summoned. Bindra argues that the absence of such a provision from Section 251-A, which lays down the procedure for trial of warrant cases instituted on police report, clearly indicates that the Magistrate has no power to summon the prosecution witnesses, much less a duty to enforce their attendance. In 1961 (2) Cri LJ 331 (All) a learned Single Judge of the Allahabad High Court, after pointing out that there is no such provision in Section 251-A of the Criminal Procedure Code like the one contained in Section 252(2) enjoining upon the prosecution to summon the witnesses of the prosecution, observed as follows: ' 7. In 1962 (2) Cri LJ 537 (2) (Guj) it was ruled that where in a warrant case instituted on a police report, if owing to the failure of the prosecution to produce theirwitnesses and make full endeavour to serve summonses according to the provisions contained in Sections 69, 70 and 71 Cr. Sambangi Mudaliar, AIR 1965 Mad 31. In the Madras case AIR 1965 Mad 31 a learned Single Judge after observing that an important duty lay on the Court to see that all the powers available to the Court for the examination of witnesses are exercised for a just decision of the case, irrespective of the laches of the prosecution, observed that even where the prosecution failed to produce its evidence, the Court has to summon the material witnesses in exercise of its powers under Section 540 of the Criminal Procedure Code. ruled that though in cases where the prosecutor himself undertakes to produce the prosecution witnesses the entire responsibility for the production of evidence in support of the prosecution is that of the Prosecutor, yet in cases where the Prosecutor has taken recourse to the agency of the Court for securing the attendance of the prosecution witnesses, it is undoubtedly the duty of the Magistrate to take steps for securing the attendance of the prosecution witnesses, and if they fail to attend despite service, the proper course for the Magistrate to take necessary steps is to compel the attendance of the witnesses and not to acquit the accused for lack of evidence A Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court held in Sm. In this view of the matter, the learned Judges refused to interfere with an order of acquittal recorded by the Magistrate for failure of the prosecution to produce its evidence despite ample opportunity that the learned Judges referred to the amendment of the Code of Criminal Procedure in the year 1955 by which Section 251-A prescribing a different procedure for trial of warrant cases instituted on police report from that relating to the trial of warrant cases instituted on complaints, was introduced 9. In AIR 1965 Tripura 39 the learned Judicial Commissioner took the view that where in a case triable under Section 251-A of the Criminal Procedure Code the prosecutor relies on the agency of the Court for securing the attendance of witnesses, the Magistrate cannot pass an order of acquittal on account of want of evidence without taking steps to secure the attendance of the prosecution witnesses. It is well known that the object of the various amendments introduced in the Criminal Procedure Code in the year 1955 was to expedite criminal trials and enquiries under the Code, and it was with that end in view that a provision was made in Sub-section (7) of Section 251-A that on the date fixed for examination of prosecution evidence 'the Magistrate shall proceed to take all such evidence as may be produced in support of the prosecution. From this it clearly follows that the Magistrate is not under an obligation to ascertain the names of the prosecution witnesses and to summon them, but it is for the prosecution to disclose the names of its witnesses and to produce them. This however, is not tantamount to saying that where the names of the witnesses are disclosed by the prosecution and it requires the assistance of the Magistrate to procure their attendance, the Magistrate has no authority to summon the witnesses and must proceed to acquit the accused notwithstanding the fact that the failure of the prosecution to produce its witnesses is not due to any remissness or default on its part. Apart from this, there may be witnesses like the Government servants who have to be summoned through Head of their Departments and it is obvious that to secure the attendance of such witnesses it may become necessary for the prosecution to apply to the Court for summoning them, and if need be to compel their attendance by coercive process The duty to summon the witnesses in the course of the trial is that of the Magistrate or the Court concerned. The respondent had himself failed to appear before the Magistrate, and then the military authorities expressed their inability to spare him.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Krishan Murari v. State of Punjab;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' M.R. Chhibber, Adv.',
			'counseldef' => ' Bhupinder Singh Bindra and; S.S. Kang, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1966-12-07',
			'deposition' => 'Appeal allowed',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' S.B. Capoor and; Gurdev Singh, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Gurdev Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. This is a State-appeal against the order of Shri G.R. Gogiam, Magistrate First Class, Ludhiana, dated 22nd October, 1964, acquitting therespondent Kali Ram of charges under Sections 324 and 354 of the Indian Penal Code without having recorded the entire evidence that the prosecution had to produce. The relevant facts are as follows: -</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. On 8th September 1963, Gurmit Singh, a resident of Bhangali Kalan, district Amritsar, who had brought a dancing party to the fair at Raikot in the District of Ludhiana, lodged a report at the local police station complaining that the respondent Kali Ram had attacked him with a knife, and geting hold of Shrimati Nishi, a member of the dancing party had caught her by the breasts. On due investigation, the respondent was prosecuted, and in accordance with the provisions of Sub-section (3) of Section 251A of the Criminal Procedure Code, charges under Sections 324 and 354 of the Indian Penal Code were framed against him by a Magistrate First Class at Ludhiana in 29th October, 1963</p><p style="text-align: justify;">On Kali Ram pleading not guilty the case was adjourned to 12th November, 1963, with the direction that the prosecution evidence be summoned for that day. The respondent, however, failed to appear at the next hearing Non-bailable warrants for his arrest were thereupon ordered to issue for 26th November, 1963, Those warrants, however, could not be executed for lack of complete address. The respondent's surety was called upon to furnish the correct address, and the case was transferred to the Court of Shri G.R. Gogia, Magistrate First Class. On 6th December, 1963, non-bailable warrants at the address given by the surety were issued. They remained unexecuted. Information in the meantime having been received that the accused had joined the army, attempts were made to secure his attendance in Court, but the military authorities informed the Magistrate that he could not be spared due to emergency. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">This necessitated several adjournments and it was only on 12th September, 1964, that the accused (respondent) appeared in Court. The learned Magistrate happened to be on election duty and, accordingly. The case was not taken up that day and was adjourned to 16th September, 1964. Dr. Dharampal, one of the prosecution witnesses, who was present, was asked to attend the Court on the adjourned hearing, and direction was given by the Duty Magistrate that the remaining prosecution evidence be summoned On 16th September 1964, when the case was taken up it was found that the case-property was not available. Accordingly further proceedings were adjourned to 26th September 1964. Dr. Dharampal, who was in attendance was directed to appear on that day, and summons were ordered to issue to the remaining witnesses of the prosecution. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. On 26th September. 1964. the statement of Dr. Dharam Pal alone was re-corded as no other prosecution witness was present and it was found that even summons issued to them had not been received back. The Magistrate thereupon directed fresh summons for the prosecution witnesses to issue for 14th October, 1964. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">On the adjourned hearing, the case was taken up by Shri Gogia, Magistrate First Class, to whom it had been transferred in the meantime. As none of the prosecution witnesses appeared that day, they were ordered to be summoned again for 22nd October, 1964. Again, it was found that the summons have not been received back and the prosecution having failed to produce any witness, the learned Magistrate refused to grant any further adjournment, closed the prosecution evidence and acquitted the accused holding that the prosecution had not established its case against the accused. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. In assailing the order of the respondent's acquittal, Mr. M.R. Chhiber, who appears for the State, has contended that the failure of the prosecution to produce its witnesses did not empower the Magistrate to close its evidence and acquit the accused, as it was the duty of the Magistrate to procure the attendance of the witnesses who had been duly summoned. In this connection, he has relied upon Sub-section (7) of Section 251-A of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which enjoins upon a Magistrate 'to take such evidence as may be produced in support of the prosecution, 'and pointed out that under Sub-section (11) of Section 251-A the Magistrate is entitled to acquit an accused person only if he finds that the accused is not guilty. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">The short question requiring our consideration is whether the learned Magistrate was justified in ordering the closure of the prosecution evidence and refusing to adjourn the proceedings any further to procure the attendance of the prosecution witnesses. In defending the Magistrate's order Mr. Bhupinder Singh Bindra, appearing for the respondent, has relied upon the fact that in Section 251A, which admittedly governs the procedure applicable to the respondent's trial there is no provision requiring a Magistrate to summon prosecution witnesses or enforce their attendance. He contends that in a case brought on a police report triable under Section 251A of the Criminal Procedure Code it is the duty of the prosecution to produce its witnesses, and it is not for the Magistrate to summon the witnesses or to secure their attendance. In support of this submission, reliance is placed on Sub-section (7) of Section 251A which runs thus: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">'251-A (7): On the date so fixed, the Magistrate shall proceed to take all such evidence as may be produced in support of the prosecution; </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Provided that the Magistrate may permit the cross-examination of any witness to be deferred until any other witness or witnes-ses have been examined, or recall any witness for further cross-examination.' </p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Referring to the trial of a warrant case instituted otherwise than on a police report, to which the procedure detailed in Sections 252 to 259 applies, Mr. Bindra has pointed out that unlike the procedure laid down in Section 251-A for the trial of warrant cases instituted on a police report, a duty is cast on the Magistrate under Sub-section (2) of Section 252 not only to ascertain from the complainant or otherwise the names of any person likely to be acquainted with the facts of the case and to be able to give evidence for the prosecution but also to summon such of those persons as he considers necessary to give evidence before himself. Mr. Bindra argues that the absence of such a provision from Section 251-A, which lays down the procedure for trial of warrant cases instituted on police report, clearly indicates that the Magistrate has no power to summon the prosecution witnesses, much less a duty to enforce their attendance. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. The authorities cited by learned counsel for the State and the respondent disclose considerable divergence of judicial opinion. For the extreme proposition put forward on behalf of the respondent that no duty is cast upon the Magistrate to summon the prosecution witnesses, State of Gujarat v. Baya Bhadya, 1962 (2) Cri LJ 537 (2) (Guj); State v. Ram Lal, 1961 (2) Cri LJ 331 (All) and State v. John Abraham 1961 (2) Cri LJ 92 (1) (Ker) have been cited. In 1961 (2) Cri LJ 331 (All) a learned Single Judge of the Allahabad High Court, after pointing out that there is no such provision in Section 251-A of the Criminal Procedure Code like the one contained in Section 252(2) enjoining upon the prosecution to summon the witnesses of the prosecution, observed as follows: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">'After this amendment, the only procedure applicable to cases instituted on a police report is one provided by Section 251-A Cr. P. C. This section nowhere provides that the public prosecutor may ask the Magistrate to summon his witnesses nor does it authorise the Magistrate to summon the prosecution witnesses either upon an application on behalf of the public prosecutor or suo motu for any reason. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Section 252 on the other hand imposes a duty upon the Magistrate to ascertain the names of the witnesses who could give evidence on the relevant points and to summon those witnesses in evidence. By providing an entirely new procedure under Section 251-A Cr. P. C. in cases instituted by the police, the legislature has deliberately departed from that procedure and in the new procedure has made no provisions for summoning of the prosecution witnesses.' </p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. In 1962 (2) Cri LJ 537 (2) (Guj) it was ruled that where in a warrant case instituted on a police report, if owing to the failure of the prosecution to produce theirwitnesses and make full endeavour to serve summonses according to the provisions contained in Sections 69, 70 and 71 Cr. P. C. there is no evidence before the Magistrate, the Magistrate can acquit the accused under Section 251-A Sub-section (11) of the Criminal Procedure Code. That case is somewhat distinguishable as it was found that after obtaining the summons for the prosecution witnesses the Sub-Inspector, to whose police station the case related, had not made any effort to effect service upon the witnesses concerned. In fact, the learned Judges found that 'he was not only indifferent to his duty but showed Utter disregard and disrespect to the learned Magistrate's Court,' thus prolonging the detention of the accused in judicial custody. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. On behalf of the State, reliance has been placed upon Suresh Chandra Goswami v. Suresh Chandra Deb Nath, AIR 1965 Tripura 39; State of Bihar v. Polo Mistry, AIR 1964 Pat 351; Nathuram Darjee v. Pannalal Aggarwala, AIR 1961 Assam 97 and Public Prosecutor v. M. Sambangi Mudaliar, AIR 1965 Mad 31. In the Madras case AIR 1965 Mad 31 a learned Single Judge after observing that an important duty lay on the Court to see that all the powers available to the Court for the examination of witnesses are exercised for a just decision of the case, irrespective of the laches of the prosecution, observed that even where the prosecution failed to produce its evidence, the Court has to summon the material witnesses in exercise of its powers under Section 540 of the Criminal Procedure Code. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">AIR 1961 Assam 97 is a Division Bench authority in which, after observing that Section 258 (1) of the Criminal Procedure Code had no application to warrant cases instituted on police report, it was ruled that the Magistrate acted illegally in acquitting the accused and refusing an adjournment to the prosecution when the prosecution witnesses were not present and the prosecutor had asked for adjournment undertaking to produce the witnesses on the next hearing. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">In AIR 1964 Pat 351, G.N. Prasad J. ruled that though in cases where the prosecutor himself undertakes to produce the prosecution witnesses the entire responsibility for the production of evidence in support of the prosecution is that of the Prosecutor, yet in cases where the Prosecutor has taken recourse to the agency of the Court for securing the attendance of the prosecution witnesses, it is undoubtedly the duty of the Magistrate to take steps for securing the attendance of the prosecution witnesses, and if they fail to attend despite service, the proper course for the Magistrate to take necessary steps is to compel the attendance of the witnesses and not to acquit the accused for lack of evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court held in Sm. Jyotirmoyee Bose v. Birendra Nath Prodhan, AIR 1960 Cal 263 that Sub-section (6) of Section 251-A does not en-join upon the Magistrate any duty to compel the attendance of any witness unless it was applied for. In this view of the matter, the learned Judges refused to interfere with an order of acquittal recorded by the Magistrate for failure of the prosecution to produce its evidence despite ample opportunity that the learned Judges referred to the amendment of the Code of Criminal Procedure in the year 1955 by which Section 251-A prescribing a different procedure for trial of warrant cases instituted on police report from that relating to the trial of warrant cases instituted on complaints, was introduced</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. In AIR 1965 Tripura 39 the learned Judicial Commissioner took the view that where in a case triable under Section 251-A of the Criminal Procedure Code the prosecutor relies on the agency of the Court for securing the attendance of witnesses, the Magistrate cannot pass an order of acquittal on account of want of evidence without taking steps to secure the attendance of the prosecution witnesses. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Speaking with respect, the view taken by the learned Judicial Commissioner of Tripura is correct. While I do not find it possible to subscribe to the opinion that if in the trial of a warrant case instituted on a police report the prosecution fails to produce its witnesses, the Court is neither competent to summon the witnesses nor is under a duty to compel their attendance, at the same time I am unable to accept the other extreme view that the Court has no power to acquit the accused in such cases and is duty-bound to summon the prosecution witnesses in exercise of its powers under Section 540 of the Criminal Procedure Code. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Before the amendment of the Code of Criminal Procedure in the year 1955, the procedure applicable to the trial of warrant cases whether instituted on police report or otherwise, was the same. By the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1955, Section 251-A was introduced laying down a new procedure for the trial of warrant cases instituted on police report. It is well known that the object of the various amendments introduced in the Criminal Procedure Code in the year 1955 was to expedite criminal trials and enquiries under the Code, and it was with that end in view that a provision was made in Sub-section (7) of Section 251-A that on the date fixed for examination of prosecution evidence 'the Magistrate shall proceed to take all such evidence as may be produced in support of the prosecution.' The clear intention of the legislature was that to avoid delay the prosecution is to produce its witnesses on the date fixed for their evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Before this amendment, under Sub-section (2) of Section 252 which applied to warrant case instituted on police report as well as on complaints, a duty was cast upon the Magistrate to 'ascertain, from the complain-ant or otherwise, the names of any person likely to be acquainted with the facts of the case and to be able to give evidence for the prosecution,' and to summon 'such of them as he thinks necessary'. This provision has been retained so far as the trial of warrant cases instituted otherwise than on a police report is concerned, but there is no corresponding provision contained in Section 251-A. From this it clearly follows that the Magistrate is not under an obligation to ascertain the names of the prosecution witnesses and to summon them, but it is for the prosecution to disclose the names of its witnesses and to produce them. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">This however, is not tantamount to saying that where the names of the witnesses are disclosed by the prosecution and it requires the assistance of the Magistrate to procure their attendance, the Magistrate has no authority to summon the witnesses and must proceed to acquit the accused notwithstanding the fact that the failure of the prosecution to produce its witnesses is not due to any remissness or default on its part. After the case is instituted in Court, the police has no power to summon the witnesses. Apart from this, there may be witnesses like the Government servants who have to be summoned through Head of their Departments and it is obvious that to secure the attendance of such witnesses it may become necessary for the prosecution to apply to the Court for summoning them, and if need be to compel their attendance by coercive process</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The duty to summon the witnesses in the course of the trial is that of the Magistrate or the Court concerned. I do not find anything in Section 251-A or in any other provision under the Criminal Procedure Code which debars the Magistrate from summoning the prosecution witnesses or enforcing their attendance if they refuse to appear on the date fixed for their evidence despite the fact that the prosecution had directed them to attend the Court on that day. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. This, however, does not mean that the Magistrate conducting the trial under Section 251-A of the Criminal Procedure Code must go on adjourning the trial till it suits the convenience of the prosecution to produce its evidence. Whether or not the Magistrate will proceed to enforce the attendance of the witnessess for the prosecution and grant adjournment for that purpose would depend upon the facts and circumstances of each case. Though it is true that the Magistrate should not be in a hury to close the prosecution evidence, yet at the same time the Magistrate must be vigilant enough to see that the process of the Court is not abused by the prosecution obtaining unnecessary adjournments resulting in harassment of the accused. As I had occasion to observe in Krishan Murari v. State of Punjab, (1966) 88 Pun LR 143=(1966 Cri LJ 866) while dealing with a case under Sections 107/151 of the Criminal Procedure Code: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">'In cases where the Magistrate finds that the prosecution is deliberately avoiding production of its evidence and seeks adjournment of the proceedings for no adequate reason, he must act with some firmness, and guard against giving an impression that he is a party to the harassment of the person proceeded against.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. Applying the principles set out above to the facts of the case before us. I find that the learned Magistrate was not justified in closing the prosecution evidence and acquitting the respondent. It is true that the trial had been pending for sometime, but as the facts set out above disclose, the prosecution was not to blame for it. The respondent had himself failed to appear before the Magistrate, and then the military authorities expressed their inability to spare him. Summons for the prosecution witnesses were obtained by the prosecution but they were not received back on 22nd October, 1964, when the Magistrate proceeded to acquit the respondent Only eight days were given to summon these witnesses, and there is nothing on the record to indicate that the police was responsible for non-service. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">In those circumstances, the Magistrate ought to have granted an adjournment and resummoned the witnesses. I thus find that the order of the Magistrate closing the prosecution evidence and acquitting the respondent is illegal and improper. The appeal la accordingly accepted, the Magistrate's order acquitting the respondent is set aside, and the case remitted to the trial Court for proceeding with the trial in accordance with law after affording the prosecution an opportunity to produce its evidence, and if necessary to apply for summoning its witnesses. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Cappor, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. I agree. <p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'pubs' => 'AIR1968P&amp; H87; 1968CriLJ369',
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	),
	'CARDINAL' => array(
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	),
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		(int) 0 => 'G.N. Prasad J.'
	),
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$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '611237',
		'acts' => '<a href="/act/133280/code-of-criminal-procedure-1898-complete-act">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) , 1898</a> - Sections 251A, 252(2) to 259 and 540;',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 88 of 1965',
		'appellant' => 'State',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'State Vs. Kali Ram Nand Lal',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  The respondent, however, failed to appear at the next hearing Non-bailable warrants for his arrest were thereupon ordered to issue for 26th November, 1963, Those warrants, however, could not be executed for lack of complete address. As none of the prosecution witnesses appeared that day, they were ordered to be summoned again for 22nd October, 1964. Again, it was found that the summons have not been received back and the prosecution having failed to produce any witness, the learned Magistrate refused to grant any further adjournment, closed the prosecution evidence and acquitted the accused holding that the prosecution had not established its case against the accused. Chhiber, who appears for the State, has contended that the failure of the prosecution to produce its witnesses did not empower the Magistrate to close its evidence and acquit the accused, as it was the duty of the Magistrate to procure the attendance of the witnesses who had been duly summoned. Bindra argues that the absence of such a provision from Section 251-A, which lays down the procedure for trial of warrant cases instituted on police report, clearly indicates that the Magistrate has no power to summon the prosecution witnesses, much less a duty to enforce their attendance. In 1961 (2) Cri LJ 331 (All) a learned Single Judge of the Allahabad High Court, after pointing out that there is no such provision in Section 251-A of the Criminal Procedure Code like the one contained in Section 252(2) enjoining upon the prosecution to summon the witnesses of the prosecution, observed as follows: ' 7. In 1962 (2) Cri LJ 537 (2) (Guj) it was ruled that where in a warrant case instituted on a police report, if owing to the failure of the prosecution to produce theirwitnesses and make full endeavour to serve summonses according to the provisions contained in Sections 69, 70 and 71 Cr. Sambangi Mudaliar, AIR 1965 Mad 31. In the Madras case AIR 1965 Mad 31 a learned Single Judge after observing that an important duty lay on the Court to see that all the powers available to the Court for the examination of witnesses are exercised for a just decision of the case, irrespective of the laches of the prosecution, observed that even where the prosecution failed to produce its evidence, the Court has to summon the material witnesses in exercise of its powers under Section 540 of the Criminal Procedure Code. ruled that though in cases where the prosecutor himself undertakes to produce the prosecution witnesses the entire responsibility for the production of evidence in support of the prosecution is that of the Prosecutor, yet in cases where the Prosecutor has taken recourse to the agency of the Court for securing the attendance of the prosecution witnesses, it is undoubtedly the duty of the Magistrate to take steps for securing the attendance of the prosecution witnesses, and if they fail to attend despite service, the proper course for the Magistrate to take necessary steps is to compel the attendance of the witnesses and not to acquit the accused for lack of evidence A Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court held in Sm. In this view of the matter, the learned Judges refused to interfere with an order of acquittal recorded by the Magistrate for failure of the prosecution to produce its evidence despite ample opportunity that the learned Judges referred to the amendment of the Code of Criminal Procedure in the year 1955 by which Section 251-A prescribing a different procedure for trial of warrant cases instituted on police report from that relating to the trial of warrant cases instituted on complaints, was introduced 9. In AIR 1965 Tripura 39 the learned Judicial Commissioner took the view that where in a case triable under Section 251-A of the Criminal Procedure Code the prosecutor relies on the agency of the Court for securing the attendance of witnesses, the Magistrate cannot pass an order of acquittal on account of want of evidence without taking steps to secure the attendance of the prosecution witnesses. It is well known that the object of the various amendments introduced in the Criminal Procedure Code in the year 1955 was to expedite criminal trials and enquiries under the Code, and it was with that end in view that a provision was made in Sub-section (7) of Section 251-A that on the date fixed for examination of prosecution evidence 'the Magistrate shall proceed to take all such evidence as may be produced in support of the prosecution. From this it clearly follows that the Magistrate is not under an obligation to ascertain the names of the prosecution witnesses and to summon them, but it is for the prosecution to disclose the names of its witnesses and to produce them. This however, is not tantamount to saying that where the names of the witnesses are disclosed by the prosecution and it requires the assistance of the Magistrate to procure their attendance, the Magistrate has no authority to summon the witnesses and must proceed to acquit the accused notwithstanding the fact that the failure of the prosecution to produce its witnesses is not due to any remissness or default on its part. Apart from this, there may be witnesses like the Government servants who have to be summoned through Head of their Departments and it is obvious that to secure the attendance of such witnesses it may become necessary for the prosecution to apply to the Court for summoning them, and if need be to compel their attendance by coercive process The duty to summon the witnesses in the course of the trial is that of the Magistrate or the Court concerned. The respondent had himself failed to appear before the Magistrate, and then the military authorities expressed their inability to spare him.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Krishan Murari v. State of Punjab;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' M.R. Chhibber, Adv.',
		'counseldef' => ' Bhupinder Singh Bindra and; S.S. Kang, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1966-12-07',
		'deposition' => 'Appeal allowed',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' S.B. Capoor and; Gurdev Singh, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Gurdev Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. This is a State-appeal against the order of Shri G.R. Gogiam, Magistrate First Class, Ludhiana, dated 22nd October, 1964, acquitting therespondent Kali Ram of charges under Sections 324 and 354 of the Indian Penal Code without having recorded the entire evidence that the prosecution had to produce. The relevant facts are as follows: -</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. On 8th September 1963, Gurmit Singh, a resident of Bhangali Kalan, district Amritsar, who had brought a dancing party to the fair at Raikot in the District of Ludhiana, lodged a report at the local police station complaining that the respondent Kali Ram had attacked him with a knife, and geting hold of Shrimati Nishi, a member of the dancing party had caught her by the breasts. On due investigation, the respondent was prosecuted, and in accordance with the provisions of Sub-section (3) of Section 251A of the Criminal Procedure Code, charges under Sections 324 and 354 of the Indian Penal Code were framed against him by a Magistrate First Class at Ludhiana in 29th October, 1963</p><p style="text-align: justify;">On Kali Ram pleading not guilty the case was adjourned to 12th November, 1963, with the direction that the prosecution evidence be summoned for that day. The respondent, however, failed to appear at the next hearing Non-bailable warrants for his arrest were thereupon ordered to issue for 26th November, 1963, Those warrants, however, could not be executed for lack of complete address. The respondent's surety was called upon to furnish the correct address, and the case was transferred to the Court of Shri G.R. Gogia, Magistrate First Class. On 6th December, 1963, non-bailable warrants at the address given by the surety were issued. They remained unexecuted. Information in the meantime having been received that the accused had joined the army, attempts were made to secure his attendance in Court, but the military authorities informed the Magistrate that he could not be spared due to emergency. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">This necessitated several adjournments and it was only on 12th September, 1964, that the accused (respondent) appeared in Court. The learned Magistrate happened to be on election duty and, accordingly. The case was not taken up that day and was adjourned to 16th September, 1964. Dr. Dharampal, one of the prosecution witnesses, who was present, was asked to attend the Court on the adjourned hearing, and direction was given by the Duty Magistrate that the remaining prosecution evidence be summoned On 16th September 1964, when the case was taken up it was found that the case-property was not available. Accordingly further proceedings were adjourned to 26th September 1964. Dr. Dharampal, who was in attendance was directed to appear on that day, and summons were ordered to issue to the remaining witnesses of the prosecution. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. On 26th September. 1964. the statement of Dr. Dharam Pal alone was re-corded as no other prosecution witness was present and it was found that even summons issued to them had not been received back. The Magistrate thereupon directed fresh summons for the prosecution witnesses to issue for 14th October, 1964. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">On the adjourned hearing, the case was taken up by Shri Gogia, Magistrate First Class, to whom it had been transferred in the meantime. As none of the prosecution witnesses appeared that day, they were ordered to be summoned again for 22nd October, 1964. Again, it was found that the summons have not been received back and the prosecution having failed to produce any witness, the learned Magistrate refused to grant any further adjournment, closed the prosecution evidence and acquitted the accused holding that the prosecution had not established its case against the accused. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. In assailing the order of the respondent's acquittal, Mr. M.R. Chhiber, who appears for the State, has contended that the failure of the prosecution to produce its witnesses did not empower the Magistrate to close its evidence and acquit the accused, as it was the duty of the Magistrate to procure the attendance of the witnesses who had been duly summoned. In this connection, he has relied upon Sub-section (7) of Section 251-A of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which enjoins upon a Magistrate 'to take such evidence as may be produced in support of the prosecution, 'and pointed out that under Sub-section (11) of Section 251-A the Magistrate is entitled to acquit an accused person only if he finds that the accused is not guilty. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">The short question requiring our consideration is whether the learned Magistrate was justified in ordering the closure of the prosecution evidence and refusing to adjourn the proceedings any further to procure the attendance of the prosecution witnesses. In defending the Magistrate's order Mr. Bhupinder Singh Bindra, appearing for the respondent, has relied upon the fact that in Section 251A, which admittedly governs the procedure applicable to the respondent's trial there is no provision requiring a Magistrate to summon prosecution witnesses or enforce their attendance. He contends that in a case brought on a police report triable under Section 251A of the Criminal Procedure Code it is the duty of the prosecution to produce its witnesses, and it is not for the Magistrate to summon the witnesses or to secure their attendance. In support of this submission, reliance is placed on Sub-section (7) of Section 251A which runs thus: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">'251-A (7): On the date so fixed, the Magistrate shall proceed to take all such evidence as may be produced in support of the prosecution; </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Provided that the Magistrate may permit the cross-examination of any witness to be deferred until any other witness or witnes-ses have been examined, or recall any witness for further cross-examination.' </p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Referring to the trial of a warrant case instituted otherwise than on a police report, to which the procedure detailed in Sections 252 to 259 applies, Mr. Bindra has pointed out that unlike the procedure laid down in Section 251-A for the trial of warrant cases instituted on a police report, a duty is cast on the Magistrate under Sub-section (2) of Section 252 not only to ascertain from the complainant or otherwise the names of any person likely to be acquainted with the facts of the case and to be able to give evidence for the prosecution but also to summon such of those persons as he considers necessary to give evidence before himself. Mr. Bindra argues that the absence of such a provision from Section 251-A, which lays down the procedure for trial of warrant cases instituted on police report, clearly indicates that the Magistrate has no power to summon the prosecution witnesses, much less a duty to enforce their attendance. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. The authorities cited by learned counsel for the State and the respondent disclose considerable divergence of judicial opinion. For the extreme proposition put forward on behalf of the respondent that no duty is cast upon the Magistrate to summon the prosecution witnesses, State of Gujarat v. Baya Bhadya, 1962 (2) Cri LJ 537 (2) (Guj); State v. Ram Lal, 1961 (2) Cri LJ 331 (All) and State v. John Abraham 1961 (2) Cri LJ 92 (1) (Ker) have been cited. In 1961 (2) Cri LJ 331 (All) a learned Single Judge of the Allahabad High Court, after pointing out that there is no such provision in Section 251-A of the Criminal Procedure Code like the one contained in Section 252(2) enjoining upon the prosecution to summon the witnesses of the prosecution, observed as follows: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">'After this amendment, the only procedure applicable to cases instituted on a police report is one provided by Section 251-A Cr. P. C. This section nowhere provides that the public prosecutor may ask the Magistrate to summon his witnesses nor does it authorise the Magistrate to summon the prosecution witnesses either upon an application on behalf of the public prosecutor or suo motu for any reason. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Section 252 on the other hand imposes a duty upon the Magistrate to ascertain the names of the witnesses who could give evidence on the relevant points and to summon those witnesses in evidence. By providing an entirely new procedure under Section 251-A Cr. P. C. in cases instituted by the police, the legislature has deliberately departed from that procedure and in the new procedure has made no provisions for summoning of the prosecution witnesses.' </p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. In 1962 (2) Cri LJ 537 (2) (Guj) it was ruled that where in a warrant case instituted on a police report, if owing to the failure of the prosecution to produce theirwitnesses and make full endeavour to serve summonses according to the provisions contained in Sections 69, 70 and 71 Cr. P. C. there is no evidence before the Magistrate, the Magistrate can acquit the accused under Section 251-A Sub-section (11) of the Criminal Procedure Code. That case is somewhat distinguishable as it was found that after obtaining the summons for the prosecution witnesses the Sub-Inspector, to whose police station the case related, had not made any effort to effect service upon the witnesses concerned. In fact, the learned Judges found that 'he was not only indifferent to his duty but showed Utter disregard and disrespect to the learned Magistrate's Court,' thus prolonging the detention of the accused in judicial custody. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. On behalf of the State, reliance has been placed upon Suresh Chandra Goswami v. Suresh Chandra Deb Nath, AIR 1965 Tripura 39; State of Bihar v. Polo Mistry, AIR 1964 Pat 351; Nathuram Darjee v. Pannalal Aggarwala, AIR 1961 Assam 97 and Public Prosecutor v. M. Sambangi Mudaliar, AIR 1965 Mad 31. In the Madras case AIR 1965 Mad 31 a learned Single Judge after observing that an important duty lay on the Court to see that all the powers available to the Court for the examination of witnesses are exercised for a just decision of the case, irrespective of the laches of the prosecution, observed that even where the prosecution failed to produce its evidence, the Court has to summon the material witnesses in exercise of its powers under Section 540 of the Criminal Procedure Code. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">AIR 1961 Assam 97 is a Division Bench authority in which, after observing that Section 258 (1) of the Criminal Procedure Code had no application to warrant cases instituted on police report, it was ruled that the Magistrate acted illegally in acquitting the accused and refusing an adjournment to the prosecution when the prosecution witnesses were not present and the prosecutor had asked for adjournment undertaking to produce the witnesses on the next hearing. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">In AIR 1964 Pat 351, G.N. Prasad J. ruled that though in cases where the prosecutor himself undertakes to produce the prosecution witnesses the entire responsibility for the production of evidence in support of the prosecution is that of the Prosecutor, yet in cases where the Prosecutor has taken recourse to the agency of the Court for securing the attendance of the prosecution witnesses, it is undoubtedly the duty of the Magistrate to take steps for securing the attendance of the prosecution witnesses, and if they fail to attend despite service, the proper course for the Magistrate to take necessary steps is to compel the attendance of the witnesses and not to acquit the accused for lack of evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court held in Sm. Jyotirmoyee Bose v. Birendra Nath Prodhan, AIR 1960 Cal 263 that Sub-section (6) of Section 251-A does not en-join upon the Magistrate any duty to compel the attendance of any witness unless it was applied for. In this view of the matter, the learned Judges refused to interfere with an order of acquittal recorded by the Magistrate for failure of the prosecution to produce its evidence despite ample opportunity that the learned Judges referred to the amendment of the Code of Criminal Procedure in the year 1955 by which Section 251-A prescribing a different procedure for trial of warrant cases instituted on police report from that relating to the trial of warrant cases instituted on complaints, was introduced</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. In AIR 1965 Tripura 39 the learned Judicial Commissioner took the view that where in a case triable under Section 251-A of the Criminal Procedure Code the prosecutor relies on the agency of the Court for securing the attendance of witnesses, the Magistrate cannot pass an order of acquittal on account of want of evidence without taking steps to secure the attendance of the prosecution witnesses. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Speaking with respect, the view taken by the learned Judicial Commissioner of Tripura is correct. While I do not find it possible to subscribe to the opinion that if in the trial of a warrant case instituted on a police report the prosecution fails to produce its witnesses, the Court is neither competent to summon the witnesses nor is under a duty to compel their attendance, at the same time I am unable to accept the other extreme view that the Court has no power to acquit the accused in such cases and is duty-bound to summon the prosecution witnesses in exercise of its powers under Section 540 of the Criminal Procedure Code. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Before the amendment of the Code of Criminal Procedure in the year 1955, the procedure applicable to the trial of warrant cases whether instituted on police report or otherwise, was the same. By the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1955, Section 251-A was introduced laying down a new procedure for the trial of warrant cases instituted on police report. It is well known that the object of the various amendments introduced in the Criminal Procedure Code in the year 1955 was to expedite criminal trials and enquiries under the Code, and it was with that end in view that a provision was made in Sub-section (7) of Section 251-A that on the date fixed for examination of prosecution evidence 'the Magistrate shall proceed to take all such evidence as may be produced in support of the prosecution.' The clear intention of the legislature was that to avoid delay the prosecution is to produce its witnesses on the date fixed for their evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Before this amendment, under Sub-section (2) of Section 252 which applied to warrant case instituted on police report as well as on complaints, a duty was cast upon the Magistrate to 'ascertain, from the complain-ant or otherwise, the names of any person likely to be acquainted with the facts of the case and to be able to give evidence for the prosecution,' and to summon 'such of them as he thinks necessary'. This provision has been retained so far as the trial of warrant cases instituted otherwise than on a police report is concerned, but there is no corresponding provision contained in Section 251-A. From this it clearly follows that the Magistrate is not under an obligation to ascertain the names of the prosecution witnesses and to summon them, but it is for the prosecution to disclose the names of its witnesses and to produce them. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">This however, is not tantamount to saying that where the names of the witnesses are disclosed by the prosecution and it requires the assistance of the Magistrate to procure their attendance, the Magistrate has no authority to summon the witnesses and must proceed to acquit the accused notwithstanding the fact that the failure of the prosecution to produce its witnesses is not due to any remissness or default on its part. After the case is instituted in Court, the police has no power to summon the witnesses. Apart from this, there may be witnesses like the Government servants who have to be summoned through Head of their Departments and it is obvious that to secure the attendance of such witnesses it may become necessary for the prosecution to apply to the Court for summoning them, and if need be to compel their attendance by coercive process</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The duty to summon the witnesses in the course of the trial is that of the Magistrate or the Court concerned. I do not find anything in Section 251-A or in any other provision under the Criminal Procedure Code which debars the Magistrate from summoning the prosecution witnesses or enforcing their attendance if they refuse to appear on the date fixed for their evidence despite the fact that the prosecution had directed them to attend the Court on that day. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. This, however, does not mean that the Magistrate conducting the trial under Section 251-A of the Criminal Procedure Code must go on adjourning the trial till it suits the convenience of the prosecution to produce its evidence. Whether or not the Magistrate will proceed to enforce the attendance of the witnessess for the prosecution and grant adjournment for that purpose would depend upon the facts and circumstances of each case. Though it is true that the Magistrate should not be in a hury to close the prosecution evidence, yet at the same time the Magistrate must be vigilant enough to see that the process of the Court is not abused by the prosecution obtaining unnecessary adjournments resulting in harassment of the accused. As I had occasion to observe in Krishan Murari v. State of Punjab, (1966) 88 Pun LR 143=(1966 Cri LJ 866) while dealing with a case under Sections 107/151 of the Criminal Procedure Code: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">'In cases where the Magistrate finds that the prosecution is deliberately avoiding production of its evidence and seeks adjournment of the proceedings for no adequate reason, he must act with some firmness, and guard against giving an impression that he is a party to the harassment of the person proceeded against.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. Applying the principles set out above to the facts of the case before us. I find that the learned Magistrate was not justified in closing the prosecution evidence and acquitting the respondent. It is true that the trial had been pending for sometime, but as the facts set out above disclose, the prosecution was not to blame for it. The respondent had himself failed to appear before the Magistrate, and then the military authorities expressed their inability to spare him. Summons for the prosecution witnesses were obtained by the prosecution but they were not received back on 22nd October, 1964, when the Magistrate proceeded to acquit the respondent Only eight days were given to summon these witnesses, and there is nothing on the record to indicate that the police was responsible for non-service. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">In those circumstances, the Magistrate ought to have granted an adjournment and resummoned the witnesses. I thus find that the order of the Magistrate closing the prosecution evidence and acquitting the respondent is illegal and improper. The appeal la accordingly accepted, the Magistrate's order acquitting the respondent is set aside, and the case remitted to the trial Court for proceeding with the trial in accordance with law after affording the prosecution an opportunity to produce its evidence, and if necessary to apply for summoning its witnesses. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Cappor, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. I agree. <p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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LAW: the Indian Penal Code, Section 251A, the Criminal Procedure Code, the Indian Penal Code, Magistrate First Class, Section 251-A of the Code of Criminal Procedure, Section 251-A the Magistrate, Section 251A, Section 251A, the Criminal Procedure Code, Section 251A, Section 251-A, Section 252, Section 251-A, Section 251-A of the Criminal Procedure Code, Section 251-A Cr., Section 252, Section 251-A Cr., Section 251-A Sub-section, the Criminal Procedure Code, Section 540, the Criminal Procedure Code, Section 258, the Criminal Procedure Code, Section 251-A, Section 251-A, Section 251-A of the Criminal Procedure Code, Section 540, the Criminal Procedure Code, Section 251-A, the Criminal Procedure Code, Section 251-A, Section 252, Section 251-A., Section 251-A, the Criminal Procedure Code, Section 251-A of the Criminal Procedure Code, Pun LR 143=(1966, the Criminal Procedure Code

PERSON: Gurdev Singh, Shri G.R. Gogiam, Ludhiana, Kali Ram, Gurmit Singh, Bhangali Kalan, Amritsar, Raikot, Kali Ram, Shrimati Nishi, Kali Ram, Dharampal, Dharampal, Dharam Pal, Shri Gogia, M.R. Chhiber, Bhupinder Singh Bindra, Bindra, Bindra, Baya Bhadya, Ram Lal, Cri LJ 331, John Abraham 1961, Cri LJ 92, Cri LJ 331, suo motu, 71 Cr, Utter, Chandra Goswami, Chandra Deb Nath, Madras, Jyotirmoyee Bose v., Birendra Nath Prodhan, introduced9, Krishan Murari, J.13

ORG: State, Magistrate First Class, the Court of Shri G.R. Gogia, Magistrate First Class, Court, Magistrate, Court, Magistrate, Court, the Duty Magistrate, Magistrate, Magistrate First Class, Magistrate, State, Magistrate, Magistrate, Magistrate, Magistrate, Magistrate, Magistrate, Magistrate, Magistrate, Magistrate, Magistrate, Magistrate, State, Magistrate, State, State, State, the Allahabad High Court, Magistrate, Magistrate, Magistrate, Sections 69, Magistrate, Magistrate, Magistrate's Court, State, State, Polo Mistry, AIR, Nathuram Darjee, AIR 1961, M. Sambangi Mudaliar, AIR 1965 Mad 31, Court, Court, Court, Division Bench, Magistrate, Court, Magistrate, Magistrate, the Calcutta High Court, Magistrate, Magistrate, Judicial, Court, Magistrate, Judicial, Court, Court, Magistrate, Magistrate, Magistrate, Magistrate, Magistrate, Court, Departments, Court, Magistrate, Court, Magistrate, Court, Magistrate, Magistrate, Magistrate, Magistrate, Court, Magistrate, Magistrate, Magistrate, Magistrate, Magistrate, Magistrate, Magistrate, Court

DATE: 22nd October, 1964, 8th September 1963, 29th October, 12th November, 1963, that day, 26th November, 1963, 6th December, 1963, 12th September, 1964, 16th September, 1964, September 1964, September 1964, that day, 26th September., 1964, 14th October, 1964, that day, 22nd October, 1964, 1962, 1961, 1961, 1962, 70, 1965 Mad 31, 1961 Assam 97, 1960, the year 1955, 1965, the year 1955, 1955, the year 1955, that day, 1966, '12, 22nd October, 1964, Only eight days

CARDINAL: 354, 3, 354, 1963On, one, 3., 4., 11, 251, 5, 252, 259, 2, 6., 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 7, 2, 2, 11, 8., 97, 1, 6, 10., 2, 11, 88

GPE: the District of, Ludhiana, Sections, Gujarat, Bihar, Pannalal Aggarwala, Sm, processThe

ORDINAL: 16th

EVENT: Section 252(2

PRODUCT: G.N. Prasad J.

WORK_OF_ART: State of Punjab