Semantic Analysis by spaCy
Radha Laxmi Vs. M.V.C. Sastri
Decided On : Jul-28-1952
Court : Karnataka
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Appeal No. 32 of 1949-50 and Appeal No. 179 of 1950-1951', 'appellant' => 'Radha Laxmi', 'authreffered' => '', 'casename' => 'Radha Laxmi Vs. M.V.C. Sastri', 'casenote' => 'Family - guardianship - Section 16 of Mysore Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 - appeal under Act for guardianship of child by her mother - child in guardianship of father - Court observed that Section 16 required personal law applicable to parties to be taken into for determination of guardianship - Hindu personal law applicable as parties belong to Hindu religion - Hindu personal law provided father as natural guardian entitled to custody of child even to exclusion of mother - Court however observed that welfare of child assumed paramount consideration in determining guardianship of child - child's future found to be better placed in hands of father as father found to be in better financial state as well as nothing brought on record of father having neglected child during stay in fathers guardianship. - KARNATAKA LAND REFORMS ACT, 1961.[K.A. No. 10/1962]. Section 48A: [H.V.G. Ramesh, J] Rejection of Form No.7 Vesting of land in the State under Section 44 No notice to purchasers who had purchased the lands in the year 1967 and subsequently Order of vesting of land passed by the Land Tribunal Held, The purchasers who had purchased the land in the year 1967 and subsequent to that are entitled to be informed by the Land Tribunal about the order of rejection of Form No. 7 and the order of vesting. Hence, the matter requires reconsideration for want of due notice to the petitioners. -- KARNATAKA LAND REVENUE ACT, 1964.[K.A. No. 12/1964]. Sections 128 & 129: [H.V.G. Ramesh, J] Registering of mutations and register of disputed cases Held, It is needles to say it is duty bound on the part of the revenue authorities and the Sub-Registrar as per Section128(4) to invariably intimate the fact of transfer of interest or ownership from the first party to the second party to the concerned revenue authorities so that concerned revenue authorities will make the mutation entries in the concerned register and also proper entries in the revenue register after following the procedure as per Section129 of the Act. Further, It is noticed that there is a serious lapse on the part of the revenue authorities and also on the part of the registering authorities for non-compliance of provisions of Sections128 and 129 of the Act . On facts, held, In the present case, it is noticed that on such transfer being made by the 4th respondent Venkata Rao to Rachaiah Swamy who had filed a petition originally, no such entries are being made in the revenue records which ultimately resulted in the Land Tribunal not issuing notice to Rachaiah Swamy who had purchased the property and who ought to have been heard in the matter when them after was pending before the Land Tribunal. Instead, notice was once again sent to the original owner although he had no interest in the property which resulted in miscarriage of justice. - 4. There can be no doubt that it is best for the well-being of the child to be under the protection of its parents and the child is entitled to joint care and affection of father and mother. It is, however, not disputed that in spite of the quarrels between the father and the mother both are interested in the child and are willing to do all that he or she can for the good of the child. Admittedly the mother went away leaving the child when it was about two years old and has failed in her efforts to come back. As regards means, the father as the earning member with a accent salary and holding a responsible post is in a better position than the mother who is apparently not possessed of any property to provide for the needs of the child and for her settlement in life. The sincerity of feelings and certainty of devotion of a mother to-wards an only child particularly when it happens to be a girl and that a stepmother however well-disposed is not an adequate substitute for a mother are beyond question. Welfare cannot mean merely physical comfort and must be taken in its widest sense to Include amenities and arrangement required for the girl being educated and accomplished to be happy in the present as well as in the future. 8). In '33 Mys HCR 226 (B)' a Bench of this Court held a father as the natural guardian is entitled to have the custody of the infant as against other relations inclusive of even the mother and his claim must be allowed to prevail unless .the Court is Judicially satisfied thatthe welfare of the child requires that the parental right should be superseded. The decision cannot be taken to be that the father should be deprived of the custody of the child even though he is taking care of it well. What may be gathered 'from all these cases is that the welfare of the minor is the primary and paramount consideration for the appointment of any one as guardian and that subject to this, if the minor is and has been in custody of the mother or other relations at the time the application is made and well looked after by them the Court will be loath to interfere.', 'caseanalysis' => null, 'casesref' => '', 'citingcases' => '', 'counselplain' => 'Mirle Lakshminaranappa, Adv.', 'counseldef' => 'V.V. Srinivasa Iyengar, Adv.', 'court' => 'Karnataka', 'court_type' => 'HC', 'decidedon' => '1952-07-28', 'deposition' => '', 'favorof' => null, 'findings' => null, 'judge' => 'Venkata Ramaiya and ;Balakrishnaiya, JJ.', 'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Venkata Ramaiya, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. This is an appeal under the Guardians and Wards Act. The controversy is between parents, who are both Hindus, about the guardianship of the person and property of their only daughter. The child was born in February 1942, had the benefit of the care and company of both father and mother till 31-5-1944 and is separated from the mother since then, as she left the husband's house on that day and renewal of association between her and her husband has not been possible so far. After the mother's departure, the child was brought up for some time by the father's mother in Bangalore and on the death of the grand-mother in December 1944, by a relation of the father, at Madras. The father married a second wife in June 1946 and the child has been living with the father from the time the second wife joined him.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The mother attempted at first to obtain custody of the child by means of an application for writ of Habeas Corpus in the High Court at Madras. The application was dismissed on 5-8-46 with the observation 'as respondent 2 'its father' is the lawful guardian of the infant and as it is not suggested that the child is not being properly cared for, we cannot grant the petition'. Subsequently she filed the application under the Act in a Court at Bangalore for her being appointed guardian of the person and property of the minor alleging firstly that the child was not properly looked after especially because of the second wife of the father being occupied with the household work and in rearing up of her own child and secondly that the father attempted to kill the child) on 23-5-1948 by administering chloroform with the object of rendering the guardianship proceedings infructuous. Both these allegations were repudiated by the respondent who is the father of the child. The learned District Judge on a consideration of the evidence and principles governing the case dismissed the application with costs. The mother has preferred this appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Of the two grounds relied upon in the lower Court the one accusing the respondent of an attempt to kill the child is given up and we may add, very properly. The allegation is a very serious one and should not have been put forward without proper inquiries even though it was due to the information said to have been conveyed to appellant by others. What remains to see 'is whether the child is not properly taken care of in her present enviornments.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. There can be no doubt that it is best for the well-being of the child to be under the protection of its parents and the child is entitled to joint care and affection of father and mother. As observed bv Pearson J. in a similar case in -- 're Elderston, (1833) 25 Ch D 220 at p. 229 (A). 'persons who choose to enter the sacred bonds of marriage take upon themselves a responsibility ..... towards such children as they mayhave so to live that those children shall have that to which they are entitled, the benefit of the joint care and affection of both father and mother and neither of them is entitled to so act as to deprive the children of that which they have thus guaranteed to them'. Unfortunately in this case the child is deprived of this advantage on account of the estrangement between father and mother and even the consideration of the child's happiness has not served to bring about a reunion between them. It is, however, not disputed that in spite of the quarrels between the father and the mother both are interested in the child and are willing to do all that he or she can for the good of the child. The question is, when the father and mother have fallen out and live apart, is it necessary or proper to change the custody of the child from the hands of the father? Admittedly the mother went away leaving the child when it was about two years old and has failed in her efforts to come back. The father has reared it up all these years with the aid of his mother, relations and his second wife. The evidence shows that he has put the child in a school and arranged for tuition at home. As regards means, the father as the earning member with a accent salary and holding a responsible post is in a better position than the mother who is apparently not possessed of any property to provide for the needs of the child and for her settlement in life.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Sri Lakshminaranappa, the learned counsel for the mother, argued that having regard to the fact that attachments and affections of themother are higher than those of any other towards a child and that step-mothers as a rule are not kindly to their step-children, the child should be allowed to live with the mother. He has also represented that the minor being her only child would receive from her undivided attention unlike the stepmother who has children of her own to be nursed. The sincerity of feelings and certainty of devotion of a mother to-wards an only child particularly when it happens to be a girl and that a stepmother however well-disposed is not an adequate substitute for a mother are beyond question. But these alone cannot be a determining factor for her being appointed guardian, the paramount consideration being the welfare of the minor. Welfare cannot mean merely physical comfort and must be taken in its widest sense to Include amenities and arrangement required for the girl being educated and accomplished to be happy in the present as well as in the future. It is doubtful whether the facilities now afforded to the child for these by the father will be available with the mother as she herself has to live with others.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. As mentioned in the order of the learned District Judge, Section 16, Guardians and Wards Act requires that the personal law applicable to the parties is to be taken into account while appointing a parson as guardian. Under the Hindu Law the primary right to be the guardian of the children is that of the father. (See Colebrooke's Digest, Volume 3, Chap. 8). In '33 Mys HCR 226 (B)' a Bench of this Court held </p><p style="text-align: justify;">'a father as the natural guardian is entitled to have the custody of the infant as against other relations inclusive of even the mother and his claim must be allowed to prevail unless .....the Court is Judicially satisfied thatthe welfare of the child requires that the parental right should be superseded.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Though it was a case in which the dispute was not between father and mother, as in this case, but between father and maternal grand-father after the death of the mother, the principle enunciated in the decision is important. Sri Lakshmina-ranappa, learned counsel for the appellant cited some cases in support of his contention that the mother should be appointed guardian of the minor in preference to the father. 'Saraswathibai Shripad v. Shripad Vasanji', AIR 1941 Bom 103 (C) strongly relied upon was a case in which the minor was a boy of 2 1/2 years living with the mother when the father who had taken a second wife applied for being appointed guardian. The application was dismissed on the view that though the father was the natural guardian the interests of the boy did not Justify his being taken away from the custody of the mother, with a significant remark by Wadia J. 'the father having married again may not be a ground for depriving him of the custody of his minor child'. --'Kaliappa Goundan v. Valliammal', AIR 1949 Mad 603 (D) is a decision of a single Judge in which this case is referred to as laying down that the mother's claim should be upheld In preference to that of the father. The decision cannot be taken to be that the father should be deprived of the custody of the child even though he is taking care of it well. --'Narasimha Setty v. Chennamma', AIR 1950 Mys 8 (E) was also a case in which the application of the father was dismissed, the reason being that the minor was brought up by the maternal relations for years ever since it was left with them by the mother and father, the father evinced no interest in the minor for years and after the settlement of properties for the benefit of the minor by the maternal relationsand on the death of the mother the father put forward the claim. -- 'Bai Tara v. Mohan Lal Lallubhai', AIR 1922 Bom 405 (P) and --'Shushila Ganju v. Kunwar Krishna',- AIR 1948 Oudh 266 (G) are other cases in which the application of the father who had taken a second wife was dismissed. In --'Bindo v. Sham Lal', 29 All 210 (H) also his application against maternal relations was dismissed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">What may be gathered 'from all these cases is that the welfare of the minor is the primary and paramount consideration for the appointment of any one as guardian and that subject to this, if the minor is and has been in custody of the mother or other relations at the time the application is made and well looked after by them the Court will be loath to interfere. This is not a case of attempting to take away the child from its mother but a case in which the question is whether a child who has been away from her mother for a long period shall be 'forced' to go back to her against the inclinations of the minor as ascertained in the lower Court whatever value may be attached to it. It may look cruel to refuse the mother's request but no less painful would it be to snatch the child from the father who has been a de facto mother. Sympathy and-sentiment apart, under the circumstances, we think that it is not in the interest of the minor to disturb her stay with the father.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The appeal is dismissed. Parties will bear their own costs.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Appeal dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">', 'observations' => null, 'overruledby' => null, 'prhistory' => '', 'pubs' => 'AIR1953Kant123; AIR1953Mys123; ILR1953KAR123', 'ratiodecidendi' => '', 'respondent' => 'M.V.C. Sastri', 'sub' => 'Family', 'link' => null, 'circuit' => null ) ), 'args' => array( (int) 0 => '373305' ) ) $title_for_layout = 'Radha Laxmi Vs. M.V.C. Sastri Semantic Analysis' $shops = array( 'LAW' => array( (int) 0 => 'Section 16', (int) 1 => 'the Hindu Law' ), 'PERSON' => array( (int) 0 => 'Venkata Ramaiya', (int) 1 => 'Bangalore', (int) 2 => 'Habeas Corpus', (int) 3 => 'Bangalore', (int) 4 => 'Sri Lakshminaranappa', (int) 5 => 'Judicially', (int) 6 => 'Sri Lakshmina-ranappa', (int) 7 => 'Saraswathibai Shripad', (int) 8 => 'Shripad Vasanji'', (int) 9 => 'Wadia J. '', (int) 10 => 'Goundan v. Valliammal'', (int) 11 => 'Setty v.', (int) 12 => 'Chennamma', (int) 13 => 'Mohan Lal Lallubhai'', (int) 14 => '--'Shushila Ganju', (int) 15 => 'Sham Lal'', (int) 16 => 'Sympathy' ), 'NORP' => array( (int) 0 => 'J.1', (int) 1 => 'Hindus' ), 'ORG' => array( (int) 0 => 'Guardians', (int) 1 => 'him.2', (int) 2 => 'the High Court', (int) 3 => 'Court', (int) 4 => 'Elderston', (int) 5 => 'Guardians', (int) 6 => 'Colebrooke', (int) 7 => 'Court', (int) 8 => 'Court', (int) 9 => 'AIR 1941 Bom 103', (int) 10 => 'AIR 1949 Mad 603', (int) 11 => 'AIR', (int) 12 => 'AIR 1922 Bom', (int) 13 => 'Kunwar Krishna',- AIR 1948 Oudh', (int) 14 => 'Court', (int) 15 => 'Court' ), 'DATE' => array( (int) 0 => 'February 1942', (int) 1 => 'that day', (int) 2 => 'December 1944', (int) 3 => 'June 1946', (int) 4 => '1833', (int) 5 => 'about two years old', (int) 6 => 'all these years', (int) 7 => ''33', (int) 8 => '2 1/2 years', (int) 9 => 'years', (int) 10 => 'years' ), 'CARDINAL' => array( (int) 0 => '31', (int) 1 => '5', (int) 2 => '2', (int) 3 => '23', (int) 4 => 'two', (int) 5 => 'one', (int) 6 => '25', (int) 7 => '229', (int) 8 => '3', (int) 9 => '8)', (int) 10 => '405', (int) 11 => '29' ), 'LOC' => array( (int) 0 => 'Madras' ), 'ORDINAL' => array( (int) 0 => 'second', (int) 1 => 'second', (int) 2 => 'first', (int) 3 => 'firstly', (int) 4 => 'second', (int) 5 => 'secondly', (int) 6 => 'second', (int) 7 => 'second', (int) 8 => 'second' ), 'FAC' => array( (int) 0 => 'Madras' ), 'PRODUCT' => array( (int) 0 => 'Pearson J.' ), 'GPE' => array( (int) 0 => 'Justify' ) ) $desc = array( 'Judgement' => array( 'id' => '373305', 'acts' => 'Mysore Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 - Sections 16 and 17; Hindu Law', 'appealno' => 'Misc. Appeal No. 32 of 1949-50 and Appeal No. 179 of 1950-1951', 'appellant' => 'Radha Laxmi', 'authreffered' => '', 'casename' => 'Radha Laxmi Vs. M.V.C. Sastri', 'casenote' => 'Family - guardianship - Section 16 of Mysore Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 - appeal under Act for guardianship of child by her mother - child in guardianship of father - Court observed that Section 16 required personal law applicable to parties to be taken into for determination of guardianship - Hindu personal law applicable as parties belong to Hindu religion - Hindu personal law provided father as natural guardian entitled to custody of child even to exclusion of mother - Court however observed that welfare of child assumed paramount consideration in determining guardianship of child - child's future found to be better placed in hands of father as father found to be in better financial state as well as nothing brought on record of father having neglected child during stay in fathers guardianship. - KARNATAKA LAND REFORMS ACT, 1961.[K.A. No. 10/1962]. Section 48A: [H.V.G. Ramesh, J] Rejection of Form No.7 Vesting of land in the State under Section 44 No notice to purchasers who had purchased the lands in the year 1967 and subsequently Order of vesting of land passed by the Land Tribunal Held, The purchasers who had purchased the land in the year 1967 and subsequent to that are entitled to be informed by the Land Tribunal about the order of rejection of Form No. 7 and the order of vesting. Hence, the matter requires reconsideration for want of due notice to the petitioners. -- KARNATAKA LAND REVENUE ACT, 1964.[K.A. No. 12/1964]. Sections 128 & 129: [H.V.G. Ramesh, J] Registering of mutations and register of disputed cases Held, It is needles to say it is duty bound on the part of the revenue authorities and the Sub-Registrar as per Section128(4) to invariably intimate the fact of transfer of interest or ownership from the first party to the second party to the concerned revenue authorities so that concerned revenue authorities will make the mutation entries in the concerned register and also proper entries in the revenue register after following the procedure as per Section129 of the Act. Further, It is noticed that there is a serious lapse on the part of the revenue authorities and also on the part of the registering authorities for non-compliance of provisions of Sections128 and 129 of the Act . On facts, held, In the present case, it is noticed that on such transfer being made by the 4th respondent Venkata Rao to Rachaiah Swamy who had filed a petition originally, no such entries are being made in the revenue records which ultimately resulted in the Land Tribunal not issuing notice to Rachaiah Swamy who had purchased the property and who ought to have been heard in the matter when them after was pending before the Land Tribunal. Instead, notice was once again sent to the original owner although he had no interest in the property which resulted in miscarriage of justice. - 4. There can be no doubt that it is best for the well-being of the child to be under the protection of its parents and the child is entitled to joint care and affection of father and mother. It is, however, not disputed that in spite of the quarrels between the father and the mother both are interested in the child and are willing to do all that he or she can for the good of the child. Admittedly the mother went away leaving the child when it was about two years old and has failed in her efforts to come back. As regards means, the father as the earning member with a accent salary and holding a responsible post is in a better position than the mother who is apparently not possessed of any property to provide for the needs of the child and for her settlement in life. The sincerity of feelings and certainty of devotion of a mother to-wards an only child particularly when it happens to be a girl and that a stepmother however well-disposed is not an adequate substitute for a mother are beyond question. Welfare cannot mean merely physical comfort and must be taken in its widest sense to Include amenities and arrangement required for the girl being educated and accomplished to be happy in the present as well as in the future. 8). In '33 Mys HCR 226 (B)' a Bench of this Court held a father as the natural guardian is entitled to have the custody of the infant as against other relations inclusive of even the mother and his claim must be allowed to prevail unless .the Court is Judicially satisfied thatthe welfare of the child requires that the parental right should be superseded. The decision cannot be taken to be that the father should be deprived of the custody of the child even though he is taking care of it well. What may be gathered 'from all these cases is that the welfare of the minor is the primary and paramount consideration for the appointment of any one as guardian and that subject to this, if the minor is and has been in custody of the mother or other relations at the time the application is made and well looked after by them the Court will be loath to interfere.', 'caseanalysis' => null, 'casesref' => '', 'citingcases' => '', 'counselplain' => 'Mirle Lakshminaranappa, Adv.', 'counseldef' => 'V.V. Srinivasa Iyengar, Adv.', 'court' => 'Karnataka', 'court_type' => 'HC', 'decidedon' => '1952-07-28', 'deposition' => '', 'favorof' => null, 'findings' => null, 'judge' => 'Venkata Ramaiya and ;Balakrishnaiya, JJ.', 'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Venkata Ramaiya, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. This is an appeal under the Guardians and Wards Act. The controversy is between parents, who are both Hindus, about the guardianship of the person and property of their only daughter. The child was born in February 1942, had the benefit of the care and company of both father and mother till 31-5-1944 and is separated from the mother since then, as she left the husband's house on that day and renewal of association between her and her husband has not been possible so far. After the mother's departure, the child was brought up for some time by the father's mother in Bangalore and on the death of the grand-mother in December 1944, by a relation of the father, at Madras. The father married a second wife in June 1946 and the child has been living with the father from the time the second wife joined him.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The mother attempted at first to obtain custody of the child by means of an application for writ of Habeas Corpus in the High Court at Madras. The application was dismissed on 5-8-46 with the observation 'as respondent 2 'its father' is the lawful guardian of the infant and as it is not suggested that the child is not being properly cared for, we cannot grant the petition'. Subsequently she filed the application under the Act in a Court at Bangalore for her being appointed guardian of the person and property of the minor alleging firstly that the child was not properly looked after especially because of the second wife of the father being occupied with the household work and in rearing up of her own child and secondly that the father attempted to kill the child) on 23-5-1948 by administering chloroform with the object of rendering the guardianship proceedings infructuous. Both these allegations were repudiated by the respondent who is the father of the child. The learned District Judge on a consideration of the evidence and principles governing the case dismissed the application with costs. The mother has preferred this appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Of the two grounds relied upon in the lower Court the one accusing the respondent of an attempt to kill the child is given up and we may add, very properly. The allegation is a very serious one and should not have been put forward without proper inquiries even though it was due to the information said to have been conveyed to appellant by others. What remains to see 'is whether the child is not properly taken care of in her present enviornments.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. There can be no doubt that it is best for the well-being of the child to be under the protection of its parents and the child is entitled to joint care and affection of father and mother. As observed bv Pearson J. in a similar case in -- 're Elderston, (1833) 25 Ch D 220 at p. 229 (A). 'persons who choose to enter the sacred bonds of marriage take upon themselves a responsibility ..... towards such children as they mayhave so to live that those children shall have that to which they are entitled, the benefit of the joint care and affection of both father and mother and neither of them is entitled to so act as to deprive the children of that which they have thus guaranteed to them'. Unfortunately in this case the child is deprived of this advantage on account of the estrangement between father and mother and even the consideration of the child's happiness has not served to bring about a reunion between them. It is, however, not disputed that in spite of the quarrels between the father and the mother both are interested in the child and are willing to do all that he or she can for the good of the child. The question is, when the father and mother have fallen out and live apart, is it necessary or proper to change the custody of the child from the hands of the father? Admittedly the mother went away leaving the child when it was about two years old and has failed in her efforts to come back. The father has reared it up all these years with the aid of his mother, relations and his second wife. The evidence shows that he has put the child in a school and arranged for tuition at home. As regards means, the father as the earning member with a accent salary and holding a responsible post is in a better position than the mother who is apparently not possessed of any property to provide for the needs of the child and for her settlement in life.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Sri Lakshminaranappa, the learned counsel for the mother, argued that having regard to the fact that attachments and affections of themother are higher than those of any other towards a child and that step-mothers as a rule are not kindly to their step-children, the child should be allowed to live with the mother. He has also represented that the minor being her only child would receive from her undivided attention unlike the stepmother who has children of her own to be nursed. The sincerity of feelings and certainty of devotion of a mother to-wards an only child particularly when it happens to be a girl and that a stepmother however well-disposed is not an adequate substitute for a mother are beyond question. But these alone cannot be a determining factor for her being appointed guardian, the paramount consideration being the welfare of the minor. Welfare cannot mean merely physical comfort and must be taken in its widest sense to Include amenities and arrangement required for the girl being educated and accomplished to be happy in the present as well as in the future. It is doubtful whether the facilities now afforded to the child for these by the father will be available with the mother as she herself has to live with others.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. As mentioned in the order of the learned District Judge, Section 16, Guardians and Wards Act requires that the personal law applicable to the parties is to be taken into account while appointing a parson as guardian. Under the Hindu Law the primary right to be the guardian of the children is that of the father. (See Colebrooke's Digest, Volume 3, Chap. 8). In '33 Mys HCR 226 (B)' a Bench of this Court held </p><p style="text-align: justify;">'a father as the natural guardian is entitled to have the custody of the infant as against other relations inclusive of even the mother and his claim must be allowed to prevail unless .....the Court is Judicially satisfied thatthe welfare of the child requires that the parental right should be superseded.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Though it was a case in which the dispute was not between father and mother, as in this case, but between father and maternal grand-father after the death of the mother, the principle enunciated in the decision is important. Sri Lakshmina-ranappa, learned counsel for the appellant cited some cases in support of his contention that the mother should be appointed guardian of the minor in preference to the father. 'Saraswathibai Shripad v. Shripad Vasanji', AIR 1941 Bom 103 (C) strongly relied upon was a case in which the minor was a boy of 2 1/2 years living with the mother when the father who had taken a second wife applied for being appointed guardian. The application was dismissed on the view that though the father was the natural guardian the interests of the boy did not Justify his being taken away from the custody of the mother, with a significant remark by Wadia J. 'the father having married again may not be a ground for depriving him of the custody of his minor child'. --'Kaliappa Goundan v. Valliammal', AIR 1949 Mad 603 (D) is a decision of a single Judge in which this case is referred to as laying down that the mother's claim should be upheld In preference to that of the father. The decision cannot be taken to be that the father should be deprived of the custody of the child even though he is taking care of it well. --'Narasimha Setty v. Chennamma', AIR 1950 Mys 8 (E) was also a case in which the application of the father was dismissed, the reason being that the minor was brought up by the maternal relations for years ever since it was left with them by the mother and father, the father evinced no interest in the minor for years and after the settlement of properties for the benefit of the minor by the maternal relationsand on the death of the mother the father put forward the claim. -- 'Bai Tara v. Mohan Lal Lallubhai', AIR 1922 Bom 405 (P) and --'Shushila Ganju v. Kunwar Krishna',- AIR 1948 Oudh 266 (G) are other cases in which the application of the father who had taken a second wife was dismissed. In --'Bindo v. Sham Lal', 29 All 210 (H) also his application against maternal relations was dismissed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">What may be gathered 'from all these cases is that the welfare of the minor is the primary and paramount consideration for the appointment of any one as guardian and that subject to this, if the minor is and has been in custody of the mother or other relations at the time the application is made and well looked after by them the Court will be loath to interfere. This is not a case of attempting to take away the child from its mother but a case in which the question is whether a child who has been away from her mother for a long period shall be 'forced' to go back to her against the inclinations of the minor as ascertained in the lower Court whatever value may be attached to it. It may look cruel to refuse the mother's request but no less painful would it be to snatch the child from the father who has been a de facto mother. Sympathy and-sentiment apart, under the circumstances, we think that it is not in the interest of the minor to disturb her stay with the father.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The appeal is dismissed. Parties will bear their own costs.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Appeal dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">', 'observations' => null, 'overruledby' => null, 'prhistory' => '', 'pubs' => 'AIR1953Kant123; AIR1953Mys123; ILR1953KAR123', 'ratiodecidendi' => '', 'respondent' => 'M.V.C. Sastri', 'sub' => 'Family', 'link' => null, 'circuit' => null ) ) $args = array( (int) 0 => '373305' ) $pattern = '/\(((0[1-9]|[12][0-9]|3[01])[.](0[1-9]|1[012])[.](17|18|19|20)[0-9]{2}).*\)/'include - APP/View/Case/meta.ctp, line 36 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933 View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473 Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 963 Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 200 Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167 [main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 109
Warning (2): Invalid argument supplied for foreach() [APP/View/Case/meta.ctp, line 39]Code Context//$shops = $shops['entities'];foreach ($shops2 as $key => $val) {$viewFile = '/home/legalcrystal/app/View/Case/meta.ctp' $dataForView = array( 'title_for_layout' => 'Radha Laxmi Vs. M.V.C. Sastri Semantic Analysis', 'shops' => array( 'LAW' => array( (int) 0 => 'Section 16', (int) 1 => 'the Hindu Law' ), 'PERSON' => array( (int) 0 => 'Venkata Ramaiya', (int) 1 => 'Bangalore', (int) 2 => 'Habeas Corpus', (int) 3 => 'Bangalore', (int) 4 => 'Sri Lakshminaranappa', (int) 5 => 'Judicially', (int) 6 => 'Sri Lakshmina-ranappa', (int) 7 => 'Saraswathibai Shripad', (int) 8 => 'Shripad Vasanji'', (int) 9 => 'Wadia J. '', (int) 10 => 'Goundan v. 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Appeal No. 32 of 1949-50 and Appeal No. 179 of 1950-1951', 'appellant' => 'Radha Laxmi', 'authreffered' => '', 'casename' => 'Radha Laxmi Vs. M.V.C. Sastri', 'casenote' => 'Family - guardianship - Section 16 of Mysore Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 - appeal under Act for guardianship of child by her mother - child in guardianship of father - Court observed that Section 16 required personal law applicable to parties to be taken into for determination of guardianship - Hindu personal law applicable as parties belong to Hindu religion - Hindu personal law provided father as natural guardian entitled to custody of child even to exclusion of mother - Court however observed that welfare of child assumed paramount consideration in determining guardianship of child - child's future found to be better placed in hands of father as father found to be in better financial state as well as nothing brought on record of father having neglected child during stay in fathers guardianship. - KARNATAKA LAND REFORMS ACT, 1961.[K.A. No. 10/1962]. Section 48A: [H.V.G. Ramesh, J] Rejection of Form No.7 Vesting of land in the State under Section 44 No notice to purchasers who had purchased the lands in the year 1967 and subsequently Order of vesting of land passed by the Land Tribunal Held, The purchasers who had purchased the land in the year 1967 and subsequent to that are entitled to be informed by the Land Tribunal about the order of rejection of Form No. 7 and the order of vesting. Hence, the matter requires reconsideration for want of due notice to the petitioners. -- KARNATAKA LAND REVENUE ACT, 1964.[K.A. No. 12/1964]. Sections 128 & 129: [H.V.G. Ramesh, J] Registering of mutations and register of disputed cases Held, It is needles to say it is duty bound on the part of the revenue authorities and the Sub-Registrar as per Section128(4) to invariably intimate the fact of transfer of interest or ownership from the first party to the second party to the concerned revenue authorities so that concerned revenue authorities will make the mutation entries in the concerned register and also proper entries in the revenue register after following the procedure as per Section129 of the Act. Further, It is noticed that there is a serious lapse on the part of the revenue authorities and also on the part of the registering authorities for non-compliance of provisions of Sections128 and 129 of the Act . On facts, held, In the present case, it is noticed that on such transfer being made by the 4th respondent Venkata Rao to Rachaiah Swamy who had filed a petition originally, no such entries are being made in the revenue records which ultimately resulted in the Land Tribunal not issuing notice to Rachaiah Swamy who had purchased the property and who ought to have been heard in the matter when them after was pending before the Land Tribunal. Instead, notice was once again sent to the original owner although he had no interest in the property which resulted in miscarriage of justice. - 4. There can be no doubt that it is best for the well-being of the child to be under the protection of its parents and the child is entitled to joint care and affection of father and mother. It is, however, not disputed that in spite of the quarrels between the father and the mother both are interested in the child and are willing to do all that he or she can for the good of the child. Admittedly the mother went away leaving the child when it was about two years old and has failed in her efforts to come back. As regards means, the father as the earning member with a accent salary and holding a responsible post is in a better position than the mother who is apparently not possessed of any property to provide for the needs of the child and for her settlement in life. The sincerity of feelings and certainty of devotion of a mother to-wards an only child particularly when it happens to be a girl and that a stepmother however well-disposed is not an adequate substitute for a mother are beyond question. Welfare cannot mean merely physical comfort and must be taken in its widest sense to Include amenities and arrangement required for the girl being educated and accomplished to be happy in the present as well as in the future. 8). In '33 Mys HCR 226 (B)' a Bench of this Court held a father as the natural guardian is entitled to have the custody of the infant as against other relations inclusive of even the mother and his claim must be allowed to prevail unless .the Court is Judicially satisfied thatthe welfare of the child requires that the parental right should be superseded. The decision cannot be taken to be that the father should be deprived of the custody of the child even though he is taking care of it well. What may be gathered 'from all these cases is that the welfare of the minor is the primary and paramount consideration for the appointment of any one as guardian and that subject to this, if the minor is and has been in custody of the mother or other relations at the time the application is made and well looked after by them the Court will be loath to interfere.', 'caseanalysis' => null, 'casesref' => '', 'citingcases' => '', 'counselplain' => 'Mirle Lakshminaranappa, Adv.', 'counseldef' => 'V.V. Srinivasa Iyengar, Adv.', 'court' => 'Karnataka', 'court_type' => 'HC', 'decidedon' => '1952-07-28', 'deposition' => '', 'favorof' => null, 'findings' => null, 'judge' => 'Venkata Ramaiya and ;Balakrishnaiya, JJ.', 'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Venkata Ramaiya, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. This is an appeal under the Guardians and Wards Act. The controversy is between parents, who are both Hindus, about the guardianship of the person and property of their only daughter. The child was born in February 1942, had the benefit of the care and company of both father and mother till 31-5-1944 and is separated from the mother since then, as she left the husband's house on that day and renewal of association between her and her husband has not been possible so far. After the mother's departure, the child was brought up for some time by the father's mother in Bangalore and on the death of the grand-mother in December 1944, by a relation of the father, at Madras. The father married a second wife in June 1946 and the child has been living with the father from the time the second wife joined him.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The mother attempted at first to obtain custody of the child by means of an application for writ of Habeas Corpus in the High Court at Madras. The application was dismissed on 5-8-46 with the observation 'as respondent 2 'its father' is the lawful guardian of the infant and as it is not suggested that the child is not being properly cared for, we cannot grant the petition'. Subsequently she filed the application under the Act in a Court at Bangalore for her being appointed guardian of the person and property of the minor alleging firstly that the child was not properly looked after especially because of the second wife of the father being occupied with the household work and in rearing up of her own child and secondly that the father attempted to kill the child) on 23-5-1948 by administering chloroform with the object of rendering the guardianship proceedings infructuous. Both these allegations were repudiated by the respondent who is the father of the child. The learned District Judge on a consideration of the evidence and principles governing the case dismissed the application with costs. The mother has preferred this appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Of the two grounds relied upon in the lower Court the one accusing the respondent of an attempt to kill the child is given up and we may add, very properly. The allegation is a very serious one and should not have been put forward without proper inquiries even though it was due to the information said to have been conveyed to appellant by others. What remains to see 'is whether the child is not properly taken care of in her present enviornments.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. There can be no doubt that it is best for the well-being of the child to be under the protection of its parents and the child is entitled to joint care and affection of father and mother. As observed bv Pearson J. in a similar case in -- 're Elderston, (1833) 25 Ch D 220 at p. 229 (A). 'persons who choose to enter the sacred bonds of marriage take upon themselves a responsibility ..... towards such children as they mayhave so to live that those children shall have that to which they are entitled, the benefit of the joint care and affection of both father and mother and neither of them is entitled to so act as to deprive the children of that which they have thus guaranteed to them'. Unfortunately in this case the child is deprived of this advantage on account of the estrangement between father and mother and even the consideration of the child's happiness has not served to bring about a reunion between them. It is, however, not disputed that in spite of the quarrels between the father and the mother both are interested in the child and are willing to do all that he or she can for the good of the child. The question is, when the father and mother have fallen out and live apart, is it necessary or proper to change the custody of the child from the hands of the father? Admittedly the mother went away leaving the child when it was about two years old and has failed in her efforts to come back. The father has reared it up all these years with the aid of his mother, relations and his second wife. The evidence shows that he has put the child in a school and arranged for tuition at home. As regards means, the father as the earning member with a accent salary and holding a responsible post is in a better position than the mother who is apparently not possessed of any property to provide for the needs of the child and for her settlement in life.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Sri Lakshminaranappa, the learned counsel for the mother, argued that having regard to the fact that attachments and affections of themother are higher than those of any other towards a child and that step-mothers as a rule are not kindly to their step-children, the child should be allowed to live with the mother. He has also represented that the minor being her only child would receive from her undivided attention unlike the stepmother who has children of her own to be nursed. The sincerity of feelings and certainty of devotion of a mother to-wards an only child particularly when it happens to be a girl and that a stepmother however well-disposed is not an adequate substitute for a mother are beyond question. But these alone cannot be a determining factor for her being appointed guardian, the paramount consideration being the welfare of the minor. Welfare cannot mean merely physical comfort and must be taken in its widest sense to Include amenities and arrangement required for the girl being educated and accomplished to be happy in the present as well as in the future. It is doubtful whether the facilities now afforded to the child for these by the father will be available with the mother as she herself has to live with others.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. As mentioned in the order of the learned District Judge, Section 16, Guardians and Wards Act requires that the personal law applicable to the parties is to be taken into account while appointing a parson as guardian. Under the Hindu Law the primary right to be the guardian of the children is that of the father. (See Colebrooke's Digest, Volume 3, Chap. 8). In '33 Mys HCR 226 (B)' a Bench of this Court held </p><p style="text-align: justify;">'a father as the natural guardian is entitled to have the custody of the infant as against other relations inclusive of even the mother and his claim must be allowed to prevail unless .....the Court is Judicially satisfied thatthe welfare of the child requires that the parental right should be superseded.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Though it was a case in which the dispute was not between father and mother, as in this case, but between father and maternal grand-father after the death of the mother, the principle enunciated in the decision is important. Sri Lakshmina-ranappa, learned counsel for the appellant cited some cases in support of his contention that the mother should be appointed guardian of the minor in preference to the father. 'Saraswathibai Shripad v. Shripad Vasanji', AIR 1941 Bom 103 (C) strongly relied upon was a case in which the minor was a boy of 2 1/2 years living with the mother when the father who had taken a second wife applied for being appointed guardian. The application was dismissed on the view that though the father was the natural guardian the interests of the boy did not Justify his being taken away from the custody of the mother, with a significant remark by Wadia J. 'the father having married again may not be a ground for depriving him of the custody of his minor child'. --'Kaliappa Goundan v. Valliammal', AIR 1949 Mad 603 (D) is a decision of a single Judge in which this case is referred to as laying down that the mother's claim should be upheld In preference to that of the father. The decision cannot be taken to be that the father should be deprived of the custody of the child even though he is taking care of it well. --'Narasimha Setty v. Chennamma', AIR 1950 Mys 8 (E) was also a case in which the application of the father was dismissed, the reason being that the minor was brought up by the maternal relations for years ever since it was left with them by the mother and father, the father evinced no interest in the minor for years and after the settlement of properties for the benefit of the minor by the maternal relationsand on the death of the mother the father put forward the claim. -- 'Bai Tara v. Mohan Lal Lallubhai', AIR 1922 Bom 405 (P) and --'Shushila Ganju v. Kunwar Krishna',- AIR 1948 Oudh 266 (G) are other cases in which the application of the father who had taken a second wife was dismissed. In --'Bindo v. Sham Lal', 29 All 210 (H) also his application against maternal relations was dismissed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">What may be gathered 'from all these cases is that the welfare of the minor is the primary and paramount consideration for the appointment of any one as guardian and that subject to this, if the minor is and has been in custody of the mother or other relations at the time the application is made and well looked after by them the Court will be loath to interfere. This is not a case of attempting to take away the child from its mother but a case in which the question is whether a child who has been away from her mother for a long period shall be 'forced' to go back to her against the inclinations of the minor as ascertained in the lower Court whatever value may be attached to it. It may look cruel to refuse the mother's request but no less painful would it be to snatch the child from the father who has been a de facto mother. Sympathy and-sentiment apart, under the circumstances, we think that it is not in the interest of the minor to disturb her stay with the father.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The appeal is dismissed. Parties will bear their own costs.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Appeal dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">', 'observations' => null, 'overruledby' => null, 'prhistory' => '', 'pubs' => 'AIR1953Kant123; AIR1953Mys123; ILR1953KAR123', 'ratiodecidendi' => '', 'respondent' => 'M.V.C. Sastri', 'sub' => 'Family', 'link' => null, 'circuit' => null ) ), 'args' => array( (int) 0 => '373305' ) ) $title_for_layout = 'Radha Laxmi Vs. M.V.C. Sastri Semantic Analysis' $shops = array( 'LAW' => array( (int) 0 => 'Section 16', (int) 1 => 'the Hindu Law' ), 'PERSON' => array( (int) 0 => 'Venkata Ramaiya', (int) 1 => 'Bangalore', (int) 2 => 'Habeas Corpus', (int) 3 => 'Bangalore', (int) 4 => 'Sri Lakshminaranappa', (int) 5 => 'Judicially', (int) 6 => 'Sri Lakshmina-ranappa', (int) 7 => 'Saraswathibai Shripad', (int) 8 => 'Shripad Vasanji'', (int) 9 => 'Wadia J. '', (int) 10 => 'Goundan v. Valliammal'', (int) 11 => 'Setty v.', (int) 12 => 'Chennamma', (int) 13 => 'Mohan Lal Lallubhai'', (int) 14 => '--'Shushila Ganju', (int) 15 => 'Sham Lal'', (int) 16 => 'Sympathy' ), 'NORP' => array( (int) 0 => 'J.1', (int) 1 => 'Hindus' ), 'ORG' => array( (int) 0 => 'Guardians', (int) 1 => 'him.2', (int) 2 => 'the High Court', (int) 3 => 'Court', (int) 4 => 'Elderston', (int) 5 => 'Guardians', (int) 6 => 'Colebrooke', (int) 7 => 'Court', (int) 8 => 'Court', (int) 9 => 'AIR 1941 Bom 103', (int) 10 => 'AIR 1949 Mad 603', (int) 11 => 'AIR', (int) 12 => 'AIR 1922 Bom', (int) 13 => 'Kunwar Krishna',- AIR 1948 Oudh', (int) 14 => 'Court', (int) 15 => 'Court' ), 'DATE' => array( (int) 0 => 'February 1942', (int) 1 => 'that day', (int) 2 => 'December 1944', (int) 3 => 'June 1946', (int) 4 => '1833', (int) 5 => 'about two years old', (int) 6 => 'all these years', (int) 7 => ''33', (int) 8 => '2 1/2 years', (int) 9 => 'years', (int) 10 => 'years' ), 'CARDINAL' => array( (int) 0 => '31', (int) 1 => '5', (int) 2 => '2', (int) 3 => '23', (int) 4 => 'two', (int) 5 => 'one', (int) 6 => '25', (int) 7 => '229', (int) 8 => '3', (int) 9 => '8)', (int) 10 => '405', (int) 11 => '29' ), 'LOC' => array( (int) 0 => 'Madras' ), 'ORDINAL' => array( (int) 0 => 'second', (int) 1 => 'second', (int) 2 => 'first', (int) 3 => 'firstly', (int) 4 => 'second', (int) 5 => 'secondly', (int) 6 => 'second', (int) 7 => 'second', (int) 8 => 'second' ), 'FAC' => array( (int) 0 => 'Madras' ), 'PRODUCT' => array( (int) 0 => 'Pearson J.' ), 'GPE' => array( (int) 0 => 'Justify' ) ) $desc = array( 'Judgement' => array( 'id' => '373305', 'acts' => 'Mysore Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 - Sections 16 and 17; Hindu Law', 'appealno' => 'Misc. Appeal No. 32 of 1949-50 and Appeal No. 179 of 1950-1951', 'appellant' => 'Radha Laxmi', 'authreffered' => '', 'casename' => 'Radha Laxmi Vs. M.V.C. Sastri', 'casenote' => 'Family - guardianship - Section 16 of Mysore Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 - appeal under Act for guardianship of child by her mother - child in guardianship of father - Court observed that Section 16 required personal law applicable to parties to be taken into for determination of guardianship - Hindu personal law applicable as parties belong to Hindu religion - Hindu personal law provided father as natural guardian entitled to custody of child even to exclusion of mother - Court however observed that welfare of child assumed paramount consideration in determining guardianship of child - child's future found to be better placed in hands of father as father found to be in better financial state as well as nothing brought on record of father having neglected child during stay in fathers guardianship. - KARNATAKA LAND REFORMS ACT, 1961.[K.A. No. 10/1962]. Section 48A: [H.V.G. Ramesh, J] Rejection of Form No.7 Vesting of land in the State under Section 44 No notice to purchasers who had purchased the lands in the year 1967 and subsequently Order of vesting of land passed by the Land Tribunal Held, The purchasers who had purchased the land in the year 1967 and subsequent to that are entitled to be informed by the Land Tribunal about the order of rejection of Form No. 7 and the order of vesting. Hence, the matter requires reconsideration for want of due notice to the petitioners. -- KARNATAKA LAND REVENUE ACT, 1964.[K.A. No. 12/1964]. Sections 128 & 129: [H.V.G. Ramesh, J] Registering of mutations and register of disputed cases Held, It is needles to say it is duty bound on the part of the revenue authorities and the Sub-Registrar as per Section128(4) to invariably intimate the fact of transfer of interest or ownership from the first party to the second party to the concerned revenue authorities so that concerned revenue authorities will make the mutation entries in the concerned register and also proper entries in the revenue register after following the procedure as per Section129 of the Act. Further, It is noticed that there is a serious lapse on the part of the revenue authorities and also on the part of the registering authorities for non-compliance of provisions of Sections128 and 129 of the Act . On facts, held, In the present case, it is noticed that on such transfer being made by the 4th respondent Venkata Rao to Rachaiah Swamy who had filed a petition originally, no such entries are being made in the revenue records which ultimately resulted in the Land Tribunal not issuing notice to Rachaiah Swamy who had purchased the property and who ought to have been heard in the matter when them after was pending before the Land Tribunal. Instead, notice was once again sent to the original owner although he had no interest in the property which resulted in miscarriage of justice. - 4. There can be no doubt that it is best for the well-being of the child to be under the protection of its parents and the child is entitled to joint care and affection of father and mother. It is, however, not disputed that in spite of the quarrels between the father and the mother both are interested in the child and are willing to do all that he or she can for the good of the child. Admittedly the mother went away leaving the child when it was about two years old and has failed in her efforts to come back. As regards means, the father as the earning member with a accent salary and holding a responsible post is in a better position than the mother who is apparently not possessed of any property to provide for the needs of the child and for her settlement in life. The sincerity of feelings and certainty of devotion of a mother to-wards an only child particularly when it happens to be a girl and that a stepmother however well-disposed is not an adequate substitute for a mother are beyond question. Welfare cannot mean merely physical comfort and must be taken in its widest sense to Include amenities and arrangement required for the girl being educated and accomplished to be happy in the present as well as in the future. 8). In '33 Mys HCR 226 (B)' a Bench of this Court held a father as the natural guardian is entitled to have the custody of the infant as against other relations inclusive of even the mother and his claim must be allowed to prevail unless .the Court is Judicially satisfied thatthe welfare of the child requires that the parental right should be superseded. The decision cannot be taken to be that the father should be deprived of the custody of the child even though he is taking care of it well. What may be gathered 'from all these cases is that the welfare of the minor is the primary and paramount consideration for the appointment of any one as guardian and that subject to this, if the minor is and has been in custody of the mother or other relations at the time the application is made and well looked after by them the Court will be loath to interfere.', 'caseanalysis' => null, 'casesref' => '', 'citingcases' => '', 'counselplain' => 'Mirle Lakshminaranappa, Adv.', 'counseldef' => 'V.V. Srinivasa Iyengar, Adv.', 'court' => 'Karnataka', 'court_type' => 'HC', 'decidedon' => '1952-07-28', 'deposition' => '', 'favorof' => null, 'findings' => null, 'judge' => 'Venkata Ramaiya and ;Balakrishnaiya, JJ.', 'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Venkata Ramaiya, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. This is an appeal under the Guardians and Wards Act. The controversy is between parents, who are both Hindus, about the guardianship of the person and property of their only daughter. The child was born in February 1942, had the benefit of the care and company of both father and mother till 31-5-1944 and is separated from the mother since then, as she left the husband's house on that day and renewal of association between her and her husband has not been possible so far. After the mother's departure, the child was brought up for some time by the father's mother in Bangalore and on the death of the grand-mother in December 1944, by a relation of the father, at Madras. The father married a second wife in June 1946 and the child has been living with the father from the time the second wife joined him.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The mother attempted at first to obtain custody of the child by means of an application for writ of Habeas Corpus in the High Court at Madras. The application was dismissed on 5-8-46 with the observation 'as respondent 2 'its father' is the lawful guardian of the infant and as it is not suggested that the child is not being properly cared for, we cannot grant the petition'. Subsequently she filed the application under the Act in a Court at Bangalore for her being appointed guardian of the person and property of the minor alleging firstly that the child was not properly looked after especially because of the second wife of the father being occupied with the household work and in rearing up of her own child and secondly that the father attempted to kill the child) on 23-5-1948 by administering chloroform with the object of rendering the guardianship proceedings infructuous. Both these allegations were repudiated by the respondent who is the father of the child. The learned District Judge on a consideration of the evidence and principles governing the case dismissed the application with costs. The mother has preferred this appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Of the two grounds relied upon in the lower Court the one accusing the respondent of an attempt to kill the child is given up and we may add, very properly. The allegation is a very serious one and should not have been put forward without proper inquiries even though it was due to the information said to have been conveyed to appellant by others. What remains to see 'is whether the child is not properly taken care of in her present enviornments.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. There can be no doubt that it is best for the well-being of the child to be under the protection of its parents and the child is entitled to joint care and affection of father and mother. As observed bv Pearson J. in a similar case in -- 're Elderston, (1833) 25 Ch D 220 at p. 229 (A). 'persons who choose to enter the sacred bonds of marriage take upon themselves a responsibility ..... towards such children as they mayhave so to live that those children shall have that to which they are entitled, the benefit of the joint care and affection of both father and mother and neither of them is entitled to so act as to deprive the children of that which they have thus guaranteed to them'. Unfortunately in this case the child is deprived of this advantage on account of the estrangement between father and mother and even the consideration of the child's happiness has not served to bring about a reunion between them. It is, however, not disputed that in spite of the quarrels between the father and the mother both are interested in the child and are willing to do all that he or she can for the good of the child. The question is, when the father and mother have fallen out and live apart, is it necessary or proper to change the custody of the child from the hands of the father? Admittedly the mother went away leaving the child when it was about two years old and has failed in her efforts to come back. The father has reared it up all these years with the aid of his mother, relations and his second wife. The evidence shows that he has put the child in a school and arranged for tuition at home. As regards means, the father as the earning member with a accent salary and holding a responsible post is in a better position than the mother who is apparently not possessed of any property to provide for the needs of the child and for her settlement in life.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Sri Lakshminaranappa, the learned counsel for the mother, argued that having regard to the fact that attachments and affections of themother are higher than those of any other towards a child and that step-mothers as a rule are not kindly to their step-children, the child should be allowed to live with the mother. He has also represented that the minor being her only child would receive from her undivided attention unlike the stepmother who has children of her own to be nursed. The sincerity of feelings and certainty of devotion of a mother to-wards an only child particularly when it happens to be a girl and that a stepmother however well-disposed is not an adequate substitute for a mother are beyond question. But these alone cannot be a determining factor for her being appointed guardian, the paramount consideration being the welfare of the minor. Welfare cannot mean merely physical comfort and must be taken in its widest sense to Include amenities and arrangement required for the girl being educated and accomplished to be happy in the present as well as in the future. It is doubtful whether the facilities now afforded to the child for these by the father will be available with the mother as she herself has to live with others.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. As mentioned in the order of the learned District Judge, Section 16, Guardians and Wards Act requires that the personal law applicable to the parties is to be taken into account while appointing a parson as guardian. Under the Hindu Law the primary right to be the guardian of the children is that of the father. (See Colebrooke's Digest, Volume 3, Chap. 8). In '33 Mys HCR 226 (B)' a Bench of this Court held </p><p style="text-align: justify;">'a father as the natural guardian is entitled to have the custody of the infant as against other relations inclusive of even the mother and his claim must be allowed to prevail unless .....the Court is Judicially satisfied thatthe welfare of the child requires that the parental right should be superseded.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Though it was a case in which the dispute was not between father and mother, as in this case, but between father and maternal grand-father after the death of the mother, the principle enunciated in the decision is important. Sri Lakshmina-ranappa, learned counsel for the appellant cited some cases in support of his contention that the mother should be appointed guardian of the minor in preference to the father. 'Saraswathibai Shripad v. Shripad Vasanji', AIR 1941 Bom 103 (C) strongly relied upon was a case in which the minor was a boy of 2 1/2 years living with the mother when the father who had taken a second wife applied for being appointed guardian. The application was dismissed on the view that though the father was the natural guardian the interests of the boy did not Justify his being taken away from the custody of the mother, with a significant remark by Wadia J. 'the father having married again may not be a ground for depriving him of the custody of his minor child'. --'Kaliappa Goundan v. Valliammal', AIR 1949 Mad 603 (D) is a decision of a single Judge in which this case is referred to as laying down that the mother's claim should be upheld In preference to that of the father. The decision cannot be taken to be that the father should be deprived of the custody of the child even though he is taking care of it well. --'Narasimha Setty v. Chennamma', AIR 1950 Mys 8 (E) was also a case in which the application of the father was dismissed, the reason being that the minor was brought up by the maternal relations for years ever since it was left with them by the mother and father, the father evinced no interest in the minor for years and after the settlement of properties for the benefit of the minor by the maternal relationsand on the death of the mother the father put forward the claim. -- 'Bai Tara v. Mohan Lal Lallubhai', AIR 1922 Bom 405 (P) and --'Shushila Ganju v. Kunwar Krishna',- AIR 1948 Oudh 266 (G) are other cases in which the application of the father who had taken a second wife was dismissed. In --'Bindo v. Sham Lal', 29 All 210 (H) also his application against maternal relations was dismissed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">What may be gathered 'from all these cases is that the welfare of the minor is the primary and paramount consideration for the appointment of any one as guardian and that subject to this, if the minor is and has been in custody of the mother or other relations at the time the application is made and well looked after by them the Court will be loath to interfere. This is not a case of attempting to take away the child from its mother but a case in which the question is whether a child who has been away from her mother for a long period shall be 'forced' to go back to her against the inclinations of the minor as ascertained in the lower Court whatever value may be attached to it. It may look cruel to refuse the mother's request but no less painful would it be to snatch the child from the father who has been a de facto mother. Sympathy and-sentiment apart, under the circumstances, we think that it is not in the interest of the minor to disturb her stay with the father.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The appeal is dismissed. Parties will bear their own costs.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Appeal dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">', 'observations' => null, 'overruledby' => null, 'prhistory' => '', 'pubs' => 'AIR1953Kant123; AIR1953Mys123; ILR1953KAR123', 'ratiodecidendi' => '', 'respondent' => 'M.V.C. 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LAW: Section 16, the Hindu Law
PERSON: Venkata Ramaiya, Bangalore, Habeas Corpus, Bangalore, Sri Lakshminaranappa, Judicially, Sri Lakshmina-ranappa, Saraswathibai Shripad, Shripad Vasanji', Wadia J. ', Goundan v. Valliammal', Setty v., Chennamma, Mohan Lal Lallubhai', --'Shushila Ganju, Sham Lal', Sympathy
NORP: J.1, Hindus
ORG: Guardians, him.2, the High Court, Court, Elderston, Guardians, Colebrooke, Court, Court, AIR 1941 Bom 103, AIR 1949 Mad 603, AIR, AIR 1922 Bom, Kunwar Krishna',- AIR 1948 Oudh, Court, Court
DATE: February 1942, that day, December 1944, June 1946, 1833, about two years old, all these years, '33, 2 1/2 years, years, years
CARDINAL: 31, 5, 2, 23, two, one, 25, 229, 3, 8), 405, 29
LOC: Madras
ORDINAL: second, second, first, firstly, second, secondly, second, second, second
FAC: Madras
PRODUCT: Pearson J.
GPE: Justify