Spencer, J.
1. This is an appeal from a judgment of the learned Chief Justice sitting as a single Judge on the Original Side of the High Court,
2. Upon the death of one Rajamanicka Mudali, the father of the 1st defendant, the Administrator-General was directed by an order of Mr. Justice Boddam upon a petition presented to him on the Original Side to take out Letters of Administration to the estate of the deceased. Accordingly, Letters of Administration which are Exhibit Y were granted to the Administrator-General on the 28th March 1899. The 1st defendant is said to have attained his majority on November 1904. On the same day he mortgaged a house belonging to the estate of his deceased father in favour of the 3rd defendant; and on the 26th April 1905 he sold the same house to the plaintiff for Rs. 2500. Subsequently in July 1905 the Administrator-General at the 1st defendant's request sold this house to the 2nd defendant for Rs. 2300 in order to recover the commission due to him for the administration of the estate, and a sale deed was executed on the 1st August 1905 to that defendant. The plaintiff brought this suit for a declaration that the sale by the Administrator-General to the 2nd defendant was invalid; but this contention was found against him and the suit was dismissed. He now appeals.
3. The appellant's pleader, in his arguments, has raised the following questions:--(1) Was the sale by the Administrator-General after the 1st defendant attained majority and without the orders of the Court a good and valid sale (2) Did the property vest in the Administrator-General by virtue of the Letters of Administration and (3) Did the property vest in any other members of the family ?
4. The last point may be briefly disposed of by pointing out that if the property passed by survivorship to any person other than 1st defendant, the plaintiff who claims to derive title from 1st defendant will be out of Court.
5. The answer to the first question must depend on the answer to be given to another question which is, what powers does the Administrator-General possess when dealing with the estates of Hindus administered by him under Act II of 1874 ?
6. Section 17 of this Act empowers a Court to pass such an order as Exhibit K purports to be, directing the Administrator-General to apply for Letters of Administration of the effects of any person including Hindus who die leaving assets within the local limits of the Ordinary Original Civil Jurisdiction of the High Court it the Presidency Towns. Section 18 provides that, in cases where danger is apprehended of such property being wasted before the legal successor can be ascertained, the Court may authorise the Administrator-General to collect and take possession of such property and hold it according to the orders and directions of the Court, and thereupon the Administrator-General shall be entitled to collect and take possession of such property and if necessary, to maintain a suit for the recovery thereof. This section is not a section under which Letters of Administration are granted, because it expressly refers to the contingency of Letters being afterwards granted. The section under which Letters of Administration are granted is Section 20, and this section contains no words to the effect that the Administrator-General must act 'under the orders and directions of the Court'. In the absence of any words to the contrary it may be presumed that after receiving the Letters of Administration he should exercise his ordinary powers as Administrator-General. In the case of In the goods of Hari Das Dutt deceased (1906) 11 C.W.N. 193 it was held by Harington J, that an Administrator-General holding an estate under Section 18 of the Administrator-General's Act pending the grant of Letters of Administration would not be in any better position than a private administrator. In Lal Chand Ramdayal v. Gumtibai, Ghella Petna et al v. Gumtibai (1871) 8 Bom. H.C.R. 140 ', there is an observation at page 153 that an Administrator-General who has obtained a fiat for Letters of Administration would have no higher authority over, or estate in, the deceased's property than any ordinary Administrator would have over, or in, the property of a deceased Hindu whatever that authority or estate might be. The Act itself does not define the powers of the Administrator-General. But under the Charter of 1900 this High Court was invested with power to grant Letters of Administration in such manner and form as was at the time in use, or might hereafter be in use, in the Diocese of London and to do all other things whatsoever needful and necessary on that behalf. (See Morley's Digest, Vol. II, p. 619.
7. This leads us to the second question whether the estate vested in the Administrator-General by virtue of the grant of the Letters of Administration. The learned Chief Justice has held that it did, not withstanding the fact that no vesting section is to be found in the Administrator-General's Act. Section 179 of the Indian Succession Act and Section 4 of the Probate and Administration Act expressly provide that the executor or administrator of a deceased person is his legal representative for all purposes and all the property of the deceased person vests in him as such. Before these sections can be applied, it must be considered whether the Administrator-General's Act is a self-contained Act, or whether it must be read subject to the provisions of either of these two Acts so far as they can be applied to the circumstances of the particular case. By Section 2 of the Hindu Wills Act (XXI of 1870), Section 179 of the Indian Succession Act was applied to the wills of Hindus in the towns of Bombay and Madras and was again repealed by Section 154 of the Probate and Administration Act. The result of this is that, so far as the wills of Hindus are concerned Section 179 which vests the estate of a deceased Hindu in his Administrator does not apply, although certain other sections of the Indian Succession Act do apply to wills of Hindus; but the present case, being a case of intestacy, will not be governed by the Hindu Wills Act (XXI of 1870). Again, if the Administrator-General's Act has to be read subject to the provisions of the Probate and Administration Act, Section 4 which vests the property in the Administrator will apply; and also Section 90 which restricts the power of an Administrator to dispose of property by way of sale or mortgage without the previous permission of the Court must be applied. In the Succession Act there is no restriction such as is contained in Section 90 of the Probate and Administration Act, and therefore if the cases of Hindus dying intestate ought to be governed by the Succession Act, there can be no doubt that the estate of the deceased is vested in the Administrator and that he has full powers to dispose of it in such manner as may appear to him proper. With reference to the Charter which gives powers similar to those in use in the Diocese of London, it may be observed that the office of the Administrator-General in this country corresponds to that of the public trustee in England, and the power of a public Trustee when dealing with small estates of a capital value not exceeding 1,000 include such powers as arise from the fact that after he declares in writing signed and sealed by him that he takes over the administration of the estate excepting copyhold and stock vests in him as if it were transferred to him by a vesting order under the Trustee Act. The learned Chief Justice has observed in this connection that according to the practice of the English Court of Probate the Administrator would have power to deal with everything that is covered by the Grant without obtaining the special sanction of the Court. Although the Administrator-General's Act does not in express words, state that all the properties over which the Administrator-General has obtained Letters of Administration vest in him, Section 33 contemplates the fact that estates may be vested in the Administrator-General by virtue of Letters of Administration. In the absence of any words of limitation in this Act, we feel no doubt that the learned Chief Justice was right in holding that the estate of Rajamanicka Mudali vested in the Administrator-General. It has further been argued that in any case the Administrator General had no authority to dispose of immoveables. Although in Kadambinee Dossee v. Koylash Kaminee Dossee I.L.R. (1877) C. 431, it was considered that Letters of Administration applied only to moveables, Section 23(a) has been introduced subsequently by Act IX of 1881 and makes it clear that there is no distinction to be made in India between real property and personality, by declaring that Letters, of Administration shall have effect over all the property and estate, moveable or immoveable of the deceased throughout the Presidency.
8. A further difficulty has arisen in this case owing to the provisions of Section 90 of the Probate and Administration Act having been embodied in the Letters of Administration (Ex. Y) granted to the Administrator-General and printed on the reverse of the same. It appears from enquiries that we have caused to be made that it is the practice on the Original Side to print Section 90 of the Probate and Administration Act on the last page of all Letters of Administration whenever they are granted under that act.
9. Whether this section, which restricts the power of the Administrator to mortage, or transfer by sale, the property of which he takes control, was added to the grant in this particular case by design or accident cannot now be ascertained. But in either case Section 149 of the Probate and Administration Act destroys the effect of this addition. This section declares that 'Nothing contained in this act shall affect the rights, duties and privileges, of the Administrator-General, Bengal, Madras or Bombay.' Section 52 of the Administrator-General's Act permits Administrators- General of Bombay and Madras to retain a commission of 5 per cent. upon the amount or value of the assets which they collect and distribute in the due course of administration.
10. The administration cannot be treated as closed until every act necessary for its completion has been done, and such was not the case here as may be seen from Ex. T dated 18-8-05. It therefore appears that the Administrator-General had not, in the present case, been divested of his powers at the time when the sale to the 2nd defendant was made, and therefore that he was acting within the scope of his authority in conducting the sale- In this view of the case, the plaintiff's appeal fails and must be dismissed. The 2nd and 4th respondents costs (1 set) will be borne by the estate. Appellant will bear his own costs. The 3rd defendant who took a mortgage of the suit house from the 1st defendant supports the plaintiff in this appeal and pleads that even if the legal, estate was not divested by the first sale, yet the beneficial interest has already passed to him to the knowledge of the Administrator-General and that he is entitled to retain it in spite of the second sale.
11. In regard to this contention we are of opinion that 3rd defendant's case must stand or fall with the decision of the question of the property being vested in the Administrator General at the time when 1st defendant entered into transactions with plaintiffs and 3rd defendant.
12. 3rd defendant will bear his own costs of this appeal.
Sankaran Nair, J.
13. I agree.