ORDER
B.L. Yadav, J.
1. Whether in a case under Sections 27(1)(b) read with Sections 18(a)(i) 18(a)(II), 18(a)(II-A) and Section 18(a)(VI) of the Drugs & Cosmetics Act 1940 as amended by the U.P. Amendment Act No. 47 of 1975 (for short the Act), where the maximum punishment is imprisonment for life, which is triable exclusively by the Court of Session, can the Chief/Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate, who can award maximum sentence of seven years in view of Section 29 of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 (for short the Code), try the case himself or commit it to the Court of Session, is the short point for consideration under present criminal revision by one of the accused.
2. The Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate by his order dated 23-9-1985 held that he need not commit the case to the Court of Session, rather he would try it himself, whereas in revision against that order it was held by the Additional Sessions Judge in his order dated 10-12-1986 that the Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate must refer it to the Court of Session as the case was triable exclusively by the Court of Session. Against that order of Additional Sessions Judge present Criminal Revision has been filed. The prayer is that the impugned order directing the Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate to commit the case to the Court of Session may be set aside.
3. The factual metrix in brief is that in a complaint filed by the Drug Inspector in respect of offence under aforesaid sections of the Act process was issued against the applicant and another. They appeared before the Magistrate concerned. The Drug Inspector made an application that the case may be committed to the Court of Session, under Section 209 of the Code as the offence disclosed under the aforesaid sections of the Act, was punishable under Section 27 of the Act (as amended by U.P. Amendment Act. No. 68 of 1982) and the punishment provided was for life imprisonment and the Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate could not pass sentence for life imprisonment Or imprisonment for a term exceeding seven years. The Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate by his order dated 23-9-1985 held that there was no need to commit the case to the court of session. Against that order of Chief Judicial Magistrate, Union of India filed revision which was allowed by the impugned order and Chief Judicial Magistrate was directed to commit the case to the Court of Session.
4. Mr. R. K. Shangloo, learned counsel for the applicant strenuously urged that in view of Section 36 of the Act Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate could pass any sentence prescribed by the Act in excess of powers given to him under the Code. In other words in view of Section 36 of the Act, Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate could even pass the sentence for life imprisonment even though under Section 29 of the Code he could not pass a sentence of life imprisonment or imprisonment for a term exceeding seven years. Reliance was placed on a Division Bench decision of Calcutta High Court, Ranjeet Chaterji v. State of Bengal, 1985 Drugs Cases 121 and a single Judge decision of learned Brother K. C. Agarwal, J. (as he then was and for whom I have got profound regards), in Ravindra Prakash Arya v. Union of India, 1984 Cri LJ 1321 (All).
5. Learned counsel for the opposite party on the other hand urged that as under Section 29 of the Code Magistrate could not pass a sentence for life imprisonment or imprisonment for a term exceeding seven years, hence the provisions of Section 36 of the Act were not applicable and in any case said provision was just an enabling provision and that too was in respect of special and exceptional cases. It was further urged that no prejudice was caused to the applicant hence the order of learned sessions Judge, directing the Chief Judicial Magistrate to commit the case to the court of session, does not require any interference. It was next urged that the decision in Ravindra Prakash Arya v. Union of India 1984 Cri LJ 1321 (All) (Supra) was applicable to the case.
6. Having heard' learned counsel for the parties short question that falls for consideration is as to whether additional Chief Judicial Magistrate could commit the case to the court of session, when under Section 29 of the Code he could not pass a sentence of life imprisonment, or imprisonment for a term exceeding seven years, whereas the offence disclosed under the aforesaid sections of the Act was punishable under Section 27 of the Act for life imprisonment.
7. Under Section 4(i) of the Code it has been provided that all offences under the Indian Penal Code shall be investigated, inquired into, tried, and otherwise dealt with according to the provisions hereinafter contained. Under Sub-clause (ii) of Section 4 it has been provided that all offences under any other law shall be investigated, inquired into, tried, and otherwise dealt with according to the same provisions but subject to any enactment for the time being in force regulating the manner or place of investigating, inquiring into, trying or otherwise dealing with such offences. Section 5 of the Code enacts saving clause to the effect that nothing contained in this Code shall, in the absence of a specific provision to the contrary, affect any special or local law for the time being in force, or any special jurisdiction or. power conferred, or any special form of procedure prescribed, by any other law for the time being in force. In the present case no doubt offences under the Drugs & Cosmetics Act is covered by Section 4(ii) of the Code but there is no procedure provided under the Act regulating the manner or place of investigating, inquiring into, trying or otherwise dealing with such offences and even in view of the provisions of Section 5 of the Code, no special form of procedure was prescribed under the Act to deal with the offence contemplated under the Act.
8. Under the Code a detailed procedure has been provided under Chapters (XVIII), (XIX), (XX), and similar other relevant provisions. No such detailed procedure has been provided under the Act. Unless any special form of procedure is prescribed as contemplated by Section 5 of the Code or as contemplated under Section 4(2) of the Code, it could not be said that the offence provided under the Act could not be tried in view of the procedure prescribed under the Code.
9. Relevant statutory provision of Section 36 of the Act is set out below:--
'Magistrate's Power to impose enhance penalties notwithstanding anything contained in (the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), it shall be lawful for (any Metropolitan Magistrate or any Judicial Magistrate of the first class) to pass any sentence authorized by this Act in excess of his powers under the said Code'.
9A. Apparently Section 36 of the Act contains a somewhat contradictory provision to Section 29 of the Code. In such situation the principles of interpretation have been pointed out in Jurisprudence by R.W.M. Dias (Fourth Edition) page 23, as follows:
10. 'Statutes operate in time-continuum and are generally of indefinite duration. Consideration of them in this way necessarily imports their function and functioning. Account should be taken of the original as well as changing policies and the flexibilities of language need to be utilised accordingly. It has been pointed out that words possess an inner core of agreed applications surrounded by a fringe of unsettled applications. The former indicates the general direction of development, while manipulation occurs in the fringe'.
10A. To reconcile two contradictory provisions it has been stated in Maxwell's 'The interpretations of Statutes' (Twelfth Edition), page 187 as follows:--
'But on the general principles that an author must be supposed not to have intended to contradict himself, the Court will endeavour to construe the language of the legislature in such a way as to avoid having to apply the rule 'Leges Posleriores Priores Contrari as Abrogant'...one way in which repugnancy can be avoided is by reading two apparently conflicting provisions as dealing with distinct matters or situations'.
On page 188 it has been stated as follows:
'Collision may also be avoided by holding that one section, which is ex facie in conflict with another, merely provides for an exception from the general rule contained in that other'.
(See Bourne v. Stenbridge (1965) 1 WLR 189 JKW Organ & Sons Ltd. v. Goucestershire County, Council, (1961) 2 QB 123.
11. Applying these principles of interpretation Section 36 of the Act and Section 29 of the Code have to be harmoniously interpreted. While interpreting a particular provision possible injustice or absurdity have also to be taken into account. The legislative history has also to be taken note of. Apparently Section 29 was enacted with a view that at the time of awarding punishment if some more sentence was required which was beyond his power under the Code, in that event slightly more sentence could be imposed. But where it was crystal clear, that quantum of sentence sought to be imposed was beyond the power of Magistrate under Section 29 of the Code, in that event he could not pass a sentence of life imprisonment or a sentence of imprisonment for a term exceeding seven years. In such situations provisions of Section 36 of the Act were not applicable. In the present case the sentence sought to be imposed was of life imprisonment whereas Chief Judicial Magistrate was not empowered to pass a sentence of life imprisonment or a sentence of imprisonment for a term exceeding seven years, hence obviously it was beyond his power to impose the sentence contemplated under the aforesaid sections of the Act.
Relevant statutory provisions of Section 209 of the Code are set out as follows:
'209 COMMITMENT OF CASE TO COURT OF SESSIONS WHEN OFFENCE IS TRIABLE EXCLUSIVELY BY IT :-- When in a case instituted on a police report or otherwise, the accused appears or is brought before the Magistrate and 'it appears', to the Magistrate that the offence is triable exclusively by the Court of Session he shall -- (a) commit, after complying with the provisions of Section 207 -- or Section 208, as the case may be, the case to the Court of Session, and subject to the provisions of this Code relating to bail, remand the accused to custody until such commitment has been made'.
12. The relevant clause under Section 209, is, in case 'it appears to the Magistrate' that the offence is triable exclusively by the Court of Session, he shall commit the case to the Court of Sessions, after complying with the provisions of Section 207 & 208 of the Code. The legislature appears to be cautious in using the expressionl 'it appears'.
13. By now it is well settled that dictionary meaning of a word cannot be looked into in case that word has been statutority or judicially defined. But in case there is no definition the Court may take aid of dictionaries to ascertain meaning of particular word. In the instant case we have to ascertain meaning of word 'appears' under Section 209 by the aid of dictionaries.
(See State of Orissa v. Titagarh Paper Mills Co. Ltd., AIR 1985 SC 1293 at page 1328 para 89.
14. At this juncture I am reminded of what Samual Johnson, a great English poet, Critic, Eassayist and Dictionary Maker, has stated : He has stated that, 'Dictionaries are like watches, the worst is better than none, and the best cannot be expected to go quite true. Every honest lexicogrenher agrees knowing that no matter how keenly he strives to make his book 'go true', he would inevitably lose the battle with what might be called linguistic indeterminacy. Since indeterminacy will be the prima fact of his professional life, he will often be tempted to deny and resent, like the grammarians of the 17th and 18th centuries, the radical instability of languages'.
15. In Kerr v. Kennedy, (1942) 1 KB 409 per Acquith, J. it was observed --
'dictionaries are for consultation in the absence of any judicial guidance or authority'.
16. The dictionary meaning of word 'appears' can be looked into as it is not statutorily defined. According to Chamber's Twentieth Century Dictionary the word 'appears' con-notes to become visible, to present oneself formally before any authority or tribunal. According to Shorter Oxford English Dictionary the word 'appears' means to come forth into view, to become visible, to come out. According to Webster's third New International Dictionary word 'appear' means to come into view, become visible.
17. As soon as it becomes visible or comes into view of the Magistrate that the case is triable exclusively by the Court of Sessions, in that event he shall commit the case to the Court of sessions. It is not to proceed with the case first and record evidence and thereafter to decide as to whether he can impose sufficient punishment or not. He has to decide at the first sight, when the matter is brought before him formally for the first time as to whether he can impose sufficient punishment or not. The intention of the legislature is that when it comes into view the Magistrate that the case is triable by the Court of Sessions, he has no option in the matter but to commit it to the Court of Sessions. There appears to be another reason why under Section 36 of the Act the Magistrate's power, to impose penalty has been provided, to the effect that he can pass any sentence authorised by this Act in excess of powers under the Code. For that we have to trace out legislative history of Section 36 of the Act and the power of the Magistrate under Section 29 of the Code. Earlier under the corresponding Section 32 of the Old Code of 1898 the Magistrate of first class could pass imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years and fine not exceeding Rs. 2000/-whereas under Section 27 of the Act the imprisonment was for 3 years and to meet that contengency Section 36 was enacted so that even a Magistrate who has got power to impose punishment only for 2 years can impose a punishment of 3 years. As State of U. P. by U.P. Amendment Act No. 68 of 1982 has amended the Act and substituted Section 27 of the Act and made the offence punishable for imprisonment of life. Section 36 of the Act could not be made applicable, and this can never be the intention of legislature to enact Section 36 that Magistrate may be called upon to impose a sentence of life imprisonment. The decision in Dr. Ravindra Prakash
Arya v. Union of India, 1984 Cri LJ 1321 (All) (Supra) is applicable to the facts of present case, (as is clear from conclusions arrived at under paras 10 & 11 of that judgment).
18. As regards the Division Bench decision of Calcutta High Court in Ranjit Chatterjee v. The State of West Bengal, (1985 Drugs Cases 121), the case was committed to the Court of Session by the Magistrate and the sentence was awarded and thereafter it was argued that the Magistrate has incorrectly committed the case to the Court of Session, consequently that case was on different facts. Apart from that legislative history of the provisions of Section 29 of present Code and Section 32 of the Old Code along with Section 36 of the Act was not taken into account. I am accordingly of the opinion that the decision in Ranjit Chatterjee v. State of West Bengal is besides the point.
19. Another reason to maiantain the impugned order of Additional Sessions Judge is that in view of Sections 462 and 465 of the Code even where the proceedings were taken at wrong place, no finding, sentence or order passed by a Court of competent jurisdiction, shall be reversed or altered by a Court of Appeal, confirmation or revision, unless in the opinion of that Court, a failure of justice has in fact been occasioned thereby. In the present case, failure of justice or prejudice to the accused was neither pleaded by the applicant nor the same has been proved hence just on technical objection it would not be sufficient to reverse the impugned order.
19A. In State of Karnataka v. Kuppuswamy Gownder, AIR 1987 SC 1354 : (1987 Cri LJ 1075), following dictum laid down by their Lordships of Supreme Court (vide para 15), may be noticed :
'This goes a long way to show that even if a trial takes place in a wrong place where the Court has no territorial jurisdiction to try the case still unless failure of justice is pleaded and proved, the trial cannot be quashed. In this view of the matter therefore reading Section 462 along with Section 465 clearly goes to show that the Scheme of the Criminal P.C. is that where there is no inherent lack of jurisdiction, merely either on the ground of any irregularity of procedure, an order or sentence awarded by a competent Court could not be set aside unless a prejudice is pleaded and proved which will mean failure of justice. But in absence of such a plea merely on such technical ground the order or sentence passed by a competent Court could not be quashed'.
In the present case also no prejudice is either pleaded or proved nor there has been failure of justice. In case, the case is committed to the Court of session, the applicant shall have opportunity of trial by a more experienced and judicially superior Court as compared to the Court of Chief Judicial Magistrate. There shall be a different procedure contemplated under Chapter XVIII and Sections 225 to 237 and other relevant provisions of the Code. In this view of the matter, I am of the view that there is no prejudice caused to the applicant in case the case is committed to the Court of Sessions. As stated above, since the Chief Judicial Magistrate, in view of the provisions of Section 29 of the Code, cannot impose a sentence of imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term exceeding seven years, hence the order of Chief Judicial Magistrate was correctly set aside by the impugned order.
20. In view of the premises above, applying priori and posteriori reasonings I am of the view that impugned order is perfectly correct and legal. No prejudice or failure of justice has been caused to the applicant. Revision lacks merit and is dismissed.
21. As the matter has dragged on for too long hence the Chief/Additional Judicial Magistrate concerned is directed to commit the case to the Court of Sessions forthwith who shall dispose of the trial within 3 months from the date the case is committed to it.