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Indian Evidence Act 1872 Chapter 8

Title: Estoppel

State: Central

Year: 1872

When one person has, by his declaration, act or omission, intentionally caused or permitted another person to believe a thing to be true and to act upon such belief, neither he nor his representative shall be allowed, in any suit or proceeding between himself and such person or his representative, to deny the truth of that thing. Illustration A intentionally and falsely leads B to believe that certain land belongs to A, and thereby induces B to buy and pay for it. The land afterwards becomes the property of A, and A seeks to set aside the sale on the ground that, at the time of the sale, he had no title. He must not be allowed to prove his want of title. Section 116 - Estoppel of tenant; and of licensee of person in possession No tenant of immovable property, or person claiming through such tenant, shall, during the continuance of the tenancy, be permitted to deny that the landlord of such tenant had, at the beginning of the tenancy, a title to such immovable property; and no person who came upon any immovable property by the license of the person in possession thereof, shall be permitted to deny that such person had a title to such possession at the time when such.....

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 Complete Act

State: Central

Year: 1898

.....(2) of Section 5, for the words 'but subject to any enactment', substitute the words 'but, save as otherwise provided by this Code, subject to any enactment'. [W.B. Act 8 of 1970, Section 3 and Sch., item 2]. (1) All offences under the Indian Penal Code shall be investigated, inquired into, tried and otherwise dealt with according to the provisions hereinafter contained. Trial of offences against other laws (2) All offences under any other law shall be investigated, inquired into, tried, and otherwise dealt with according to the same provisions, but subject to any enactment for the time being in force regulating the manner or place of investigating, inquiring into, trying or otherwise dealing with such offences. PART 2 CONSTITUTION AND POWERS OF CRIMINAL COURTS AND OFFICES: CHAPTER 2: OF THE CONSTITUTION OF CRIMINAL COURTS AND OFFICES: SECTION 6: Glasses of Criminal Courts: Besides the High Courts and the Courts constituted under any law other than this Code for the time being in force, there shall be five classes of Criminal Courts in [India], namely,- : State Amendments GUJARAT.-In its application to the State of Gujarat the amendment made in Section 6 is the.....

Indian Evidence Act, 1872 Complete Act

State: Central

Year: 1872

.....to another when the one is connected with the other in any of the ways referred to in the provisions of this Act relating to the relevancy of facts. "Facts in issue" " The expression "facts in issue" means and includes " any fact from which, either by itself or in connection with other facts, the existence, non-existence, nature or extent of any right, liability, or disability, asserted or denied on any suit or proceeding, necessarily follows. Explanation - Whenever, under the provisions of the law for the time being in force relating to Civil Procedure, any Court records an issue of fact, the fact to be asserted or denied in the answer to such issue is a fact in issue. Illustrations A is accused of the murder of B. At his trial the following facts may be in issue:- That caused A B's death; That A intended to cause Bs' death; That A had received grave and sudden provocation from B; That A, at the time of doing the act which caused B's death, was, by reason of unsoundness of mind, incapable of knowing its nature. "Documents" " "Documents" means any matter expressed of described upon any substance by means of letters, figures or marks, or by more than one of those means,.....

Indian Evidence Act 1872 Part 3

Title: Production and Effect of Evidence

State: Central

Year: 1872

.....the burden of proving that fact is upon him. Illustrations (a) When a person does an act with some intention other than that which the character and circumstances of the act suggest, the burden of proving that intention is upon him. (b) A is charged with travelling on a railway without a ticket. The burden of proving that he had a ticket is on him Section 107 - Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty years When the question is whether a man is alive or dead, and it is shown that he was alive within thirty years, the burden of proving that he is dead is on the person who affirms it. Section 108 - Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven years 1 [Provided that when] the question is whether a man is alive or dead, and it is proved that he has not been heard of for seven years by those who would naturally have heard of him if he had been alive, the burden of proving that he is alive is 2 [shifted to] the person who affirms it. _______________________ 1. Substituted by Act 18 of 1872, section 9, for "when". 2. Substituted by Act 18 of 1972, section 9, for "on". Section 109 - Burden of.....

Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 Chapter XIII

Title: Special Rules of Evidence

State: Central

Year: 1881

.....- Presumption on proof of protest In a suit upon an instrument which has been dishonoured, the Court shall, on proof of the protest, presume the fact of dishonour, unless and until such fact is disproved. Section 120 - Estoppel against denying original validity of instrument No maker of a promissory note, and no drawer of a bill of exchange or cheque, and no acceptor of a bill of exchange for the honour of the drawer shall, in a suit thereon by a holder in due course, be permitted to deny the validity of the instrument as originally made or drawn. Section 121 - Estoppel against denying capacity of payee to indorse No maker of a promissory note and no acceptor of a bill of exchange1[payable to ord er] sh all, in a suit thereon by a holder in due course, be permitted to deny the payee's capacity, at the rate of the note or bill, to indorse the same. ___________________ 1. Substituted by Act 8 of 1919, sec. 5, for "payable to, or to the order of, a specified person". Section 122 - Estoppel against denying signature or capacity of prior party No indorser of a negotiable instrument shall, in a suit thereon by a subsequent holder, be permitted to deny the.....

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 Appendix A

Title: Pleadings

State: Central

Year: 1908

.....the matters in respect of which particulars have been ordered) deliveredpursuant to the order of ..... the .....of ..... (Hereset out the particulars ordered in paragraphs, if necessary.) ___________________ 1. Substituted by A.O. 1950, for "The Secretary of State or the Federation of India or the Province of............, as the case maybe." 2. Substituted by Act 104 of 1976, section 93, for paragraph 2 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977). 3. Not applicable where suit is instituted by the Advocate-General. 4. Substituted by Act 104 of 1976 section 93, for "a decree for the balance" (w.e.f. 1-2-1977). 5. Added by Act 104 of 1976, section 93 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977). 6. See now the Limitation Act, 1963 (36 of 1963). 7. See now the Indian Succession Act, 1925 (39 of 1925).

Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 Complete Act

Title: Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881

State: Central

Year: 1881

Preamble1 - NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS ACT, 1881 Chapter I Section1 - Short title Section2 - Repeal of enactments Section3 - Interpretation clause Chapter II Section4 - "Promissory note" Section5 - "Bill of exchange" Section6 - "Cheque" Section7 - "Drawer", "drawee" Section8 - "Holder" Section9 - "Holder in due course" Section10 - "Payment in due course" Section11 - "Inland instrument" Section12 - "Foreign instrument." Section13 - "Negotiable instrument" Section14 - Negotiation Section15 - Indorsement Section16 - Indorsement "in blank" and "in full"--"Indorsee" Section17 - Ambiguous instruments Section18 - Where amount is stated differently in figures and words Section19 - Instruments payable on demand Section20 - Inchoate stamped instruments Section21 - "At sight", "On presentment", "After sight" Section22 - "Maturity" Section23 - Calculating maturity of bill or note payable so many months after date or sight Section24 - Calculating maturity of bill or note payable so many days after date or sight Section25 - When day of maturity is a holiday Chapter III Section26 - Capacity to make, etc., promissory notes, etc. Section27 - Agency Section28 - Liability of.....

Indian Evidence Act 1872 Complete Act

Title: Indian Evidence Act 1872

State: Central

Year: 1872

.....presume" Chapter 2 Section5 - Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts Section6 - Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction Section7 - Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue Section8 - Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct Section9 - Facts necessary to explain or introduce relevant facts Section10 - Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design Section11 - When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant Section12 - In suits for damages, facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant Section13 - Facts relevant when right or custom is in question Section14 - Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body or bodily feeling Section15 - Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional Section16 - Existence of course of business when relevant Section17 - Admission defined Section18 - Admission by party to proceeding or his agent by suitor in representative character Section19 - Admissions by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit Section20 - Admissions by persons expressly referred to by party to suit Section21 -.....

Code of Civil Procedure 1908 Complete Act

State: Central

Year: 1908

.....in the Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act, 1970 (5 of 1970). Explanation II : For the purposes of this section, a transaction is a commercial transaction, if it is connected with the industry, trade or business of the party incurring the liability.] (2) Where such a decree is silent with respect to the payment of further interest on such principal sum] from the date of the decree to the date of payment or other earlier date, the court shall be deemed to have refused such interest, and a separate suit therefor shall not lie. SECTION 35: COSTS (1) Subject to such conditions and limitations as may be prescribed, and to the provisions of any law for the time being in force, the costs of and incident to all suits shall be in the discretion of the court, and the court shall have full power to determine by whom or out of what property and to what extent such costs are to be paid, and to give all necessary directions for the purposes aforesaid. The fact that the court has no jurisdiction to try the suit shall be no bar to the exercise of such powers. (2) Where the court directs that any costs shall not follow the event, the court shall state its reasons in.....

Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 Complete Act

State: Central

Year: 1881

.....When the holder of an accepted bill of exchange enters into any contract with the acceptor which, under section 134 or 135 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 (9 of 1872), would discharge the other parties, the holder may expressly reserve his right to charge the other parties, and in such case they are not discharged. SECTION 40: DISCHARGE OF INDORSER'S LIABILITY Where the holder of a negotiable instrument, without the consent of the indorser, destroys or impairs the indorser's remedy against a prior party, the indorser is discharged from liability to the holder to the same extent as if the instrument had been paid at maturity. Illustration A is the holder of a bill of exchange made payable to the order of B, which contains the following indorsements in blank- First indorsement, "B". Second indorsement, "Peter Williams". Third indorsement "Wright & Co." Fourth indorsement "John Rozario". This bill A puts in suit against John Rozario and strikes out, without John Rozario's consent, the indorsements by Peter Williams and Wright & Co. A is not entitled to recover anything from John Rozario. SECTION 41: ACCEPTOR BOUND, ALTHOUGH INDORSEMENT FORGED An acceptor of a bill of.....