Used Substantially - Law Dictionary Search Results
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Decree [fr. decretum, Lat.], an edict, a law.The term was also used for the judgment of a Court of Equity. But by the (English) Judicature Acts, 1873 and 1875, the expression judgment, which was formerly used only in Courts of Common Law, is adopted in reference to the decisions of all Divisions of the Supreme Court, and [(English) Judicature Act, 1925, s. 225, replacing (English) Act of 1873, s. 100] includes decree. See JUDGMENT, and consult Seton on Decrees. In Scotland the judgment of a Court disposing of a case (accent on first syllable).Decree means a formal expression of an adjudication which the Court conclusively and finally determines the rights of the parties with regard to all or any of the matters in controversy in the suit, Deep Chand v. Land Acquisition Officer, (1994) 4 SCC 99: AIR 1994 SC 1901.A decree in invitum is not an instrument securing money or other property; such a decree is a record of the formal adjudication of the Court relating to a right claimed by a part...
Piracy
Piracy [fr. pirata, Lat.], the commission of those acts of robbery and violence upon the sea, which if committed upon land wold amount to felony. Pirates hold no commission or delegated authority from any sovereign or State, empowering them to attack others. They can, therefore, be only regarded in the light of robbers. They are, as Cicero has truly stated, the common enemies of all (communes hostes omnium); and the law of nations gives to every one the right to pursue and exterminate them without any previous declaration of war (see Piracy Jure Gentium, 1934, AC 586, where a frustrated attempt was held to be piracy by that law); but it is not allowed to kill them without trial, except in battle. Those who surrender or are taken prisoners must be brought before the proper magistrates, and dealt with according to law. By the ancient Common Law of England, piracy, if committed by a subject, was held to be a species of treason, being contrary to his natural allegiance; if by an alien, to ...
Trust
Trust, is a comprehensive expression, as covering not only the relationship of trustee and beneficiary but also that a bailor and bailee master and servant pledger and pledgee, guardian and ward and all other relations which postulate the existence of fiduciary relationship between the complainant and the accused, State v. K.P. Jain, (1983) 2 Crimes 947 (All).Trust, is a trust for public purposes, the substances and primary intention of the creator must be seen, Shabbir Husain v. Ashiq Husain, AIR 1929 Oudh 225.Trust, is an obligation annexed to ownership. A trustee holds property 'subject' to an obligation, which the testator has imposed upon him, Mahadeo Ramchandra v. Damodar Vishwanath, AIR 1957 Bom 218: (1957) 59 Bom LR 478.Means any arrangement whereby property is transferred with intention that it be administered for another's benefit is a trust. It casts an obligation on the trustee to use the property for achieving the purpose for which the trust is created, Baba Jamuna Das Mah...
Natural justice
Natural justice, the aim of the rules of natural justice is to secure justice or to put it negatively to prevent miscarriage of justice. These rules can operate only in areas not covered by any law validly made. In other words they supplant the rules of natural justice which are not embodied rules. What particular rule of natural justice should apply to a given case must depend to a great extent on the facts and circumstances of that case, the frame-work of the law under which the enquiry is held and the constitution of the Tribunal pointed for the purpose, A.K. Kraipak v. Union of India, AIR 1970 SC 150: (1969) 2 SCC 262.Historically, 'natural justice' has been used in a way 'which implies the existence of moral principles of self-evidence and unarguable truth'. In course of time, judges nurtured in the traditions of British jurisprudence, often involved it in conjunction with a reference to 'equity and good conscience'. Legal experts of earlier generations did not draw any distinctio...
Magna Carta
Magna Carta, [Latin 'great charter'] The English charter that King John granted to the barons in 1215 and Henry III and Edward I later confirmed. It is generally regarded as one of the great common-law documents and as the foundation of constitution liberties. The other three great charters of English Liberty are the Petition of Right (3 Car. (1628)), the Habeas Corpus Act (31 Car. 2 (1679)), and the Bill of Rights (1 Will. SM. (1689)). Also spelled Magna charta, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn., p. 963.This Great Charter is based substantially upon the Saxon Common Law, which flourished in this kingdom until the Normaninvasion consolidated the system of feudality, still the great characteristic of the principles of real property. The barons assembled at St.Edmund's Bury, in Suffolk, in the later part of the year 1214, and there solemnly swore upon the high alter to withdraw their allegiance from the Crown, and openly rebel, unless King John confirmed by a formal charter the ancient li...
Information
Information, an accusation, or complaint, also, communicated knowledge.Information means any material in any form, including records, documents, memos, e-mails, opinions, advices, press-releases, circulars, orders, logbooks, contracts, reports, papers, samples, models, data material held in any electronic form and information relating to any private body which can be accessed by a public authority under any other law for the time being in force. [Right to Information Act, 2005, s. 2(f)]Information in chancery. Where a suit was instituted on behalf of the Crown or Government, or of those of whom it had the custody by virtue of its prerogative (such as idiots and lunatics), or whose rights are under its particular protection (such as the objects of a public charity), the matter of complaint was offered to the Court by way of information by the Attorney or Solicitor-General, and not by way of petition. When a suit immediately concerned the crown or government alone, the proceeding was pur...
contract
contract [Latin contractus from contrahere to draw together, enter into (a relationship or agreement), from com- with, together + trahere to draw] 1 : an agreement between two or more parties that creates in each party a duty to do or not do something and a right to performance of the other's duty or a remedy for the breach of the other's duty ;also : a document embodying such an agreement see also accept, bargain, breach, cause, consent, consideration, duty, meeting of the minds, obligation, offer, performance, promise, rescind, social contract, subcontract Uniform Commercial Code in the Important Laws section NOTE: Contracts must be made by parties with the necessary capacity (as age or mental soundness) and must have a lawful, not criminal, object. Except in Louisiana, a valid contract also requires consideration, mutuality of obligations, and a meeting of the minds. In Louisiana, a valid contract requires the consent of the parties and a cause for the contract in addition to c...
infringement
infringement : the act or an instance of infringing ;esp : the unauthorized use of copyrighted or patented material or of a trademark, trade name, or trade dress see also equivalent, fair use NOTE: Infringement of a trademark, trade name, or trade dress involves use of one by the infringer that is the same as that of the owner or so similar that it is likely to deceive or to cause confusion or mistake on the part of the average purchaser. Infringement of a copyright involves the copying of a material and substantial portion of the protected work. If the alleged infringer denies copying, the copyright holder may be able to prove infringement with circumstantial evidence of the infringer's access to the protected work and of similarities between the two works. ...
Common
Common, a profit which a man has in the land of another; it derives its name from the community of interest which thence arises between the claimant and the owner of the soil, or between the claimant and other commoners entitled to the same right; all which parties are entitled to bring actions for injuries done to their respective interests, and that both as against strangers and against each other. It is called an incorporeal right, which lies in grant, as if originally commencing in some agreement between lords and tenants, for some valuable consideration which, by lapse of time, being formed into a prescription, continues, although there be no deed or instrument in writing which proves the original contract or agreement. It differs from a rent, principally in freedom of enjoyment on the one hand, and in freedom from obligation on the other; which the law expresses by the quaint antithesis that it lies not in render but in prender. It is also incidentally distinguished by its fruits...
Equity
Equity [fr. 'quitas, Lat.] There is some confusion as to the meaning of Equity; as a scheme of jurispru-dence distinct from Law 'Equity' is an equivocal term; the difficulty lies in drawing the dividing lines between the several senses in which it is used. They may be distinguished thus:-(1) Taken broadly and philosophically, Equity means to do to all men as we would they should do unto us-by the Justinian Pandects, honeste vivere, alterum non l'dere, suum cuique tribuere. It is clear that human tribunals cannot cope with so wide a range or duties.(2) Taken in a less universal sense, Equity is used in contradistinction to strict law. This is Moral Equity, which should be the genius of every kind of human jurisprudence; since it expounds and limits the language of the positive laws, and construes them not according to their strict letter, but rather in their reasonable and benignant spirit.Aristotle, in his discussion concerning Moral Equity, Ethics Eud., b.v., c. x, calls it the correc...
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