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Petroleum, includes any mineral oil or relative hydrocarbon and natural gas existing in its natural condition in strata, but does not include coal or bituminous shales or other shales or other stratified deposits from which oil can be extracted by destructive distillation. [Petroleum (Production) Act, 1934 (UK)]Includes any mineral oil or relative hydrocarbon and natural gas existing in its natural condition in strata, whether or not it has undergone any processing; but does not include coal or bituminous shales or other stratified deposits from which oil can be extracted by destructive distillation. [Pipelines Act, 1962 (UK)]Petroleum, is an oily, inflammable liquid made up mostly of hydrocarbons compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon, the New Bank of Popular Science, Vol. 2; Special Reference No. 1 of 2001, In Re (2004) 4 SCC 489.Means liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons are so intimately associated in nature that it has become customary to shorten the expression 'petroleum and na...
Weights and measures
Weights and measures, instruments for reducing the quantity and price of merchandise to a certainty, that there may be the less room for deceit and imposition. See AVOIRDUPOIS; TROY WEIGHT; and METRIC SYSTEM.The adjustment of weights and measures is a prerogative of the Crown, and has from an early date been regulated by statute-the Weights and Measures Act, 1878. The 25th and 26th sections enact that:25. Use or Possession for Use.-Every person who uses or has in his possession for use for trade any weight, measure, scale, balance, steelyard, or weighing machine which is false or unjust, shall be liable to a fine not exceeding 5l., or in the case of a second offence 20l. [as amended by the W. and M. Act, 1889], and any contract, bargain, sale, or dealing made by the same shall be void, and the weight, measure, scale, balance, or steelyard shall be liable to be forfeited.26. Fraud in Use.-Where any fraud is wilfully committed in the using of any weight, measure, scale, balance, steelyar...
Populous place
Populous place, was defined by s. 32 of the (English) Licensing Act, 1874, as 'any area with a population of not less than 1,000 which by reason of the density of such population the county licensing committee may by order determine to be a populous place.' By s. 3 of this Act the closing hours were made different in towns and 'populous places' from those (1) in London and (2) elsewhere that in London or in towns and populous places. The above definition was repealed and substantially re-enacted by (English) Licensing (Consolidation) Act, 1910, but was repealed by the Licensing Act, 1921. A 'populous place' no longer exists in licensing law....
Re-exchange
Re-exchange is 'the difference in the value of a bill occasioned by its being dishonoured in a foreign country in which it was payable. The existence and amount of it depend on the rate of exchange between the two countries. The theory of the transaction is this: a merchant in London endorses a bill for a certain number of Austrian florins, payable at a future date in Vienna. The holder is entitled to receive in Vienna, on the day of the maturity of the bill, a certain number of Austrian florins. Suppose the bill to be dishonoured. The holder is now, by the custom of merchants, entitled to immediate and specific redress by his own act in this way: he is entitled, being in Vienna, then and there to raise the exact number of Austrian florins by drawing and negotiating a cross-bill, payable at sight on his endorser in London, for as much English money as will purchase in Vienna the exact number of Austrian florins at the rate of exchange on the day of dishonour; and to include in the amou...
Serjeant
Serjeant [fr. serviens, Lat.], used in several senses:-A feudal tenure by knight service due only to king, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn.(1) Serjeants-at-law, or of the coif (servientes ad legem), otherwise called serjeants counter, the highest degree in the Common Law, as doctors in the Civil Law; but, according to Spelman, a doctor of law is superior to a serjeant, for the very name of a doctor is magisterial, but that of a serjeant is only ministerial. Serjeants-at-law were made by the sovereign's writ, addressed unto such as are called, commanding them to take upon them that degree by a certain day, Fortescue, c. 50; 3 Cro. 1; Dyer, 72; 2 Inst. 213.The monopoly of exclusive audience enjoyed by the serjeants in the Court of Common Pleas, during term time, ineffectually attempted to be abolished by Royal Warrant in 1834 [see In the Matter of the Serjeants-at-law, (1840) 6 Bing NC 235], was abolished in 1846 by 9 & 10 Vict. c. 54.The judges of the Common Law Courts were formerly req...
Sewer
Sewer, a trench or channel through which water or sewage flows.The Court of Commissioners of Sewers is a temporary tribunal, erected by commission under the Great Seal, which used to be granted pro re nata at the pleasure of the Crown, and later at the discretion of the Lord Chancellor, Lord Treasurer, and Chief Justices, pursuant to the Statute of Sewers (23 Hen. 8, c. 5). Their jurisdiction is to overlook the repairs of the banks and walls of the sea-coast and navigable rivers; or, with consent of a certain proportion of the owners and occupiers, to make new ones, and to cleanse such rivers, and the streams communicating therewith, and is confined to such county or particular district as the commission shall name. They are a Court of record, and may proceed b jury, or upon their own view, and may make orders for the removal of annoyances, or the conservation of the sewers within their commission according to the customs of Romney Marsh, or otherwise. They may also assess necessary ra...
Slaughterhouses
Slaughterhouses, are licensed in the Metropolis under Public Health (London) Act, 1936 (26Geo. 5 & 1 Edw. 8, c. 50), s. 144, repealing the Public Health (London) Act, 1891, s. 20, and in large towns by the Towns Improvement Clauses Act, 1847, ss. 125-131, incorporated by the Public Health Act, 1875, s. 169; by which Act it includes the buildings and places commonly called slaughter-houses and knacker's yards, and any building or place used for slaughtering cattle, horses or animals of any description for sale. As to the powers of the Ministry of Agriculture to regulate and restrict the slaughter of animals used for food, see the Slaughter of Animals Act, 1914.It means any place ordinarily used for the slaughter of animals for the purpose of selling the flesh thereof for human consumption. [Cantonments Act, 1924, s. 2(xxxiv)]...
Special jury
Special jury, a jury consisting of persons who, in addition to the ordinary qualifications, are of a certain station in society as esquires, bankers, merchants, etc. The Jurors Act, 1870, s. 6, provides that every man whose name shall be on the jurors' book for any county in England or Wales, or for the county of the City of London, and who shall be legally entitled to be called an esquire, or shall be a person of higher degree, or shall be a banker or merchant, or who shall occupy a private dwelling-house rated or assessed to the poor rate, or to the inhabited house duty, on a value of not less than 100l. in a town containing, according to the census then next preceding the preparation of the jury list, 20,000 inhabitants and upwards, or rated or assessed to the poor rate, or to the inhabited house duty, on a value of not less than 50l. elsewhere, or who shall occupy premises other than a farm, rated or assessed as aforesaid on a value of not less than 100l., or a farm rated or assess...
Trade Union
Trade Union. The Acts 30 & 31 Vict. cc. 8, 74, provided for facilitating the proceedings of a commission appointed by Queen Victoria to inquire into and report on the organization and rules of trade unions, and other associations of employers and workmen. The (English) Trade Union Act, 1871 (34 & 35 Vict. c. 31), provides:-S. 2. 'The purposes of any trade union shall not, by reason merely that they are in restraint of trade, be deemed to be unlawful, so as to render any member of such trade union liable to criminal prosecution for conspiracy or otherwise.'S. 3. 'The purposes of any trade union shall not, by reason merely that they are in restraint of trade, be unlawful so as to render void or voidable any agreement or trust.'S. 4. 'Nothing in this Act shall enable any court to entertain any legal proceeding instituted with the object of directly enforcing or recovering damages for breach of any of the following agreements, namely,(1) Any agreement between members of a trade union as su...
Tramways
Tramways, rails for conveyance of traffic along a road not owned, as a railway is, by those who lay down the rails and convey the traffic. The construction and regulation of tramways is provided for by the Tramways Act, 1870 (33 & 34 Vict. c. 78), and numerous special Acts. See Chitty's Statutes, tit. 'Tramways'; and Sutton's Tramways Acts.As to purchase of tramways by local authority within six months after the expiration of twenty-one years from the time of authorization of con-struction, or within six months after the expiration of every subsequent period of seven years, see s. 43 of the Tramways Act, 1870, as amended by the Local Government Act, 1933, and London Street Tramways Co. v. London County Council, 1894, AC 489. As to the powers of the Ministry of Transport, see ss. 2 and 5 of the Ministry of Transport Act, 1919 (9 & 10 Geo. 5, c. 50).The abandonment of tramways is regulated by ss. 41, 42 of the Act of 1870.As to the partial exemption from rates, see Thornton Urban Council...
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