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Passengers, persons conveyed from one place to another. Passenger ships are those peculiarly appropriated to the conveyance of passengers, as distinguished from cargo ships. In some respects, passengers by ship may be considered as a portion of the crew. They may be called on by the master or commander of the ship, in case of imminent danger, either from tempest or enemies, to lend their assistance for the general safety; and in the event of their declining, may be punished for disobedience. This principle has been recognized in several cases; but as the authority arises out of the necessity of the case, it must be exercised strictly within the limits of that necessity, Boyce v. Bayliffe, (1807) 1 Camp 58.A passenger is not, however, bound to remain on board a ship in the hour of danger, but may quit it if he has an opportunity; and he is not required to take upon himself any responsibility as to the conduct of the ship; if he incurs any responsibility, and perform extraordinary servic...
Party-wall
Party-wall, a term which has been used indifferent senses, may mean (1) a wall of which the two adjoining owners are tenants in common: (2) a wall divided longitudinally into two strips, one belonging to each of the neighbouring owners: (3) a wall which belongs entirely to one of the adjoining owners, but is subject to an easement or right in the other to have it maintained as a dividing wall between the two tenements: (4) a wall divided longitudinally into two moieties, each moiety being subject to a cross easement in favour of the owner of the other moiety, Watson v. Gray, (1880) 14 Ch D 192.The common use of a wall separating adjoining lands of different owners is prima facie evidence that the wall and the land on which it stands belongs to the owners of those adjoining lands, in equal moieties, as tenants in common, or would so belong if tenancy in undivided shares in a legal estate had not been done away with by the land legislation of 1925. Now under s. 38, and 1st Sch., Part 5, ...
Nuisances Removal Acts (English)
Nuisances Removal Acts (English), repealed and replaced (except as to the Metropolis) by the Public Health Acts, 1875 and 1936, and repealed as to the Metropolis by the Public Health(London) Act, 1891, now itself repealed and replaced with amendments by the Public Health (London) Act, 1936. See PUBLIC HEALTH....
Music and dancing licences
Music and dancing licences.--The grant of these in London and Westminster and within twenty miles thereof, including the administrative county of (English) Middlesex (Music and Dancing Licences (Middlesex) Act, 1894), is regulated by the (Eng-lish) Public Entertainment Act, 1751 (25 Geo. 2, c. 36), which enacted that any house kept for public dancing, music, or other public entertainment of the like kind, without a licence from justices, is to be deemed a disorderly house; see (English) Home Counties (Music and Dancing) Licensing Act, 1926 (16 & 17Geo. 5, c. 31); and by s. 3 of the Local Government Act, 1888, which transferred the licensing powers from justices to the London County Council. For Sunday entertainments, see (English) Sunday Entertainments Act, 1932 (22 & 23 Geo. 5, c. 51).Various local Act in large towns (see Geary on the Law of Public Entertainments) regulate music-halls, etc., somewhat similarly; and the (English) Local Government Act, 1888, substitutes the county counc...
Lloyd's
Lloyd's. in the second half of the seventeenth century a number of merchants, ship-owners, and insurance brokers were accustomed to meet in Lloyd's Coffee House in the City of London. From these meetings arose the present association of underwriters, which is famous throughout the world as a centre of marine insurance. Shipping intelligence of all kinds is collected by Lloyd's agents all over the world and forwarded to London. Signal stations have been established under the provisions of (English) Lloyd's Signal Station Act, 1888 (51 & 52 Vict. c. 29). Derelict ships have to be reported to Lloyd's (Derelict Vessels (Report) Act,1896 (59 & 60 Vict. c. 12)). 'Lloyd's List' thus forms a record of shipping news of great importance to the commercial community. Lloyd's Act, 1871 (34 & 35 Vict. c. xxi.), incorporates and regulates Lloyd's. Besides marine insurance, almost any risk can be covered there, and by the Assurance Companies Act,1909 (9 Edw. 7, c. 49), ss. 28 and 33, members of Lloyd'...
Metropolitan Police
Metropolitan Police. The area which is under the control of the Metropolitan Police is the County of London (but not the City), the County of Middlesex, Cryodon, West Ham, and such places within 15 miles of Charing Cross as the King by Order in Council has included. [(English) Metropolitan Police Act, 1829, ss. 2 and 34 and Schedule, and Metropolitan Police Act, 1839, ss. 2 and 5]The (English) Metropolitan Police Act, 1933 (23 & 24 Geo. 5, c. 33), gives power to appoint an additional assistant commissioner (s. 1), amends the age for compulsory retirement for senior officers (s. 2), makes amendments as to the constitution of the Police Federation (s. 3), gives power to appoint constables for a fixed period (s. 4).The numerous Acts dealing with the Metropolitan Police are collected in Chitty's Statutes, tits. 'Police (Metropolis)' and 'Police (London),' and also in an official Metropolitan Police Guide. See also the Police Regulations of 20th August, 1920, as amended by the Police Regula...
Magna Carta
Magna Carta, [Latin 'great charter'] The English charter that King John granted to the barons in 1215 and Henry III and Edward I later confirmed. It is generally regarded as one of the great common-law documents and as the foundation of constitution liberties. The other three great charters of English Liberty are the Petition of Right (3 Car. (1628)), the Habeas Corpus Act (31 Car. 2 (1679)), and the Bill of Rights (1 Will. SM. (1689)). Also spelled Magna charta, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn., p. 963.This Great Charter is based substantially upon the Saxon Common Law, which flourished in this kingdom until the Normaninvasion consolidated the system of feudality, still the great characteristic of the principles of real property. The barons assembled at St.Edmund's Bury, in Suffolk, in the later part of the year 1214, and there solemnly swore upon the high alter to withdraw their allegiance from the Crown, and openly rebel, unless King John confirmed by a formal charter the ancient li...
Lodger
Lodger, a tenant, with the right of exclusive possession, of a part of a house called lodgings, the landlord, by himself or an agent, retaining general dominion over the house itself.Lodgings may be let in the same manner as lands and tenements; in general, however, they are let either by agreement in writing or verbally. An executory verbal agreement may be void by the (English) Law of Property Act, 1925, s. 40; and see Edgev Strafford, (1831) 1 C. & J. 391, as being a contract in relation to land, and a written agreement is often desirable to avoid dispute.Lodgers in rooms which have been let as a separate dwelling to them, unfurnished, may be tenants of a dwelling-house for the purpose of the (English) Rent Restrictions Acts, 1920, 1935, and if that dwelling or the house of which the rooms form parties not decontrolled, their tenancy is within those Acts (see INCREASEOF RENT). As to rent-books generally, in small houses, see (English) Housing Act, 1936, s. 4, and Part IV of that Act...
Labour Bureau
Labour Bureau, defined in the Labour Bureau (London) Act,1902 (2 Edw. 7, c. 13), as 'an office or place used for the purpose of supplying information, either by the keeping of registers or otherwise, respecting employers who desire to engage workpeople and workmen who seek engagement of employment.' The Act empowers the council of any metropolitan borough to establish and maintain such a bureau out of the general rate. [Labour Bureau (London) Act, 1902...
Policies of Insurance, Court of
Policies of Insurance, Court of. It was erected in pursuance of 43 Eliz. c. 12, which enabled the Lord Chancellor yearly to grant a standing commission to the Judge of the Admiralty, the Recorder of London, two doctors of the civil law, two common lawyers, and eight merchants; any three of whom, one being a civilian, or a barrister, were thereby, and by 13 & 14 Car. 2, c. 23, empowered to determine in a summary way all causes concerning policies of insurance in London, with an appeal by way of bill to the Court of Chancery. It had been long wholly disused in Blackstone's time, and both the above Acts were repealed by (English) Stat. Law Rev. Act, 1863....
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