Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan - Court Judgment

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
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		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
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			'circuit' => null
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
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		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
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		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
)
$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
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		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
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		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
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			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
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			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
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		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
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		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
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			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
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		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
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		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
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			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
)
$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
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$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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B.N. Srikrishna, J.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
$casename_url = 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
)
$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
$casename_url = 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
)
$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
)
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include - APP/View/Case/amp.ctp, line 144
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2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
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		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
)
$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
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	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
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		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
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		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
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		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
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$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
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			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
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		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
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	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
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	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
)
$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
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	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
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		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
)
$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
)
$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
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	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.

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			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
)
$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
$casename_url = 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
)
$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
)
$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
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$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
$casename_url = 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
)
$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
$casename_url = 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
)
$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
)
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4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
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	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
)
$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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5. Medical evidence

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
)
$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
)
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include - APP/View/Case/amp.ctp, line 144
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6. Evidence regarding recovery

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
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	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
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		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
)
$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
)
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7. Other evidence

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
$casename_url = 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
)
$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
)
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1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
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	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
)
$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
)
$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal:

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
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		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
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		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
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		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
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$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
)
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Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
)
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14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
)
$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
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	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
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		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
)
$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
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	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
)
$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
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	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:

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			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
)
$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
$casename_url = 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
)
$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
)
$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
)
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4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
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	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
)
$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
)
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5. Medical Evidence:

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
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			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
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		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
)
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6. Evidence of recoveries:

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
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	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
)
$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
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	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
)
$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
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		'circuit' => null
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	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the Evidence Act, 1872 and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.

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			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
)
$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
$casename_url = 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
)
$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
)
$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
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$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
)
$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
)
$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
)
$paragraphAfter = (int) 1
$cnt = (int) 52
$i = (int) 43
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View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473
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This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
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		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
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		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
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		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
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$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
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			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
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		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
)
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22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
)
$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
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	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
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		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
)
$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
)
$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
	)
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
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	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
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25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.

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		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '655700',
			'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
			'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
			'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
			'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
			'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
			'court_type' => 'SC',
			'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. Other evidence</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Medical Evidence:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
			'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
			'sub' => 'Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '655700',
		(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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$title_for_layout = 'Murlidhar and ors Vs State of Rajasthan - Citation 655700 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '655700',
		'acts' => 'Indian Penal Code (IPC) - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397; <a href="/act/51405/indian-evidence-act-1872-complete-act">Evidence Act, 1872</a> - Sections 106 and 114',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Appeal No. 355 of 2004',
		'appellant' => 'Murlidhar and ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Murlidhar and ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan',
		'casenote' => '(i) Criminal - applicable section - Sections 34, 120B, 147, 148, 149, 201, 302, 364, 379, 394 and 397 of Indian Penal Code and Sections 106 and 114 of Evidence Act, 1872 - conviction Order challenged - evidence on record confirmed that Sessions Court and High Court justified in convicting accused - appellants under Section 364 - High Court correctly analysed evidence and came to conclusion that story given out by witnesses is unbelievable and unnatural - Courts below concurrently concluded that evidence of PW 3, PW 15 and PW 31 not to be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder - High Court correctly concluded that prosecution evidence when considered in light of proximity of time within which deceased sustained injuries and proximity of place within which dead body found enough to draw inference that deceased's death was caused by accused - held, conviction of appellants under Section 364 justified.;(ii) Burden of proof - prosecution established that what transpired after deceased was dragged away by assailants was within knowledge of witnesses - as said fact established it was not open for High Court to have fallen back on rule of burden of proof under Section 106 - prosecution no where stated that Section 106 applied to facts on record - High Court brought it out on its own without any justification - held, conviction under Sections 302 and 34 cannot be sustained and accused-appellants liable to be acquitted of said charges. -  -  When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. 13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month. 14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'.We agree with this finding of the High Court. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'.Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31): The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => ' S.R. Bajwa, Sr.Adv.,; Sushil Kumar Jain,; Ram Niwas,; ',
		'counseldef' => ' Manish Kumar and ; Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, Advs.',
		'court' => 'Supreme Court of India',
		'court_type' => 'SC',
		'decidedon' => '2005-05-09',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' P. Venkatarama Reddi and; B.N. Srikrishna, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.</p><p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.</p><p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.</p><p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.</p><p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:</p><p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.</p><p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.</p><p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.</p><p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.</p><p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.</p><p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.</p><p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,</p><p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.</p><p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.</p><p>5. Medical evidence</p><p>6. Evidence regarding recovery</p><p>7. Other evidence</p><p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:</p><p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.</p><p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: </p><p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.</p><p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.</p><p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.</p><p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.</p><p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.</p><p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.</p><p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:</p><p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.</p><p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:</p><p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.</p><p>5. Medical Evidence:</p><p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'</p><p>6. Evidence of recoveries:</p><p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.</p><p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.</p><p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.</p><p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.</p><p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):</p><p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'</p><p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):</p><p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'</p><p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):</p><p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'</p><p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.</p><p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.</p><p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.</p><p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => 'From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.2003 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B. Crl. A. No. 324 of 1999 ',
		'pubs' => 'AIR2005SC2345; 2005(2)ALD(Cri)363; 2005CriLJ2608; JT2005(5)SC358; (2005)11SCC133; 2005(2)LC915(SC)',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Rajasthan',
		'sub' => 'Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
)
$casename_url = 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
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	(int) 0 => '655700',
	(int) 1 => 'murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
)
$url = 'https://sooperkanoon.com/case/amp/655700/murlidhar-ors-vs-state-rajasthan'
$ctype = ''
$caseref = 'Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer<br>'
$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>B.N. Srikrishna, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The three appellants before this Court by special leave impugn the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan which has convicted them on charges under Sections 364, 302/34 IPC and sentenced them appropriately thereunder.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. At about 11:40 a.m. on 3rd November, 1996, a written complaint was lodged by Rameshwar (PW 1) with the Police Station, Govindgarh, District Jaipur regarding abduction of his brother, Ramlal stating thus: On 2nd November, 19% in the night around 6:30 p.m. Ramlal had left Ring us for his village Bagdi. He took a lift in camel cart of Manaram (PW 2) of village Gudiliya. When the camel cart was passing by (Manawali Dhani), the field of Khemaram, Khemaram and his family members stopped the camel cart, pulled Ramlal down the camel cart, beat him up and took him inside the house of Khemaram. Ramlal was beaten inside the house and, thereafter, taken to some unknown place. The camel cart owner, on his way, informed one Girdhari Lal Kumawat and other villagers of village Bagadi Nangal about the abduction and beating of Ramlal. Next day morning, the villagers told the informant about these facts. The informant searched around, but Ramlal could not be traced. The persons of neighbourhood also told the informant that at night they have heard the cry of Ramlal coming from Khemaram's house, and Ramlal was beaten up inside the house and thereafter taken to some unknown place.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. The Police registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 364 IPC and commenced investigation. The investigation turned up the dead body of Ramlal which was discovered in the path of a dried up nullah under the Ring us bridge. The police arrested nine persons of which, apart from the present three appellants, the other accused were Khema Ram, Deepa Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad. The said nine accused were tried by the sessions court.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The Sessions Court acquitted all the accused from the charges of Section 120B IPC but convicted all the accused as follows:',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Accused Khemaram, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal and Laxman Prasad were acquitted of the charge under Section 120B/364 IPC.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>5. Accused Murlidhar was acquitted of charge under Section 394/397.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 302/149 IPC.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. Accused Khemaram, Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 148 IPC.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Accused Murlidhar, Deeparam, Shyopal, Babulal son of Deeparam, Sagarmal, Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Laxman Prasad were held guilty for offence under Section 201 IPC.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. Accused Babulal son of Chhajuram, Chhajuram and Murlidhar were held guilty for offence under Section 364 IPC.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>10. Accused Murlidhar was held guilty for offence under Section 379 IPC,',
	(int) 12 => '<p>11. All the convicted accused appealed to the High Court. The appeals of Khema Ram, Sheopal, Babulal son of Deepa Ram, Sagar Mal and Laxman Prasad were allowed and they were acquitted of the charges under Section 302/149, 148 and 201 IPC. The appeals of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babulal, son of Chhaju Ram were dismissed and their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC were confirmed. The High Court converted the conviction to one under Section 302/34 IPC instead of Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 10,000/- with a default sentence of six months rigorous imprisonment. The sentences were directed to run concurrently. These three accused were, however, acquitted of charges under Sections 148, 201 and 379 IPC. The convicted accused are in appeal before us.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>12. The evidence before the trial court consisted partly of the evidence of eye witnesses and partly of circumstantial evidence. The trial court discussed the evidence under the following heads.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings with Ramlal in the house of Khemaram.',
	(int) 17 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>5. Medical evidence',
	(int) 19 => '<p>6. Evidence regarding recovery',
	(int) 20 => '<p>7. Other evidence',
	(int) 21 => '<p>1. Evidence regarding criminal conspiracy:',
	(int) 22 => '<p>Both, the Sessions Court and the High Court concurrently concluded that the evidence of Ajeet Singh (PW 3), Hari Ram (PW 15) and Kalu Ram (PW 31) could not be relied upon for insufficiency of their testimony to establish that there was a criminal conspiracy to abduct and murder. We are in agreement with the High Court on this issue.',
	(int) 23 => '<p>2. Evidence regarding abduction of Ramlal: ',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Ramlal had taken a ride in the camel cart of Manaram (PW 2), who was also accompanied by his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). Girdhari Kumawat also took a ride in the camel cart. The evidence of Manaram (PW 2) shows that first he dropped Girdhari Kumawat at Manawali Dhani. The camel cart then proceeded towards Hasteda. When the camel cart was passing by Khemaram's well, Murlidhar and Chhajuram suddenly appeared and caught hold of Ramlal and tried to pull him down from the cart. Babulal, son of Chhajuram, and Bhagguram also appeared on the scene and started beating him with lathis. In all the fracas the camel cart started running away.',
	(int) 25 => '<p>Manaram sitting on the cart tried to balance and hold the flour mill with which the cart was loaded. Manaram's (PW 2) evidence is corroborated by that of his son Sardar Mal (PW 4). The evidence of these two witnesses suggests that Ramlal was pulled out of the cart, belaboured by the accused persons and the others and dragged away to the interior of Khemaram's house.',
	(int) 26 => '<p>13. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was not reliable as it was inherently improbable particularly, with regard to identification of the accused. On a careful perusal of the evidence, we are not impressed by this contention. Sardar Mal (PW 4) states in his evidence that although there was some darkness, mere was some amount of light in front of the house of Khemaram. It is not, as if, the assailants were unknown to Manaram and his son Sardar Mal. In fact, the evidence suggests that he knew Chhajuram, Murlidhar, Babulal and Bhaggu well for two or three years, as they used to go with him sometimes, and they were meeting once or so in a month.',
	(int) 27 => '<p>14. We are not satisfied that the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and his son Sardar Mal (PW 4) can be discarded because of some minor inconsistencies and so called contradictions highlighted by the learned counsel. Nor we are prepared to discard the testimonies of these two eye witnesses merely because of their not immediately rushing to the Police Station, but proceeding to Nangal village and requesting the people to inform the police about the abduction of Ramlal.',
	(int) 28 => '<p>15. Read as a whole, the testimonies of these two witnesses prove that, on the fateful day, while the camel cart driven by Manaram was passing by the farm of Khemaram, the accused suddenly appeared on the scene and pulled down Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away.',
	(int) 29 => '<p>16. Learned counsel for the appellants contended mat even assuming the evidence of Manaram (PW 2) and Sardar Mal (PW 4) was accepted, the offence under Section 364 IPC could not be said to have been proved. He contended that in order to make out an offence under Section 364 IPC, it must be shown that the abduction must be of some person 'in order that some person may be murdered or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered'. Learned counsel contended that there was no evidence, whatsoever, on this aspect of the matter. We are not inclined to agree. The intention of the accused while dragging away Ramlal is evidenced by the statement attributed to one of the accused, Bhaggu addressed to Babulal, son of Chhajuram, calling him to bring a lathi to kill Ramlal. The acts and words imputed to the accused when they pulled Ramlal, belaboured him and dragged him away, leaves us in no doubt that their intention was to so dispose him of as to put him in danger of being murdered. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Sessions Court and the High Court were justified in recording a conviction under Section 364 IPC against the accused-appellants.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>3. Evidence regarding beatings given to Ramlal in the house of Khemaram:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>The High Court concluded that the evidence as to what transpired within the house of Khemaram could not have been known by anyone. The prosecution examined Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10), Govind (PW 13) and Manbhari (PW 8) on this aspect of the case as to what happened inside Khemaram's house. The High Court has disbelieved this part of the evidence of Babulal (PW 5), Ramratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) as 'replete with inherent improbabilities and they are wholly unreliable witnesses'. We agree with this finding of the High Court. We also feel that Khemaram and his family would not have kept the doors of their house open so that someone could conveniently witness what was transpiring inside the house. This part of the story appears to be too artificial to believe.',
	(int) 32 => '<p>4. Evidence regarding witnessing the accused persons going in Tractor Trolley:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>The High Court has correctly analysed the evidence in this regard and came to the conclusion that the story given out by the witnesses is unbelievable. The witnesses on this part of the evidence are Mansingh (PW 6) and Surjaram (PW 9). These witnesses stated that on 2nd November, 1996 at about 8:30 p.m. when they were going back from Ring us to their village Bagdi Nagal, they saw a tractor trolley driven by Laxman. They named, Sheopal, Deepa, Bhagirath, Chhajuram, Murli, Sagar, Babulal son of Chhaju and Babulal son of Deepa were riding on the tractor. According to these witnesses, on an inquiry being made as to where they were going, Bhagirath and Chhaju informed them that Ballu Ram had become sick and they were taking him to Srimadhopur Hospital. PW 6 and PW 9 also claimed that they saw some body wrapped in a white gudri lying on the tractor. To say the least, the evidence appears to be wholly unnatural, as the High Court has pointed out that Man Singh (PW 6) is the 'motbir' of most of the memos drawn by the Investigating Officer. Under the cross examination, he admitted that he had not informed the Police at the time of drawing the inquest report that he had seen the appellants carrying some body on the tractor trolley. While in his police statement (Ex. D-1) he named only six accused, but at the trial he gave 10-11 names. Surja Ram (PW 9) under his cross examination stated that, when he reached near the dead body of the deceased lying under the Ring us bridge, the police were already there, but at that time, he did not disclose the fact to the police that he had seen the appellants taking a body on me tractor trolley during the preceding night. We are satisfied that the analysis of the evidences by the High Court is perfectly justified, and we agree with the conclusion of the High Court that the testimony of these witnesses on this aspect of the matter did not inspire confidence.',
	(int) 34 => '<p>5. Medical Evidence:',
	(int) 35 => '<p>The medical evidence is acceptable and proves without any doubt that Ramlal was done to homicidal death. The probable cause of death is 'asphyxia due to strangulation as well as Neutrogena shock as a result of cumulative effect of multiple injuries on the body some of which are on the vital parts, namely, testicles.'',
	(int) 36 => '<p>6. Evidence of recoveries:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>The evidence as to recoveries also appears doubtful. The recoveries consisted of lathis and HMT wrist watch from the accused Murlidhar. As to the evidence of lathis, the High Court has rightly refused to attach importance to the recoveries of the lathis as lathi is something to be found in every household in the concerned area.',
	(int) 38 => '<p>17. As to the recovery of the HMT wrist watch, the evidence of Mahendra (PW 20), son of the deceased, is contradictory. While at one time he said that he identified the watch because it had a broken side pin, he changed his testimony later to say that he identified it because the strap was broken. No formal Test Identification Parade was arranged. It was also admitted by the witness that the model HMT-Kohinoor watch was a popular model and there must have been thousands of watches manufactured by the company. The special reason given by PW 20 for identifying the watch was that it had been presented by the in-laws of his younger brother at the time of betrothal ceremony. Neither the said brother of the deceased, who was actually the owner of the watch, nor the in-laws who had gifted the watch had examined to identify the watch. There was nothing special in the watch, which was, in any event broken, for accused Murlidhar to treasure it as a prized possession. There were no marks of blood or finger prints which could have connected the accused with the watch. Significantly, the charges under Sections 397 IPC for alleged robbery, or theft of the watch were failed and Murlidhar was acquitted of the said charges. In these circumstances, the High Court was justified in rejecting the evidence of recoveries.',
	(int) 39 => '<p>18. Finally, the High Court having accepted the evidence as to the offence of abduction punishable under Section 364 IPC came to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence, when considered in the light of the proximity of time within which Ramlal sustained injuries and the proximity of the place within which the dead body was found, was enough to draw an inference that Ramlal's death was caused by the accused. Relying on Section 106 of the <a>Evidence Act, 1872</a> and the observations of this Court in State of W.B. v. Mir Mohammad Omar and Ors. : 2000CriLJ4047 the High Court held that it was established that the appellants were the abductors of Ramlal, and since the facts were especially in the knowledge of the abductors, as the accused-abductors failed to offer any explanation as to what transpired after Ramlal had been abducted, the court would be justified in drawing the inference that the abductors had murdered the victim, Ramlal, after abduction.',
	(int) 40 => '<p>19. The learned counsel for the appellants strenuously urged this last conclusion of the High Court was erroneous in law and that the appellants, even if liable to be convicted under Section 364 IPC, could not have been convicted under Section 302/34 IPC.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>20. In Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) it was established that the accused had abducted the victim, who was later found murdered. The abductors had not given any explanation as to what happened to the victim after he was abducted by them. The Sessions Court held that the prosecution had failed to establish the charge of murder against the accused persons beyond any reasonable doubt as there was 'a missing link in the chain of events after the deceased was last seen together with the accused persons and the discovery of the dead body of the deceased at Islamia Hospital'. Rejecting the said contention this Court observed (vide para 31):',
	(int) 42 => '<p>'The pristine rule that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused should not be taken as a fossilized doctrine as though it admits no process of intelligent reasoning. The doctrine of presumption is not alien to the above rule, nor would it impair the temper of the rule. On the other hand, if the traditional rule relating to burden of proof of the prosecution is allowed to be wrapped in pedantic coverage, the offenders in serious offences would be the major beneficiaries and the society would be the casualty.'',
	(int) 43 => '<p>This Court farther observed thus (vide para 33):',
	(int) 44 => '<p>'Presumption of fact is an inference as to the existence of one fact from the existence of some other facts, unless the truth of such inference is disproved. Presumption of fact is a rule in law of evidence that a fact otherwise doubtful may be inferred from certain other proved facts. When inferring the existence of a fact from other set of proved facts, the court exercises a process of reasoning and reaches a logical conclusion as the most probable position. The above principle has gained legislative recognition in India when Section 114 is incorporated in the Evidence Act. It empowers the court to presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened. In that process the court shall have regard to the common course of natural events, human conduct etc. in relation to the facts of the case.'',
	(int) 45 => '<p>21. The judgment of Vivian Bose, J. in Shambu Nath Mehra v. State of Ajmer, : 1956CriLJ794 lays down the legal principle underlying the shifting of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act thus (vide para 38):',
	(int) 46 => '<p>'This lays down the general rule that in a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution and Section 106 is certainly not intended to relieve it of that duty. On the contrary, it is designed to meet certain exceptional cases in which it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish facts which are 'especially' within the knowledge of the accused and which he could prove without difficulty or inconvenience. The word 'especially' stresses that. It means facts that are pre-eminently or exceptionally within his knowledge.'',
	(int) 47 => '<p>22. In our judgment, the High Court was not justified in relying on and applying the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act to the case. As pointed out in Mir Mohammad Omar (supra) and Shambu Nath Mehra (supra), the rule in Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply when the facts are 'especially within the knowledge of the accused' and it would be impossible, or at any rate disproportionately difficult for the prosecution to establish such facts, 'especially within the knowledge of the accused.' In the present case, the prosecution did not proceed on the footing that the facts were especially within the knowledge of the accused and, therefore, the principle in Section 106 could not apply. On the other hand, the prosecution proceeded on the footing that there were eye witnesses to the fact of murder. The prosecution took upon itself the burden of examining Babulal (PW 5) as eye witness. Testimony of Ram Ratan (PW 7) and Isro (PW 10) shows that their agricultural land was situated in a close distance from the house of Khema Ram. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, it is highly unlikely and improbable that their kith and kin Ramlal would have been given beating resulting in his death by the accused-appellants while keeping lights of their house on and door of the room opened. It is also unlikely that the accused-appellants would have taken the risk of dragging Ramlal to the house of Khema Ram, which was situated in the vicinity of agricultural land and well of Isro (PW 10), the father of Ramlal. The evidence of Govind (PW 13) also appears to be unnatural, as he had not disclosed the incident to anybody. The High Court has correctly analysed that ail the witnesses, namely, Babulal (PW 5), Ram Ratan (PW 7), Isro (PW 10) and Govind (PW 13) are wholly unreliable as their evidence is repeated with contradiction and inherent improbabilities.',
	(int) 48 => '<p>23. In the result, we are of the view that the prosecution having put forward a case that, what transpired after Ramlal was dragged away by the assailants was within the knowledge of witnesses, utterly tailed in proving the said facts. Once this is established, it was not open for the High Court to have fallen back on the rule of burden of proof under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. In fact, as we notice, it was nowhere the case of the prosecution that Section 106 of the Evidence Act applied to the facts on record. The High Court seems to have brought it out on its own, but without any justification. We are, therefore, of the view that the conviction of Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal s/o Chhaju Ram under Section 364 IPC is justified and liable to be confirmed, but their conviction under Section 302/34 IPC cannot be sustained and they are liable to be acquitted of the said charges.',
	(int) 49 => '<p>24. In the result, we partly allow the appeal and make the following order.',
	(int) 50 => '<p>25. Appellants-accused, Murlidhar, Chhaju Ram and Babu Lal son of Chhaju Ram are acquitted of the charges under Section 302/34 IPC. Their conviction and sentence under Section 364 IPC stands confirmed.<p>',
	(int) 51 => '<p>'
)
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