Kuldeep Singh and anr. Vs. State of Tamil Nadu and ors. - Court Judgment

Excerpt:
civil - transplantation of human organs act, 1994 - sections 1, 2, 3, 9, 17, 18, 19 - transplantation of human organs rules, 1995 - rule 3 - removal and transplantation of human organs - enactment of transplantation of human organs act, 1994 for regulation of removal, storage and transplantation of human organs for therapeutic purpose and for prevention of commercial dealings in human organs - constitution of authorization committee for granting approval for removal and transplantation of human organ after an enquiry - failure of both kidneys of petitioner 1 - petitioner 2 wanting to donate kidney to petitioner 1 out of love and affection at a hospital at chennai - application for grant of 'no objection certificate' refused by authorization committee of tamil nadu on ground that since both petitioners resided in punjab, only authorization committee of state of punjab had competence to issue 'noc' - however petitioner was indicated by authorization committee of punjab that only authorization committee of state of tamil nadu could issue certificate as transplantation was to be done in that state - object of statute being clearly to prevent commercial dealings in human organs, the authorization committee of state to which donor and donee belonged was required to decide whether approval was to be accorded - as object of act being to find out true intent behind donor's willingness to donate organ - hence held that authorization committee of state where recipient was undergoing medical treatment was not required to examine claim of petitioners - [p.b. gajendragadkar, c.j.,; k.n. wanchoo,; n. rajagopala ayyangar,; j.c. shah, jj.] the appellant and his mother (the lessors), granted a lease of an open site in the town of coimbatore to abirama chettiar under a registered 'deed dated september 19,1934. the annual rent stipulated under the lease was rs. 10,80 and the period of the lease was 20 years. the term under the lease was that the land was to be utilised for constructing buildings thereon for "purposes of cinema. drama etc." it was further agreed between the parties that at the end of the term the lessee would demolish the buildings which he had. constructed and deliver vacant possession of the site lo the lessor. abirama chettiar constructed a theatre on the site, and assigned his rights to the respondent-company. in an action against the company for a decree in ejectment and for mesne profits, the trial court awarded to the lessors a decree for possession and mesne profits. against the decree the company-respondent preferred an appeal to the district court which was transferred for trial to the high court. during the pendency of this appeal, the state of madras extended the madras city tenants' protection act, 3 of 1922, as amended by madras act 19 of 1955 to the municipal town of coimbatore. the company then applied under a. 9 of the act and on this application the high court directed that the lessors do sell to the company the site in dispute under s. 9 of the madras city tenants protection act, 1922. against payment of the full market value of the land on the date of the order. the order was confirmed in an appeal under the letters patent held: per gajendragadkar, c.j., shah and sikri, jj. section 12 has been enacted to protect the tenants against any contractual engagements which may have been made expressly or by implication to deprive themselves wholly or partially of the protection intended to be conferred by the statute. and the only class of cases in which the protection becomes ineffective is where the tenant has made a stipulation in writing registered as to the erection of buildings, erected after the date of the contract of lease. the stipulations not protected in s. 12 are only those in writing registered and relate to erection of buildings. such as restrictions about the size and nature of the building constructed, the building materials to be used therein and the purpose for which the building is to be utilised. (ii)section 9(1) of the act was manifestly in the interest of the general public to effectuate the mutual understanding between the, landlords and the tenants as to the duration of the tenancies, and to conserve building materials by maintaining existing buildings for purposes for which the leases were granted. restriction imposed upon the right of the landlord to obtain possession of the premises demised according to the terms of the lease would, therefore not be regarded as imposing an unreasonable restriction in the exercise of the right conferred upon the landlord by art. 19(1) of the constitution, because the restriction would be regarded as one in the interests of the general public. what s. 9 does is not so much to deprive the landlord of his property or to acquire his rights to it as to give effect to the real agreement between him and his tenant which induced the tenants to construct his building on the plot let out to him. if the law is not invalid as offending art. 19(1)(f) of the constitution, no independent infringement of art. 31(1) of the constitution may be set up. per wanchoo and ayyangar, jj (dissenting) (1) the preamble of the act would indicate that the act would not apply to afford protection in a case where by an express term in a registered lease deed a tenant agreed to surrender the site on which he had erected a building, where he specifically contracted that he would demolish the building and deliver vacant possession of the site on the termination of his tenancy. if the scope of the proviso to s. 12 had to be construed in the light of the preamble, it is obvious that the tenant who had entered into a contract with a stipulation of the sort as stated above could not be said to have constructed the buildings on another's land "in the hope that he would not be evicted so long as he pays rent for the land". the high court erred in interpretting the proviso to s. 12 of the act. (ii) these words "as to the erection of buildings" mean a stipulation which bears on or is in relation to the erection of buildings. such a construction would reconcile the proviso with the preamble which sets out the object sought to be achieved by the act. if the lease deed contains no stipulation whatsoever in regard to the erection of buildings, as was the case with the large number of leases in the city of madras which were entered into prior to the enactment of the act in 1922, the tenant who erected the building exconcessis without contravening any undertaking on his part, obtains protection under the act. the test would therefore be "did the parties advert to and have in mind the lontingency of the tenant erecting buildings on the leased land"? if they had and had included in a solemn registered instrument a provision which would bear upon the relative rights of the parties in the event of the erection of buildings on the site, the stipulation would have effect notwithstanding the act; for in such an event the tenant would not have constructed buildings on the land in the hope that he would not be disturbed from possession so long as he paid the rent agreed upon. - 1 have failed to function. the gesture was actuated by love and affection and there is no other consideration involved. (6) if, after the inquiry and after giving an opportunity to the applicants of being heard, the authorisation committee is satisfied that the applicants have not complied with the requirements of this act and the rules made thereunder, it shall, for reasons to be recorded in writing, reject the application for approval. the authorisation committee has to be satisfied that the authorization for removal is not for commercial consideration. such committee shall be in a better position to ascertain the true intent and the purpose for the authorisation to remove the organ and whether any commercial element is involved or not. they would be in a better position to lift the veil of projected affection or attachment and the so called special reasons and focus on the true intent. several relevant factors like relationship if any (need not be near relationship for which different considerations have been provided for), period of acquaintance, degree of association, reciprocity of feelings, gratitude and similar human factors and bonds can throw light on the issue. presence of an administrative official in the authorisation committee would be helpful in deciding the issues more effectively.arijit pasayat, j.1. in this petition under article 32 of the constitution of india, 1950 (in short the 'constitution') some questions of seminal importance have been raised. factual position as indicated by the petitioners needs to be noted in a nutshell as the issues are pristinely legal.2. petitioner no. 1 is undergoing treatment at devaki hospital ltd. at chennai for renal disorder. the hospital in question is duly approved by the authorities under, the transplantation of human organs act, 1994 (in short the 'act') read with transplantation of human organs rules, 1995 (in short the 'rules') and is permitted to undertake kidney transplantation. doctors treating petitioner no. 1 were of the view that both the kidneys of petitioner no. 1 have failed to function. petitioner no. 2 wanted to donate one kidney to petitioner no. 1 to save his life. the gesture was actuated by love and affection and there is no other consideration involved.3. an application was made under the act before respondent no. 2- the director of medical education, govt. of tamil nadu, chennai for issuance of 'no objection certificate' (in short the 'noc'). the respondent no. 2 by letter dated 10.3.2005 indicated to the petitioners that the noc is to be issued by the authorisation committee of the punjab state (respondent no. 3) as the authorization committee of the state of tamil nadu cannot issue such a certificate. it was indicated that since both the petitioners belong to the state of punjab, only the authorisation committee of the said state had competence to issue the noc. when request was made to respondent no. 3 through respondent no. 4 i.e. the director, research and medical education, punjab, it was indicated to the petitioners by said respondents that it is only the authorisation committee of the state of tamil nadu which can issue the certificate, as the transplantation was intended to be done in the said state.4. the petitioners have made a grievance that because of the ticklish issue as to which state has the competence to issue the noc, the life of petitioner no. 1 is in peril.5. we had issued notice to both the state governments who are represented by their learned counsel. the state of tamil nadu re-iterated its stand that only the authorization-committee of the state of punjab was competent to issue the noc as both petitioners belong to that state. the contrary stand is taken by the state of punjab on the ground that since the transplantation is to be done in the state of tamil nadu, only the authorisation committee of the said state was competent to issue the noc.6. in order to appreciate the rival submissions, purpose for enactment of the act and a few provisions of the act need to be noted.7. the act was promulgated to provide for the regulation of removal, storage and transplantation of human organs for therapeutic purposes and for the prevention of commercial dealings in human organs and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.8. the act has come into force w.e.f. 4.2.1995 in certain states and in all union territories. it is provided in section 1 of the act that it shall apply to such other states which adopt the act by resolution passed in that behalf under clause (1) of article 252 of the constitution. it is further submitted at the bar that executive instructions and/or government orders in line with the object of the act have been issued in such states. we need not go into that question in the present dispute as both the states of tamil nadu and punjab are covered by the provisions of the act and the rules.9. section 9 deals with 'restriction on removal and transplantation or human organs'. the same reads as follows:'restrictions on removal and transplantation of human organs -(1) save as otherwise provided in sub-section (3) no human organ removed from the body of a donor before his death shall be transplanted into a recipient unless the donor is a near relative of the recipient.(2) where any donor authorizes the removal of any of his human organs after his death under sub-section (2) or section 3 or any person competent or empowered to give authority for the removal of any human organ from the body of any deceased person authorizes such removal, the human organ may be removed and transplanted into the body of any recipient who may be in need of such human organ.(3) if any donor authorizes the removal of any of his human organs before his death under sub-section (1) of section 3 for transplantation into the body of such recipient not being a near relative as is specified by the donor by reason of affection or attachment towards the recipient or for any other special reasons, such human organ shall not be removed and transplanted without the prior approval of the authorisation committee.(4)(a) the central government shall constitute, by notification, one or more authorisation committees consisting of such members as may by nominated by the central government on such terms and conditions as may be specified in the notification for each of the union territories for the purposes of this section.(b) the state government shall constitute, by notification, one or more authorisation committees consisting of such members as may be nominated by the state government on such terms and conditions as may be specified in the notification for the purposes of this section.(5) on an application jointly made in such form and in such manner as may be prescribed, by the donor and the recipient, the authorisation committee shall, after holding an inquiry and after satisfying itself that the, applicants have complied with all the requirements of this act and the rules made thereunder, grant to the applicants approval for the removal and transplantation of the human organ.(6) if, after the inquiry and after giving an opportunity to the applicants of being heard, the authorisation committee is satisfied that the applicants have not complied with the requirements of this act and the rules made thereunder, it shall, for reasons to be recorded in writing, reject the application for approval.'10. the provision refers to donors who are not 'near relatives' of the recipient. the expression 'near relatives' is defined in section 2(i) to mean 'spouse, son, daughter, father, mother, brother or sister'. chapter ii deals with 'authority for the removal of human organs'. sub-section (2) of section 3 deals with removal of the organs after death for therapeutic purposes. sub-section (1) however deals with authorization by any donor for removal of any human organ before his death for therapeutic purposes. sub-section (4) of section 9 deals with constitution of authorisation committee consisting of such members as may be notified by the central government or the state government, as the case may be. under sub-section (5) of section 9 application is required to be jointly made by the donor and the recipient in the prescribed manner. the authorisation committee is required to hold an enquiry and if after such an enquiry it is certified that the applicants have complied with the requirements of the act and the rules, it can grant the applicants approval for the removal and transplantation of the concerned human organs. if on the contrary, after enquiry and after giving an opportunity to the applicants of being heard, the authorisation committee is of the view that the applicants have not complied with the requirements of the act and the rules, the application for approval may be rejected for reasons to be recorded in writing. section 11 prohibits removal or transplantation of human organs for any purpose other than therapeutic purposes. chapter vi deals with 'offences and penalties'. section 18 provides for removal of human organ without authority. section 19 provides for punishment for commercial dealings in human organs. the shocking exploitation of abject poverty of many donors for even small sums of money, appears to have provided the foundation for enacting the act. the authorisation committee has to be satisfied that the authorization for removal is not for commercial consideration. since some amount of urgency has to be exhibited because of the need for transplantation, expeditious disposal of the application would be appropriate. but the matter should not be dealt with in a casual manner as otherwise the intent and purpose of the act shall be frustrated.11. rule 3 deals with 'authority for removal of human organ' . the conditions for removal before death are incorporated in the form i. the same reads as follows:'authority for removal of human organ - any donor may authorize the removal, before his death, of any human organ of his body for therapeutic purposes in the manner and on such conditions as specified in form 1.'form i reads as follows:'i, _________ aged _________ s/o, d/o, w/o, mr._____________ resident of ______________ hereby authorize to remove for therapeutic purposes/consent to donate my organ, namely, ______ to:(i) mr./mrs.________s/o, d/o, w/o mr. ______ aged ____ resident of ____ who happens to be my near relative as defined in clause (i) of section 2 of the act.or(ii) mr./mrs. ______ s/o, d/o, w/o mr. _______ aged ____ resident of _____ towards whom i possess special affection or attachment, or for any special reason (to be specified) i certify that the above authority/consent has been given by me out of my own free will without any undue pressure, inducement, influence or allurement and that the purposes of the above authority/donation and of all possible complications, side-effects, consequences and options have been explained to me before giving this authority or consent or both.signature of the donor'12. where the donor is not 'near relative' as defined under the act, the situation is covered by sub-section (3) of section 9. as the form i in terms of rule 3 itself shows the same has to be filed in both the cases where the donor is a near relative and where he is not, so far as the recipient is concerned. in case the donor is not a near relative the requirement is that he must establish that removal of the organ was being authorized for transplantation into the body of the recipient because of affection or attachment or for any special reasons to make donation of his organ. as the purpose of enactment of the statute itself shows, there cannot be any commercial element involved in the donation. the object of the statute is crystal clear that it intends to prevent commercial dealings in human organs. the authorisation committee is, therefore, required to satisfy that the real purpose of the donor authorizing removal of the organ is by reason of affection or attachment towards the recipient or for any other special reason. such special reasons can by no stretch of imagination encompass commercial elements. above being the intent, the inevitable conclusion is that the authorisation committees of the state to which the donor and the donee belong have to take the exercise to find out whether approval is to be accorded. such committee shall be in a better position to ascertain the true intent and the purpose for the authorisation to remove the organ and whether any commercial element is involved or not. they would be in a better position to lift the veil of projected affection or attachment and the so called special reasons and focus on the true intent. the burden is on the applicants to establish the real intent by placing relevant materials for consideration of the authorisation committee. whether there exists any affection or attachment or special reason is within the special knowledge of the applicants, and a heavy burden lies on them to establish it. several relevant factors like relationship if any (need not be near relationship for which different considerations have been provided for), period of acquaintance, degree of association, reciprocity of feelings, gratitude and similar human factors and bonds can throw light on the issue. it is always open to the authorisation committee considering the application to seek information/materials from authorisation committees of other states/state governments as the case may be for effective decision in the matter. in case any state is not covered by the operation of the act or the rules, the operative executive instructions/government orders will hold the field. as the object is to find out the true intent behind the donor's willingness to donate the organ, it would not be in line with the legislative intent to require the authorisation committee of the state where the recipient is undergoing medical treatment to decide the issue whether approval is to be accorded. form i in terms requires the applicants to indicate the residential details. this indication is required to prima facie determine as to which is the appropriate authorisation committee. in the instant case, therefore, it was the authorisation committee of the state of punjab which is required to examine the claim of the petitioners.13. we may note here that there is a provision for appeal in terms of section 17 of the act in case of refusal by the authorisation committee. but taking into account the urgency involved and the grey area projected by the two states regarding the proper authorisation committee, we have entertained the writ petition and decided the issues involved. in the normal course, it would be for the appellate authority constituted in terms of section 17 who has to consider the appeal to be preferred by the aggrieved party.14. since the object of the statute is to rule out commercial dealings, it would be desirable to require the donor and recipient to give details of their financial positions and vocations. it would be appropriate for the legislature to accordingly amend the rules and the form i, so that requirement for disclosing incomes and vocations for some previous financial years (say 3 years) gets statutorily incorporated. this would help the authorisation committees to assess whether any commercial dealing is involved or not. until legislative steps are taken, all authorisation committees shall, in terms of this judgment require the applicants to furnish their income particulars for the previous three financial years and the vocations. the petitioners are directed to furnish the aforesaid details within ten days from to-day before the authorisation committee.15. we find that in certain states administrative officials are nominated as members of the authorisation committee. that appears to be the proper course as the authorisation committee has to decide both on the medical angle regarding need for transplantation, and the existence or otherwise of the essential ingredients to be established under sub-section (3) of section 9 of the act. presence of an administrative official in the authorisation committee would be helpful in deciding the issues more effectively.16. though we are told that the present authorisation committee of the state of punjab consists of only doctors, in view of urgency we direct the existing committee to examine the matter without awaiting the induction of an administrative official. we request the committee to examine the application of the petitioners on the basis of materials to be placed by the petitioners and to decide whether the applicants have established the requirements necessary for according approval. if it accords approval, the same may be transmitted to the state of tamil nadu immediately so that the authorisation committee of the said state can also consider on the therapeutic angles. in case approval is not accorded, it shall be open to the applicants to avail such remedies as are available in law. we make it clear that we have not expressed any opinion on the issue as to whether approval is to be accorded or not as the same is to be considered by the authorisation committee.17. before parting with the case, we may indicate that with a view to effectuate the laudable object of the act, it would be appropriate for states which have not yet adopted the act, to do so immediately.18. copies of our order be sent to the ministry of health and law, union of india and chief secretaries of all states and union territories for doing the needful as indicated in our judgment.19. the writ petition is disposed of accordingly. no costs.