National Hydroelectric Power Corpn. Ltd. Vs. Commissioner of Income Tax - Court Judgment

Excerpt:
direct taxation - advance against depreciation (aad) - determination of accounting treatment - assessment year 2001-02 - applicability of explanation i to section 115jb of the income tax act, 1961 - collection of aad by way of tariff charge by generation companies - impugned ruling by authority for advance rulings (aar) viewed that reduction of aad from the 'sales' was nothing but a reserve which has to be added back on the basis of clause (b) of explanation-i to section 115jb - held, since the amount of aad is reduced from sales, there is no debit in the profit and loss account - amount did not enter the stream of income for the purposes of determination of net profit at all, hence clause (b) of explanation-i was not applicable - further, 'reserve' as contemplated by clause (b) of the explanation-i to section 115jb of the act required to be carried through the profit and loss account - aad is an amount under obligation, right from the inception, to get adjusted in the future, hence, cannot be designated as a reserve - aad is nothing but an adjustment by reducing the normal depreciation includible in the future years in such a manner that at the end of useful life of the plant, the same would be reduced to nil - assessee cannot use the aad for any other purpose except to adjust the same against future depreciation so as to reduce the in the future years - aad is a timing difference, and not a reserve - aad is not carried though profit and loss account and is an 'income received in advance' subject to adjustment in future - therefore, clause (b) of explanation-i to section 115jb not applicable - appeal allowed and the impugned ruling set aside - section 100: [dr.arijit pasayat & dr.mukundakam sharma,jj] second appeal manner of disposal decree in suit for declaration, possession and injunction between co-sharers - setting aside of decree on ground that partition was not valid in view of section 14 of w.b. land reforms act, 1955 held, it is improper when no evidence was available to show that partition did not take place prior to introduction of section 14 of w.b. l.f. act. - on reading explanation-i, quoted above, it is clear that to make an addition under clause (b) two conditions must be jointly satisfied:s.h. kapadia, j.1. leave granted.2. in this civil appeal filed by the assessee we are concerned with accounting treatment of advance against depreciation ('aad', for short).3. we are concerned with assessment year 2001-02.4. assessee is a public sector enterprise registered under the companies act, 1956. its accounts are prepared in accordance with parts ii and iii of schedule vi to the companies act. the entire shareholding of the assessee is with government of india. its accounts are audited by comptroller and auditor general of india. they are laid before both the houses of parliament.5. assessee is required to sell electricity to state electricity board(s), discoms etc. at tariff rates notified by cerc. the tariff consists of depreciation, aad, interest on loans, interest on working capital, operation and maintenance expenses, return on equity.6. on 26.5.97, goi introduced a mechanism to generate additional cash flow by allowing generating companies to collect aad by way of tariff charge. it was decided that the year in which normal depreciation fell short of original scheduled loan repayment installment (capped at 1/12th of the original loan) such shortfall would be collected as advance against future depreciation. in other words, once the loan stood re-paid, the advance so collected would get reduced from the normal depreciation of the later years, and such reduced depreciation would be included in the tariff, in turn lowering the tariff.7. how to account for such an advance is the issue before us?8. according to the authority for advance rulings (aar), the assessee supplied electricity at the tariff rate notified by cerc and recovered the sale price, which became its income; that, in future the said sale price was neither refundable nor adjustable against the future bills; that, the sale price (which includes aad) was shown as 'sales' in the profit and loss account; that, it was received in terms of the invoice raised by the assessee and, therefore, it was 'income' in the year of receipt. however, according to aar, when it came to computation of book profit, assessee deducted the aad component from total sale price and only the balance amount net of aad was taken into profit and loss account and book profit. consequently, aar ruled (which is challenged herein) that reduction of aad from the 'sales' was nothing but a reserve which has to be added back on the basis of clause (b) of explanation-i to section 115jb of the income-tax act, 1961 ('1961 act', for short).9. we quote hereinbelow explanation-i to section 115jb of the 1961 act which reads as under:explanation 1 - for the purposes of this section, 'book profit' means the net profit as shown in the profit and loss account for the relevant previous year prepared under sub-section (2), as increased by-(a) xxx(b) the amounts carried to any reserves, by whatever name called, other than a reserve specified under section 33ac; orxxxif any amount referred to in clauses (a) to (h) is debited to the profit and loss account, and as reduced by....10. we find merit in this civil appeal. on reading explanation-i, quoted above, it is clear that to make an addition under clause (b) two conditions must be jointly satisfied:(a) there must be a debit of the amount to the profit and loss account.(b) the amount so debited must be carried to the reserve.11. since the amount of aad is reduced from sales, there is no debit in the profit and loss account. the amount did not enter the stream of income for the purposes of determination of net profit at all, hence clause (b) of explanation-i was not applicable. further, 'reserve' as contemplated by clause (b) of the explanation-i to section 115jb of the 1961 act is required to be carried through the profit and loss account. at this stage it may be stated that there are broadly two types of reserves, viz, those that are routed through profit and loss account and those which are not carried via profit and loss account, for example, a capital reserve such as share premium account. aad is not a reserve. it is not appropriation of profits. aad is not meant for an uncertain purpose. aad is an amount that is under obligation, right from the inception, to get adjusted in the future, hence, cannot be designated as a reserve. aad is nothing but an adjustment by reducing the normal depreciation includible in the future years in such a manner that at the end of useful life of the plant (which is normally 30 years) the same would be reduced to nil. therefore, the assessee cannot use the aad for any other purpose (which is possible in the case of a reserve) except to adjust the same against future depreciation so as to reduce the tariff in the future years. as stated, above, at the end of the life of the plant aad will be reduced to nil. in fact, schedule xii-a to the balance sheet for the financial years 2004-05 onwards indicates recouping. in our view, aad is ''income received in advance'. it is a timing difference. it represents adjustment in future which is in-built in the mechanism notified on 26.5.1997. this adjustment may take place over a long period of time. hence, we are of the view that aad is not a reserve.12. for the aforestated reasons, we hold that aad is a timing difference, it is not a reserve, it is not carried though profit and loss account and that it is 'income received in advance' subject to adjustment in future and, therefore, clause (b) of explanation-i to section 115jb is not applicable. accordingly, the impugned ruling is set aside and the civil appeal filed by the assessee stands allowed with no order as to costs.