Arya Vidya Mandir Vs. Dr. Ram Sarup Agnihotri - Court Judgment

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- hindu law -- custom: [vijender jain, c.j., m.m. kumar, jasbir singh, rajive bhalla & rajesh bindal, jj] alienation of ancestral property - punjab and haryana - held, in respect of state of punjab by virtue of punjab amendment act, 1973 there is a complete bar to contest any alienation of ancestral or non-ancestral immovable property or appointment of an heir to such property on ground that such alienation or appointment was contrary to custom. in punjab the property in hands of a successor has to be treated as coparcenary property and its alienation has to be governed by hindu law except to the extent it is regulated by sections 6 and 30 of the hindu succession act. in haryana, property in hands of successor has to be treated as coparcenary property as well as ancestral property. parties can fall back upon hindu law in case they fail to establish that rule of decision is custom. therefore, in haryana both under hindu law and the customary law, the alienation would be open to challenge. custom was given precedent over uncodified hindu law presumably for reason that custom has been consistently replacing the hindu law. however, it was soon realized that ancestral immovable property, which ordinarily held to be inalienable amongst jats of punjab by virtue of custom except for necessity, no limitation was placed on degrees of collateral, eligible to contest such alienation. it was, therefore, felt necessary to engraft certain restriction on degrees of collateral, eligible to contest an alienation, which under the custom itself was not limited. accordingly, the punjab custom (power to contest) act, 1920 (act no.2 of 1920) was enacted. the hindu succession act was extended to the state of punjab. act 2 of punjab act defined expression alienation to include any testamentary disposition of property and appointment of an heir was to include any adoption made or purporting to be made according to custom. a further provision was made by section 3 that hindu succession act was to apply only in respect of alienation of immovable property or appointment of heirs made by persons who in regard to such alienation or appointment were governed by custom. whereas section 4 declared that hindu succession act was not to affect any right to contest any alienation or appointment of an heir made before the date on which the succession act was to come into force. in other words, act, no.2 of 1920 was not to affect alienation or appointments of heir made before date on which it came into force. it also preserved the rights of any alienation or appointment of an heir made by a family. after section 7 was inserted in act of 1920 by the punjab amendment act of 1973 right of contest being contrary to custom had been totally effaced and taken away. therefore, no person has any right to contest any alienation of immovable property whether ancestral or non-ancestral on ground of being contrary to custom after january 23, 1973. in haryana, the situation as enunciated by act no.2 of 1920 continued to prevail in respect of alienation because no reforms parallel to punjab as brought by amendment act of 1973, had been enacted although right to pre-emption has been substantially abolished in haryana also. no steps even have been taken in that regard. therefore, situation in haryana have to be regarded as it existed under act no. 2 of 1920. hindu succession act,1956[c.a.no.30/1956] -- sections 6 & 30: [vijender jain, c.j., m.m.kumar, jasbir singh, rajive bhalla & rajesh bindal, jj] alienation of coparcenary property - law laid down by full bench in joginder singh kundha singh v kehar singh dasaundha singh [air 1965 punjab 407] and pritam singh v assistant controller of estate duty, patiala [1976 punj lr 342] -whether there is any conflict? - held, the basic controversy in the full bench decision of joginder singhs case was regarding constitutional validity of section 14 of hindu succession act and as to whether it infringes article 14 of constitution. it was held that the estate held by male and limitation on his power of alienation were in no way removed and the reversioners were not debarred from challenging such alienations. the full bench held that section 14 of hindu succession act postulates that estate held by a hindu female before enforcement of succession act either by inheritance or otherwise, was enlarged and on date of enforcement of succession act, she became a full owner. likewise, if she has inherited any estate after the commencement of the act, she was to be regarded as absolute owner rather than a limited owner. consequently, the limitations on power of alienation automatically vanished. this was the necessary result of the provisions made in section 14 of the act. the full bench further held that in respect of male proprietors, no corresponding provision was made either enlarging their estate in ancestral property or enlarging their power of alienation over property inherited by them. however, it noticed section 30 and observed that it only deals with power of his share in coparcenary property by will, which prior to enforcement of the act, he had no right to do. the only provision made in respect of male proprietor regarding alienation of property was his power of alienation by will. in so far as persons governed by custom are concerned, they continued to be governed by the restriction on the power of alienation of a male holder as existed before enforcement of the act. likewise, other restriction on alienation other than disposal by will also continued. the full bench, thus, recognized the superior right of hindu females by virtue of section 14 and upheld the provision as intra vires. the argument that reversioners have ceased to exist after enactment of provisions of section 14 of succession act, was rejected as there was no provision pointed out to that effect. the proposition laid down by the full bench in pritam singhs case was that the hindu succession act has not abolished joint hindu family with respect to rights of those who were members of mitakshara coparcenary, except in the manner and to the extent mentioned in sections 6 and 30 of the act, this statement should also imply, though it does not say so expressly, the succession act to this extent does not affect the rights of the members governed by dayabhaga coparcenary. the full bench in pritam singh;s case expressly noticed the judgment of earlier full bench in joginder singhs case but construed the same as irrelevant by observing that it dealt with the power of alienation of a person governed by customary law and constitutional validity of section 14 of hindu succession act. thus there is no real conflict between the two full bench judgments. both the full bench judgments have been delivered on the assumption that joginder singhs case dealt with question of alienation whereas pritam singhs case had decided the question concerning succession. even on fact in joginder singhs case the issue was validity of alienation by consent decree by a father to his two sons, which was challenged by third son, whereas in pritam singhs case the question of nature of property in hands of sons on death of their father had arisen for purposes of assessment of estate duty. in pritam singhs case the property in the hands of the sons was held to be coparcenary property and only 1/3rd of property belonging to deceased father was considered eligible for estate duty. therefore, there was no question of alienation in pritam singhs case. - ram sarup and others had filed a suit for the grant of permanent injunction restraining the municipal committee as well as arya vidya mandir.a.l. bahri, j. 1. arya vidya mandir, the defendant, challenges in this revision petition order dated april 29, 1989, passed by the additional district judge, sirsa, dismissing the appeal filed against the order of the trial court dated october 24, 1987, granting ad interim injunction restraining the defendant from raising construction on the plot under a plan sanctioned by the municipal committee which was not validly sanctioned and was in violation of the municipal buildings bye-laws. the bye-laws aforesaid provided that there could not be construction on a covered area more than 33-1/3 % of the area of the plot owned by a public institution reliance was placed by the courts below on the advice of the legal adviser attached to the municipal committee given on march 26, 1987, and his note dated april 2, 1987 to the effect that the proposed construction was on an area more than 33-1/3 % of the total area. it was also noticed that earlier the municipal committee on the aforesaid advice had rejected the plan on june 25, 1987. however, subsequently the plan was sanctioned on july 8, 1987 that the present suit was filed by dr. ram sarup, a neighbour.2. it may be stated that earlier dr. ram sarup and others had filed a suit for the grant of permanent injunction restraining the municipal committee as well as arya vidya mandir. against arya vidya mandir the prayer was for the grant of permanent injunction not to raise construction on the boundary wall and to block the ventilators opened in the house of dr. ram sarup- at that time though the municipal committee was impleaded as a party, the plan had not been sanctioned. ultimately that suit was dismissed on october 3, 1989 by the senior sub judge, sirsa and a copy of the judgment has been produced during arguments by counsel for the petitioner to support his contention that since earlier suit had been dismissed for the grant of permanent injunction, dr. ram sarup is not entitled to the grant of adinterim injunction during pendency of the present suit.3. on perusal of the material produced and the judgment impugned i find that the scope of these two suits was entirely different, although at the time of arguments it has been asserted on behalf of the petitioner that the petitioner could not be restrained from raising the height of the wall (boundary wall) the result which would be to block the ventilators opened by dr. ram sarup in his own wall of his own home, copy of the sanctioned plan is not available to verify as to whether the plan also authorises the present petitioner to raise the height of the boundary wall.4. both the courts have held prima facie case in favour of the plaintiff relying upon the report of the legal adviser that the proposed construction is going to be on a covered area more than 33-1/3 % of the plot being a neighbour the plaintiff would have locus standi to file the suit. the lower court relied upon the decision of the calcutta high court in krishna kali mallik v. bobulal and ors., a.i.r. 1965 cal. 148, the ratio of the decision briefly is that if there is going to be construction against the bye-law, a neighbour could successfuly object to the same. almost similar point was under consideration of a division bench of this court in daya swarup nehra and ors. v. the state of punjab and ors., a.i.r. 1964 punjab 533, where against capital of punjab (development and regulation) act and rules framed thereunder, the chandigarh administration wanted to construct a petrol pump on an area which was otherwise reserved. the said petrol pump was sought to be installed near the house of daya swamp nehra and he successfully challenged the action of the administration. it was held that such a right was initially based on contract but was protected by a statute.5. the grant of injunction is discretionary with the trial court and in the present case both the courts have exercised jurisdiction in the matter taking into consideration the facts of the case. it has not been shown as to how this jurisdiction has been illegally exercised in the facts of the present case to call for any interference. the apprehension of the petitioner that he could not be stopped from raising the height of the wall to close the ventilators with regard to which a judgment has already been pronounced in another suit is misconceived. however, still it is made clear that if the sanctioned plan authorises raising of the boundary wall adjoining the house of dr. ram swarup, the injunction granted by the courts below will not apply to raising of the aforesaid wall. these observations are only tentative at this stage as the judgment in civil suit no. 65 of 1985, dated october 3, 1989 (dr. ram swarup and anr. v. municipal committee and anr.), may be subject matter of appeal. these observations, therefore, will not affect the merits of the said appeal.6. with the aforesaid observations this revision petition is dismissed leaving the parties to bear their own costs.