Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment

Judgment:

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			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
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		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => '',
		'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
		'sub' => 'Constitution',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
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$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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Harbans Singh, J.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
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	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
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		(int) 0 => '613774',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
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		'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
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		'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
		'sub' => 'Constitution',
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		'circuit' => null
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
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			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
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			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
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	),
	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
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	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
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		'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
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		'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
		'sub' => 'Constitution',
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$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '613774',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
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Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
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			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '613774',
		(int) 1 => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab'
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => '',
		'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
		'sub' => 'Constitution',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
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$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
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	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
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		(int) 0 => '613774',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
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		'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
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		'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
		'sub' => 'Constitution',
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		'circuit' => null
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
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			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '613774',
		(int) 1 => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab'
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
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	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
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		'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
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		'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
		'sub' => 'Constitution',
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$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
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	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '613774',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
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As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
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			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
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			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '613774',
		(int) 1 => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab'
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => '',
		'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
		'sub' => 'Constitution',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
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$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
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	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
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		(int) 0 => '613774',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
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		'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
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		'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
		'sub' => 'Constitution',
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		'circuit' => null
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
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			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
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	),
	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
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Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
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	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
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		'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
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		'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
		'sub' => 'Constitution',
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$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
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	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '613774',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
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(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
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			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '613774',
		(int) 1 => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab'
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => '',
		'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
		'sub' => 'Constitution',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
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$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
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			'circuit' => null
		)
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	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
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		(int) 0 => '613774',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
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		'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
		'sub' => 'Constitution',
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		'circuit' => null
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$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
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			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
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	),
	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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(a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
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	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
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		'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
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		'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
		'sub' => 'Constitution',
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$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '613774',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
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shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
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		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '613774',
		(int) 1 => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab'
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
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		'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
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		'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
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$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
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	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
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			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
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			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '613774',
		(int) 1 => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab'
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => '',
		'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
		'sub' => 'Constitution',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
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$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
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	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
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		(int) 0 => '613774',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
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		'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
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		'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
		'sub' => 'Constitution',
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		'circuit' => null
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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(1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
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			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
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	),
	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
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	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
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		'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
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		'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
		'sub' => 'Constitution',
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$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '613774',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
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Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
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			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '613774',
		(int) 1 => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab'
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => '',
		'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
		'sub' => 'Constitution',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
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$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
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			'circuit' => null
		)
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	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
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		(int) 0 => '613774',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
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		'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
		'sub' => 'Constitution',
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		'circuit' => null
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$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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(1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
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			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
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	),
	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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(2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
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	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
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		'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
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		'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
		'sub' => 'Constitution',
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$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '613774',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
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'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
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		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '613774',
		(int) 1 => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab'
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
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		'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
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		'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
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$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
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	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
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'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--

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			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
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			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
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	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => '',
		'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
		'sub' => 'Constitution',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
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$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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'* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
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	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
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		(int) 0 => '613774',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
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		'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
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		'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
		'sub' => 'Constitution',
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		'circuit' => null
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
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			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
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	),
	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
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(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
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	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
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		'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
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		'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
		'sub' => 'Constitution',
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$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '613774',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
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It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
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		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '613774',
		(int) 1 => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab'
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
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		'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
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		'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
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$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
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	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '613774',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
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(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.

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			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
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			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
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	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => '',
		'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
		'sub' => 'Constitution',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
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$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
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	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
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		(int) 0 => '613774',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
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		'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
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		'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
		'sub' => 'Constitution',
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		'circuit' => null
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
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			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
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	),
	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
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	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
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		'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
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		'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
		'sub' => 'Constitution',
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$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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Falshaw, C.J.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '613774',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
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(15) I agree.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
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			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '613774',
		(int) 1 => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab'
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
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		'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
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		'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
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$content = array(
	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
)
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(16) Petition dismissed.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | ',
	'desc' => array(
		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '613774',
			'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
			'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
			'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
			'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => '',
			'counseldef' => '',
			'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Harbans Singh, J. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (b) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (c) * * * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> and accordingly--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Falshaw, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(15) I agree.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">(16) Petition dismissed.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1965P&amp; H212',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'The State of Punjab and ors.',
			'sub' => 'Constitution',
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	'casename_url' => 'sohan-lal-kirpa-ramnad-vs-state-punjab',
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$title_for_layout = 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors Vs the State of Punjab and ors - Citation 613774 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '613774',
		'acts' => 'Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; <a href="/act/134972/the-punjab-development-of-damaged-areas-act-1951-complete-act">Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951</a>; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922',
		'appealno' => 'Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963',
		'appellant' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors.',
		'casenote' => ' - Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002], 110 & 104 & Letters Patent, 1865, Clause 10: [Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Letters Patent  Appeal  Order of Single Judge of High Court passed while deciding matters filed under Order 43, Rule1 of C.P.C., -  Held, After introduction of Section 110A in the C.P.C., by 2002 Amendment Act, no Letters Patent Appeal is maintainable against judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge of a High Court. A right of appeal, even though a vested one, can be taken away by law. It is pertinent to note that Section 100-A introduced by 2002 Amendment of the Code starts with a non obstante clause. The purpose of such clause is to give the enacting part of an overriding effect in the case of a conflict with laws mentioned with the non obstante clause. The legislative intention is thus very clear that the law enacted shall have full operation and there would be no impediment. It is well settled that the definition of judgment in Section 2(9) of C.P.C., is much wider and more liberal, Intermediary or interlocutory judgment fall in the category of orders referred to Clause (a) to (w) of Order 43, Rule 1 and also such other orders which poses the characteristic and trapping of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of a party or decide an important aspect of a trial in an ancillary proceeding. Amended Section 100-A of the Code clearly stipulates that where any appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a Single Judge of a High Court, no further appeal shall lie. Even otherwise, the word judgment as defined under Section 2(9) means a statement given by a Judge on the grounds of a decree or order. Thus the contention that against an order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal filed under Section 104 C.P.C., a further appeal lies to a Division Bench cannot be accepted. The newly incorporated Section 100A in clear and specific terms prohibits further appeal against the decree and judgment or order of a Single Judge to a Division Bench notwithstanding anything contained in the Letters Patent. The Letters Patent which provides for further appeal to a Division Bench remains intact, but the right to prefer a further appeal is taken away even in respect of the matters arising under the special enactments or other instruments having the force of law be it against original/appellate decree or order heard and decided by a Single Judge. It has to be kept in mind that the special statute only provide for an Appeal to the High Court. It has not made any provision for filing appeal to a Division Bench against the judgment or decree or order of a Single Judge. No Letters Patent Appeal shall lie against a judgment/order passed by a Single Judge in an appeal arising out of a proceeding under a Special Act.

Sections 100-A [As inserted by Act 22 of 2002] & 104:[Dr. B.S. Chauhan, CJ, L. Mohapatra & A.S. Naidu, JJ] Writ Appeal  Held, A Writ Appeal shall lie against judgment/orders passed by Single Judge in a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In a writ application filed under Articles 226 and 227 of Constitution, if any order/judgment/decree is passed in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226, a writ appeal will lie. But, no writ appeal will lie against a judgment/order/decree passed by a Single Judge in exercising powers of superintendence under Article 227 of the Constitution. 
 -  Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section (4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned. (6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. This was also negatived and it was observed that--the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => 'Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.;',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => '',
		'counseldef' => '',
		'court' => 'Punjab and Haryana',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1963-12-02',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => ' D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. </p><p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.</p><p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.</p><p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:</p><p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.</p><p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section</p><p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.</p><p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'</p><p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.</p><p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.</p><p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.</p><p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.</p><p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.</p><p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.</p><p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:</p><p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--</p><p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.</p><p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.</p><p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:</p><p> (b) * * * *</p><p> (c) * * * *</p><p> and accordingly--</p><p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'</p><p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:</p><p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'</p><p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:</p><p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--</p><p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.</p><p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.</p><p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:</p><p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'</p><p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:</p><p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--</p><p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'</p><p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.</p><p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:</p><p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'</p><p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:</p><p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'</p><p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.</p><p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.</p><p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.</p><p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.</p><p>Falshaw, C.J.</p><p>(15) I agree.</p><p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Harbans Singh, J. ',
	(int) 1 => '<p>(1)This petition and a number of other such petitions have been referred to a Division Bench because a common point of always is involved in all of them namely as to the validity or the effect of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>(2) Facts in these petitions are not quite identical and besides this law point various another points also arise. It is not necessary to go into facts of the individual petitions for the limited purpose of deciding the validity and effect of the validating Act referred to above.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>(3) The facts necessary for the decisions of the point referred may briefly he stated as follows:',
	(int) 4 => '<p>Under the Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act 1951, which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951 which replaced the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance (16 of 1950), 'damaged area', as defined in sub-clause (d) of section 2 means 'an area which the State Government may be notification declare to be a damaged area and shall include the areas already notified under the East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949', and under clause (c) 'improvement Trust ' or 'Trust' means ' an improvement Trust constituted under the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922'. One such Trust was constituted for Amritsar town where during the communal disturbances immediately before the partition of the country a considerably portion of the city was damaged. Under section 3 the Trust is empowered to frame a scheme or schemes for the development of a damaged area, providing for the various matters mentioned in section 28 of the Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>Under section 4, such schemes have to be published and objection invited. Such publication must indicate, inter alia, the Boundaries of the locality comprised in the scheme and the place where, and the time, details of the scheme can be examined as well as prescribe the period during which objections to the scheme will be received, Under section 5, after considering the objections received by the Trust, the Trust may approve the scheme with or without modifications and thereafter the scheme, as finally sanctioned together with a statement of objections that had been received by the Trust, has to be forwarded to the State Government and the State Government may modify the scheme, if necessary and thereafter notify the scheme in its original from or as modified by it and the scheme so notified and published is to be deemed to be the sanctioned scheme, and under sub-section (4) of section 5, the publication of the scheme under sub-section',
	(int) 6 => '<p>(4) is to be taken as conclusive evidence that a scheme has been duly farmed and sanctioned.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>(5) Certain schemes were prepared, published and ultimately sanctioned by the State Government and notified by it. The legality of these schemes was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that there was no subsisting notification after 11th of May, 1951, declaring the areas concerned as damaged areas under the aforesaid Act and, consequently, the areas in question could not be treated as damaged areas within the definition of that term under the Act, This contention was upheld by the Supreme Court in T. M. L. S. Bradari v. Amritsar Improvement Trust. AIR 1963 SC 976. The result of this decision was that all schemes prepared and sanctioned became invalid. A fresh notification for declaring the Amritsar Town as damaged area was issued on 26th of June, 1962. However, this could not validate the schemes that had been prepared and got sanctioned between 11th of May, 1951, and 26th of June, 1962, and in order to validate these schemes, Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Ordinance. 1963, was issued which was later on replaced by the Punj Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963, Which received the assent of the President of India on 29th of March, 1963, and was published in the Punjab Gazette extraordinary on 31st of March, 1963. The main operating section is section 2 which is to the following effect:',
	(int) 8 => '<p>'Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court or of any other tribunal or authority, for the period commencing on the 11th of May, 1951, and ending on the 26th day of June, 1962, the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar shall be deemed to be a 'damaged area' for the purposes of the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act 1951, and any scheme framed and sanctioned or deemed to have been framed or sanctioned, or acquisition of land made or award of compensation given, under the Act and any proceeding held order made or action taken in respect of or in pursuance of such scheme shall be and be shall be deemed always to have been as valid as if the entry area within the walled city of Amritsar was a damaged area at all material times when such scheme was framed and sanctioned or such acquisition of land was made or such award of compensation was given or such proceeding was held or such order was made or such action was taken and no such scheme acquisition award proceedings order or action shall be questioned on the ground that the entire area within the walled city of Amritsar was not declared to be damaged under the Act.'',
	(int) 9 => '<p>As a result of this all the schemes which had been notified by the State Government under section 5 of the Act are treated as valid.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>(6) In the petition before us it is urged that inasmuch as the schemes were without legal foundation, illegal and ultra vires on the date when they were framed the petitioners were justified in ignoring their publication altogether and in not raising any objections to the same and in cases where no objections need not be raised on the ground that objections need not be raised because of the invalidity of the schemes the validating Act can at best validate of the preparation of the schemes under sub-section (3) and the publications under sub-section (4) must either be made afresh or at least a fresh period should be prescribed within which objections can be filed. The main argument of the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners was that if schemes are treated as having been properly and validly sanctioned the petitioners would lose their valuable right to file objections and to have them considered not only by the Improvement Trust but also by the State Government.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>It was further contended that in respect of schemes prepared after 26th June 1962 any person affected thereby would have a right to raise objections whereas the petitioners who are affected by the schemes which are sought to be validated by the validating Act, would have not such right and that this amounts to violation of their fundamental right guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. Reference in this connection was made to Ram Prasad v. State of Bihar, AIR 1953 SC 215. That case however has no application to the facts of the present case. There a Bihar Act has singles out two individuals and one solitary transactions entered into between them and another private party and had declared the transaction to be a nullity on the ground that it was contrary to the provision of law, although there had been no adjudication on this point by any judicial tribunal. This Act was struck down on the ground that it involved discrimination between two citizens and had visited them 'with a disability which is not imposed upon anybody else and against which even the right of complaint is taken away'.',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Here, there is no question of discriminating against the petitioners. The Act merely removes a technical defect which had been prepared. Anyway full opportunity was available to the petitioners to raise objections because the entire procedure prescribed under the Act was duly followed. No inherent defect was found in the schemes themselves and the defect noticed by the Supreme Court on which the schemes were held to be invalid was the fact that an earlier notification declaring the area in question as damaged area under the Act did not subsist after 11th May 1951.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>(7) The second point urged was based on the provisions of article 144 of the Constitution the argument begin that once the Supreme Court had struck down the schemes as invalid that was the law of the land and the State Legislature could not legislate holding the schemes which had been so struck down by the Supreme Court were in fact valid. The occasions for validating by a subsequent legislation Acts found to be invalid by the Supreme Court have been many and the Supreme Court has held such legislations to be valid in a number cases. It all depends whether the defect in a particular provision is the statute or in any scheme etc. found by the Supreme Court is fundamental in the sense that is ultra vires the Constitution and cannot be remedied. IF the defect is of such a kind obviously no subsequent legislation can declare the provision so struck down to be valid for the simple reason that the State Legislature or the Central Legislature has no jurisdiction to pass or validate any legislation which is ultra vires the Constitution. However where the defect discovered is of a nature unconnected with the constitutional provisions the same can be remedied by the State Legislature concerned.',
	(int) 14 => '<p>(8) Reference in this connection may be made to Jadab Singh v, Himachal Pradesh Administration AIR 1960 SC 1008. In this case by virtue of the provisions in the Government of Part C States Act (49 of 1951) elections were held in 1952 to the Himachal Pradesh Assembly and 36 members were duly elected. A Bill (Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms Bill) was introduced in this Assembly. Before the Bill could be could be passed into an enactment, Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act of 1954 was passed constitution a new State by uniting the States of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur. (According to this the Legislative Assembly for the new State of Himachal Pradesh was to be constituted with 41 seats to the filled by direct elections) It was further provided that 36 members already elected shall be deemed to have been elected to the new Assembly.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>No fresh elections took place for the remaining seats. The Lieutenant--Governor of the new Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in which the Bill aforesaid was passed into an Act (hereinafter referred to as the Abolition Act) On the constitutional validity of this Act being challenged it was held by the Supreme Court that although the new State Act provided that each of the 36 members representing a constituency of the old Legislative Assembly was to be deemed to have been elected and by the deeming provision these members were placed in the same position as if they had gone through the entire process of elections yet there begin no notification under section 74 of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, the 36 members could not constitute the Legislative Assembly of the new State. Moreover the second session of the new Legislative Assembly was not summoned. The Abolition Act therefore was held to be ultra vires as having been enacted by a legislative body not duly constituted. In order to get rid of the effect for this judgment, an Ordinance (No. 7 of 1958) was issued by the President, which was later on, replaced by Act 56 of 1958. the relevant portion of sub-clause (a) of section 3 of the Act which reproduced the corresponding provisions of the Ordinance was to following effect:',
	(int) 16 => '<p>'Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or in any law or in any judgment decree or order of any Court,--',
	(int) 17 => '<p> (a) the body of person summoned to met from time to time as the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.',
	(int) 18 => '<p>during the period commencing on the 1st July 1954, and ending with the 31st day of October 1956 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh.',
	(int) 19 => '<p>shall be deemed for all purposes to have been the duty constituted Legislative Assembly of the new State of Himachal Pradesh formed under section 3 of the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) act, 1954:',
	(int) 20 => '<p> (b) * * * *',
	(int) 21 => '<p> (c) * * * *',
	(int) 22 => '<p> and accordingly--',
	(int) 23 => '<p> (1) any Bill passed by the new Legislative Assembly (whether the Bill was introduced in the new Legislative Assembly or was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh functioning immediately before the 1st of July 1954) and assented to by the President shall be deemed to have been validly enacted and to have the force of law.'',
	(int) 24 => '<p>Validity of this validating Ordinance and Act being challenged the Supreme Court in the above mentioned case held that the effect of the validating Act would be to make the Abolition Act as effective as it was properly passed by a competent. Legislature on the date when it received the assent of the President. At page 1911 of the report, it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 25 => '<p>'There is no absolute bar against the authority of the Parliament to enact legislation which takes away vested rights provided the legislation falls away vested rights provided the legislation falls within any of the legislative lists within the competence of the Parliament and it does not fringe any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. * * * When the validating Act was enacted the Himachal Pradesh State had ceased to exist by the operation of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, but on that account the authority of the Parliament to validate the proceedings of the body of persons which purported to function as the Legislative Assembly under Act 32 of 1954 was not extinguished.'',
	(int) 26 => '<p>Again in West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd v. State of Madras, AIR 1962 SC 1753 under the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 43 of 1949 (hereinafter referred to as the 1949 Act) a notification was issued acquiring as a running concern the undertaking run by West Ramnad Electric Distribution Co. Ltd. The Act however was held to be ultra vires by the Supreme Court in its decision reported as Rajahmundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v. State of Andhra AIR 1954 Sc. 251 on the ground that such legislation was beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature 'inasmuch as there was no entry in any of the three Lists of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act, 1935 relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. ' This decision was given on 10 of February 1954. Meanwhile the Constitution had come into force and in view of entry 36 of List II of the Seventh Schedule the State Legislature was clothed with powers to pass such legislations. After the decision of the Supreme Court therefore the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Electricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act 29 of 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Act). A number of its provisions were retrospective in operation. Section 24 was in the following terms:',
	(int) 27 => '<p>'Orders made decision or direction given notifications issued proceedings taken and acts or things done in relation to any undertaking taken over if they would have been validly mad given issued taken or dent had the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1949 (Madras Act 43 of 1949) and the rules made thereunder been in force on the date on which the said orders decision or directions, notifications, proceedings acts or things were made, given issued taken or done are hereby or things were made given issued taken or done as the case may be except to the extent to which the said orders decisions directions notifications proceedings act or things are repugnant to the provisions of this Act.' In this case the appellant undertaking has been taken over by the State Government by virtue of a notification to that effect issued under the 1949 Act. Possession was taken on behalf to the State by the Chief Electrical Engineer. this possession was continued by issuing a further notification under the 1954 Act. The contention on behalf of the appellant was that the notification issued under the 1949 Act was invalid for two reasons--',
	(int) 28 => '<p> (1) It had been issued under the provisions of an Act which was void as being beyond the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature.',
	(int) 29 => '<p> (2) It was void for traditional reason that before it was issued the Constitution of India had come into force and it offended against the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitutional and Article 13(2) applied.',
	(int) 30 => '<p>Both these contentions were negative. While remarking that section 24 is not happily worded their Lordships of the Supreme Court observed as follows:',
	(int) 31 => '<p>'* *on its fair and reasonably construction there can be no doubt about its meaning or effect. It is a saving and validating provision and it clearly intends to validate actions taken under the relevant provisions of the earlier Act which was invalid from the start. The fact that S. 24 does not use the usual phraseology that the notifications issued under the earlier Act shall be deemed to have been issued under the Act does not alter the position that the second part of the section has and is intended to have the same effect.'',
	(int) 32 => '<p>(9) The Supreme Court while dealing with the second point observed as follows:',
	(int) 33 => '<p>'If the Act is retrospective in operation and section 24 has been enacted for the purpose of retrospectively validating actions taken under the provisions of the earlier act it must follow by the very retrospective operation of the relevant provisions that at the time when the impugned notification was issued these provisions were in existence. That is the plain and obvious effect of the retrospective operation of the statute. Therefore in considering whether Article 31 has been complied with or not we must assume that before the notification was issued the relevant provisions of the Act were in existence and so Article 31(1) must be held to have been complied with that sense.' According to this therefore although in fact there was no valid legislation in existence in the year 1949 when the notification in dispute was issued yet by the operation section 24 of the 1954 Act that legislation was deemed to have been validly passed and consequently the deprivation of property was deemed to be by authority of law. A further point raised on behalf of the appellant was that if a law is void for the reason that it contravened fundamental right (and it was urged that the Act of 1949 did contravene the right of enjoyment of property and protection from deprivation of property except by authority of law), such an infirmity cannot be cured and an action taken under such invalid law cannot be validated retrospectively. This was also negatived and it was observed that--',
	(int) 34 => '<p> '* *the infirmity proceeding from lack of legislative competence as well as the infirmity proceeding format he contravention of fundamental rights lead to the same result and that is that the offending legislation is void and non est. That being so if the legislature can validate actions taken under one class of void legislation their is not reason why it cannot exercise its legislative power to validate actions taken under the other class of void legislations.'',
	(int) 35 => '<p>In support of the Legislature's power to pass retrospective laws reference was made to a number of decided cases including United Provinces v. Mt. Atiqa Begum, AIR `1954 SC 158 and the observations of Gwyer, C. J. in the First case at page 26 and of their Lordships of the Supreme Court at page 162 in the second case were quoted with approval. M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhar Pradesh, AIR 1958 SC 468 and J. K. Jute Mills Co Ltd v. State of Uttar Pradesh Air 1916 SC 1534 were cases where legislations passed to validate retrospectively taxing statutes were held to be valid. Reference was also made to Jadab Singh's case, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and Raghubar Dayal Jai Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 263.',
	(int) 36 => '<p>(10) One of the recent judgments dealing with the same point is Rai Ramakrishna v. State of Bihar AIR 1963 SC 1667. In this case the Bihar finance Act 1950, had levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar. The Supreme Court held Part III of the aforesaid Act which also contained charging section as invalid. After the decision of the case an Ordinance was issued whereby all the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which has been struck down by the Supreme court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force. The retrospective effect of the Act which had replaced the Ordinance aforesaid, was challenged but the Supreme Court upheld the provisions and inter alia observed as follows:',
	(int) 37 => '<p>'If a law passed by a Legislature is struck down by the Courts as being invalid for one infirmity or another it would be competent to the appropriate Legislature to cure the said infirmity and pass a validating law so as to make the provisions of the said earlier law effective from the date when it was passed.'',
	(int) 38 => '<p>It was argued that the nature of the tax so far as its retrospective operation was concerned had changed because it was almost impossible for the operators to recover tax from the passengers whom they had carried in the past. Notwithstanding this difficulty this argument was negatived and it was observed as follows:',
	(int) 39 => '<p>**it is not easy to see how it can be said that the character of the tax is radically changed in the present circumstances because it would be very difficult if not impossible for the owner it receiver the tax from he passengers whom he has carried in the past. The tax recovered retrospectively like the which will be recovered prospectively still continues to be a tax on passengers and it adopts the same machinery for the recovery of tax both as the past as well as the future. In this connection we ought to bear in mind that the incidence of the tax should not be confused with the machinery adopted by the statute to recover the said tax.'',
	(int) 40 => '<p>(11) In the present case the previous schemes were held to be invalid simply on the ground that there was no proper notification declaring the area in the dispute as a 'damaged area' under the relevant legislation. This defect was sought to be removed by the validating Act as stated above and the result of that is that the schemes which otherwise fully conformed with the provisions with regard to publication and sanction by the Government under the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act became valid and this validating legislation cannot be held to be void simply because it retrospectively makes the schemes valid. All the arguments addressed in the present case would be equally applicable to the cases referred to above decided by the Supreme Court in which the validity of such legislations was upheld.',
	(int) 41 => '<p>(12) The other argument raised on behalf of the petitioners that in view of the fact that the Supreme Court has held the previous schemes to the invalid and ultra vires in view of Article 144 of the Constitution the judgment of the Supreme Court is the law of the land and the legislature Cannot enact contrary to such a decision has also no force. All the cases referred to above were those in which the Legislature tried to get rid of the effect of the adverse judgments given by the Supreme Court and this matter has been recently dealt with by his very Bench in Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No. 164 of 1962 dated 18-10-1963 (Punjab) in which my Lord the Chief Justice who wrote the judgment inter alia referred to the cases of Jadab Singh, AIR 1960 SC 1008 and West Ramnad Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd AIR 1962 SC 1753.',
	(int) 42 => '<p>(13) In view of the above therefore I am of the opinion that by virtue of the validating Act the schemes prepared and sanctioned in conformity with the Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act between the dates specified in the validating Act must be held to be valid as if the defect of notification declaring the area in dispute as 'damaged area' did not exist.',
	(int) 43 => '<p>(14) As points other than the one decided by us also arise in the various petitioners these will not be placed before a learned Single Judge for decision.',
	(int) 44 => '<p>Falshaw, C.J.',
	(int) 45 => '<p>(15) I agree.',
	(int) 46 => '<p>(16) Petition dismissed.<p>',
	(int) 47 => '<p>'
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Subject	Constitution
Court	Punjab and Haryana High Court
Decided On	Dec-02-1963
Case Number	Civil Writ No. 1153 of 1963
Judge	D. Falshaw, C.J. and; Harbans Singh, J.
Reported in	AIR1965P& H212
Acts	Punjab Development of Damaged Areas (Validation) Act, 1963; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1951; Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Ordinance, 1950; East Punjab Damaged Areas Act, 1949; Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922
Appellant	Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors.
Respondent	The State of Punjab and ors.
Cases Referred	Thakar Singh v. State of Punjab Civil Writ No.

Sohan Lal Kirpa Ramnad ors. Vs. the State of Punjab and ors. - Court Judgment