Sheodan Singh Vs. Ramesh Singh and ors. - Court Judgment

Excerpt:
- cantonments act[c.a. no. 41/2006]. section 346 & cantonment fund (servants rules, 1937, rules 13, 14 & 15: [h.l. gokhale, ag. cj, p.v. hardas, naresh h. patil, r.m. borde & r.m. savant, jj] jurisdiction of school tribunal constituted under maharashtra employees of private schools (conditions of service) regulations act, (3 of 1978) held, school run by the cantonment board is a primary school and it is not a school recognised by any such board comparable to the divisional board or the state board. the school tribunal constituted under section 8 of the maharashtra act cannot entertain appeals filed under section 9 by the employees working in schools which are established and administered by the cantonment board. teacher employed in the school run by cantonment board being covered under rule 2 (f) of the cantonment fund servants rules, 1937 can file appeal under rules 13, 14 and 15 to authorities provided therein against any order imposing any penalties etc. [deolali cantonment board v usha devidas dongre, 1993 mah. lj 74; 1993 lab ic 1858 overruled]. -- maharashtra employees of private schools (conditions of service) regulations act, 1978 [act no. 3/1978]. sections 9 & 2(21): jurisdiction of school tribunal whether a school run by cantonment board is not a recognised school within the meaning of section 2(21)? - held, the act is enacted to regulate recruitments and conditions of employees in certain private schools and provisions of the act shall apply to all private schools in the state whether receiving any grant-in-aid from the state government or not. private school is defined in section 2(2) of the act as a recognised school established or administered by a management other than the government or a local authority. recognised means recognised by director, the divisional board or state board. thus as far as the first part of the definition of being recognised is concerned, it includes, as stated above, four directors, the divisional boards and four state boards. the second part of this definition which comes after the comma refers to any officer authorised by director or by any of such boards. the question to be examined is whether school run by the cantonment board could be said to be one run by any such boards. a private school has to be recognised by the state or the divisional board or by any officer authorised in that behalf. when this phrase namely: recognised by any officer authorised by the director or by any such boards, is included in the latter part of section 2(21), such boards will be of the level of the state board or the divisional board. the boards referred to in the definition of the word recognised means the boards which deal with education at levels other than that of the level at which primary schools are operating. thus for being recognised, the school has to be recognised by the board and therefore, it has to be operating at a higher level i.e., secondary level. section 2(21) of the act defines the term recognised. the last clause therein is by any of such boards. the term such is defined in oxford dictionary as of the kind or degree indicated or implied by the context. therefore, the term such board will have to mean a divisional board of or the level of divisional board or the state board. the divisional board holds the examination and issues certificates after 10th and 12th standard examinations. the state board advises the state government on policy matters, ensures uniform pattern of secondary and higher secondary education, lays down principles for determining syllabi, prescribes text books, etc. the cantonment board does not discharge any of such duties nor is there any other board or body under the cantonments act discharging any such duties. the duties of the cantonment board are laid down in section 62 and amongst others, clause (xiv) lays down the duties of establishing and maintaining or assisting primary schools only. the cantonment board is not required to enter into the area of secondary education. therefore, school run by the cantonment board is a primary school and it is not a school recognised by any such board comparable to the divisional board or the state board. that being the position, it is not possible to accept it to be a recognised school for being a private school under the act. for the reasons state above, the school tribunal constituted under section 8 of the act cannot entertain appeals filed under section 9 by the employees working in schools which are established and administered by the cantonment board. [deolali cantonment board v usha devidas dongre, 1993 mah.lj 74; 1993 lab ic 1858 overruled]. - prithi raj singh filed a suit against his mortgagors as well as the transferees, and got a decree on the basis of his mortgage deeds on 4th december 1933. thereafter, sheodan singh made an application under the encumbered estates act. 3. the suit was resisted by the defendant-respondents and their main ground was that as sheodan singh had failed to get the debt apportioned between himself and his co-debtors in the proceedings under the encumbered estates act, he could not maintain the suit for contribution under section 82, transfer of property act. 4. the only point, therefore, that requires determination by us is whether sheodan singh could maintain the suit for contribution, even though he had failed to implead the co-debtors or to get the debt apportioned between himself and the co-debtors in the encumbered estates act proceedings.wanchoo, j.1. this is an appeal by sheodan singh against the order of the additional civil judge of etah by which he affirmed the judgment and decree of the additional munsif of etah, dismissing the suit brought by the plaintiff. the circumstances in which the suit was brought by sheodan singh were these:2. one, lokan singh, made a mortgage on 18th august 1928, for a sum of rs. 100, in favour of prithi raj singh. on 13th december 1928, another mortgage for rs. 100 was executed by tara singh and others also in favour of the same prithi raj singh. later, on 9th november 1929, the mortgagors of both the mortgage deeds jointly executed a sale deed of the equity of redemption in favour of sheodan singh, the plaintiff appellant, and the defendant-respondents or their predecessors in interest. prithi raj singh filed a suit against his mortgagors as well as the transferees, and got a decree on the basis of his mortgage deeds on 4th december 1933. thereafter, sheodan singh made an application under the encumbered estates act. there, sheodan singh took no steps to implead his co-debtors, namely, the other vendees from lokan singh, tara singh and others, or to get the debt apportioned between himself and the other vendees under section 9(5)(a), encumbered estates act. in the result the entire amount due to prithi raj singh was realised from sheodan singh. thereafter the present suit was tiled by sheodan singh for contribution under section 82, transfer of property act.3. the suit was resisted by the defendant-respondents and their main ground was that as sheodan singh had failed to get the debt apportioned between himself and his co-debtors in the proceedings under the encumbered estates act, he could not maintain the suit for contribution under section 82, transfer of property act. there were other issues also raised, but the courts below have dismissed the suit on the ground that it was not maintainable and have accepted the contention advanced on behalf of the defendant-respondents in that connection.4. the only point, therefore, that requires determination by us is whether sheodan singh could maintain the suit for contribution, even though he had failed to implead the co-debtors or to get the debt apportioned between himself and the co-debtors in the encumbered estates act proceedings.5. we are of opinion that there is no provision in the encumbered estates act which bars sheodan singh from maintaining the present suit. we may point out that there is a provision in the encumbered estates act, which, in effect bars a creditor from filing a suit and obtaining a decree against a co-debtor, if he fails to get the debt apportioned between the debtor, who has applied, and the co-debtors. under section 9 (5) (b), encumbered estates act it is provided that if all the joint debtors have not applied under section 4, the creditor shall have a right to recover from the debtors who have not applied only such amount on account of the joint debt as may be deter, mined by the special judge to be due by them. this specific provision makes it incumbent on the creditor, in cases where the application is only by some of the debtors, to apply to the special judge to have the liability apportioned between those who are applying and those who have not applied. if the creditor fails to do so, he cannot recover anything from the co-debtors, because under this provision he can only recover that amount from the co-debtors which is determined by the special judge.6. there is, however, no such provision with respect to the debtor himself. as a matter of fact, the right of contribution will arise only when the debtor has discharged the entire liability, though there were others who were also liable to discharge it. we are, therefore, of the opinion that the view of the courts below is wrong, and that the present suit for contribution is maintainable.7. as the courts below have not decided all the issues, the suit must be remanded to the trial court for decision of the issues which have still to be decided, namely, issues 2, 4 and 5, as framed by the trial court,8. we, therefore, allow the appeal, set aside the order of the lower appellate court and remand the case to the court of first instance, through the lower appellate court, for disposal as directed above, the appellant will get his costs of this court and the lower appellate court. other costs shall be in the discretion of the trial court.