Dalip Rai Vs. Deoki Rai - Court Judgment

Excerpt:
act no. xii of 1881 (n.w.p. rent act), section 95(n) - land-holder and tenant--dispossession of tenant--effect on tenant's right of his neglecting to apply under section 95 to be restored to possession. - cantonments act[c.a. no. 41/2006]. section 346 & cantonment fund (servants rules, 1937, rules 13, 14 & 15: [h.l. gokhale, ag. cj, p.v. hardas, naresh h. patil, r.m. borde & r.m. savant, jj] jurisdiction of school tribunal constituted under maharashtra employees of private schools (conditions of service) regulations act, (3 of 1978) held, school run by the cantonment board is a primary school and it is not a school recognised by any such board comparable to the divisional board or the state board. the school tribunal constituted under section 8 of the maharashtra act cannot entertain appeals filed under section 9 by the employees working in schools which are established and administered by the cantonment board. teacher employed in the school run by cantonment board being covered under rule 2 (f) of the cantonment fund servants rules, 1937 can file appeal under rules 13, 14 and 15 to authorities provided therein against any order imposing any penalties etc. [deolali cantonment board v usha devidas dongre, 1993 mah. lj 74; 1993 lab ic 1858 overruled]. -- maharashtra employees of private schools (conditions of service) regulations act, 1978 [act no. 3/1978]. sections 9 & 2(21): jurisdiction of school tribunal whether a school run by cantonment board is not a recognised school within the meaning of section 2(21)? - held, the act is enacted to regulate recruitments and conditions of employees in certain private schools and provisions of the act shall apply to all private schools in the state whether receiving any grant-in-aid from the state government or not. private school is defined in section 2(2) of the act as a recognised school established or administered by a management other than the government or a local authority. recognised means recognised by director, the divisional board or state board. thus as far as the first part of the definition of being recognised is concerned, it includes, as stated above, four directors, the divisional boards and four state boards. the second part of this definition which comes after the comma refers to any officer authorised by director or by any of such boards. the question to be examined is whether school run by the cantonment board could be said to be one run by any such boards. a private school has to be recognised by the state or the divisional board or by any officer authorised in that behalf. when this phrase namely: recognised by any officer authorised by the director or by any such boards, is included in the latter part of section 2(21), such boards will be of the level of the state board or the divisional board. the boards referred to in the definition of the word recognised means the boards which deal with education at levels other than that of the level at which primary schools are operating. thus for being recognised, the school has to be recognised by the board and therefore, it has to be operating at a higher level i.e., secondary level. section 2(21) of the act defines the term recognised. the last clause therein is by any of such boards. the term such is defined in oxford dictionary as of the kind or degree indicated or implied by the context. therefore, the term such board will have to mean a divisional board of or the level of divisional board or the state board. the divisional board holds the examination and issues certificates after 10th and 12th standard examinations. the state board advises the state government on policy matters, ensures uniform pattern of secondary and higher secondary education, lays down principles for determining syllabi, prescribes text books, etc. the cantonment board does not discharge any of such duties nor is there any other board or body under the cantonments act discharging any such duties. the duties of the cantonment board are laid down in section 62 and amongst others, clause (xiv) lays down the duties of establishing and maintaining or assisting primary schools only. the cantonment board is not required to enter into the area of secondary education. therefore, school run by the cantonment board is a primary school and it is not a school recognised by any such board comparable to the divisional board or the state board. that being the position, it is not possible to accept it to be a recognised school for being a private school under the act. for the reasons state above, the school tribunal constituted under section 8 of the act cannot entertain appeals filed under section 9 by the employees working in schools which are established and administered by the cantonment board. [deolali cantonment board v usha devidas dongre, 1993 mah.lj 74; 1993 lab ic 1858 overruled]. - 1. the question raised by this appeal is whether the failure of a tenant to apply under section 95(w) of the north-western provinces rent act, 1981, for the recovery of the occupancy of land, of which he has been wrongfully dispossessed, within the period of six months after the date of the dispossession prescribed for such applications by section 96(e) has the effect of extinguishing his title or only of barring his remedy. the court of first instance dismissed the suit, but the lower appellate court decreed the appeal and the suit, holding that the defendant's tenancy became extinguished on his failure to apply under section 95(n) within six months from the date of the wrongful dispossession, and that when, in 1895, he obtained possession, he did so as a trespasser. on the one hand, he had clearly no remedy by legal proceedings. 294, that the tenancy of a tenant of agricultural land can only be determined in one or other of the manners mentioned in the rent act, applies to tenants-at-will, who, like other tenants, are protected by section 34 from ejectment otherwise than in execution of a decree or order under the act; notwithstanding the terms of these enactments it was clearly settled that upon the expiry of the prescribed period for such a suit, not only was the claimant's remedy barred, but his title extinguished in favour of the party in possession, however wrongfully that possession might have originated see ganga gobind mundul v. 'i apprehend it to be now well established that, when his remedy is barred, the right and title of the claimant is extinguished and transferred to the person in possession. such a state of things would lead to great insecurity in the occupancy of land by tenants holding under the landholder in good faith and in ignorance of the dispossessed tenant' s claim, and to the substitution of irregular and violent methods of recovering possession for the methods which the legislature has provided for a dispossessed tenant's benefit.arthur strachey, c.j. and knox, j.1. the question raised by this appeal is whether the failure of a tenant to apply under section 95(w) of the north-western provinces rent act, 1981, for the recovery of the occupancy of land, of which he has been wrongfully dispossessed, within the period of six months after the date of the dispossession prescribed for such applications by section 96(e) has the effect of extinguishing his title or only of barring his remedy. the facts as found by the lower appellate court are these. the plaintiffs are zamindars, and the land in suit forms part of their sir. previous to the year 1832 the defendant was in possession of the land as the plaintiff's tenant-at-will. in that year the plaintiffs, without taking any of the steps necessary under the rent act for the defendant's ejectment, wrongfully dispossessed him of the occupancy of the land and assumed the cultivation of it by a shikmi tenant whom they put in possession and whose name was entered in the settlement papers. the defendant made no application under section 95(n) for the recovery of the occupancy of the land. in 1895 he forcibly entered upon the land and resumed possession. in 1898 the plaintiffs brought the present suit in the civil court, claiming his ejectment from the land as a trespasser, and damages. the defendant pleaded that he had never ceased to have the rights of a tenant in respect of the land, and that the suit was not cognizable by a civil court. the court of first instance dismissed the suit, but the lower appellate court decreed the appeal and the suit, holding that the defendant's tenancy became extinguished on his failure to apply under section 95(n) within six months from the date of the wrongful dispossession, and that when, in 1895, he obtained possession, he did so as a trespasser. on appeal by the defendant to this court mr. justice blaib took the same view see i.l.r. 20 all. 471 and in this further appeal under the letters patent we have to consider whether it is correct.2. the question is not altogether free from difficulty. there appears to be no reported case in point. the position of the defendant, when he obtained possession in 1895, was this. on the one hand, he had clearly no remedy by legal proceedings. by virtue of the opening words of section 95 of the rent act he never had any remedy in a civil court. his only remedy in a revenue court, namely, an application under section 95(w), was barred by section 96(e). on the other hand, section 96(e) in terms enacts only that an application under section 95(n) shall not be brought after six months from the date of the wrongful dispossession; it contains no provision similar to section 28 of the limitation act, to the effect that at the determination of the prescribed period the tenant's right to the occupancy of the land shall be extinguished. section 28 of the limitation act itself obviously does not affect applications under the rent act. the view expressed in mazhar rai v. ramgat singh (1896) i. l. r. 18 all. 290 at p. 294, that the tenancy of a tenant of agricultural land can only be determined in one or other of the manners mentioned in the rent act, applies to tenants-at-will, who, like other tenants, are protected by section 34 from ejectment otherwise than in execution of a decree or order under the act; and among the manners specially mentioned, extinction by lapse of the period prescribed by section 96(e) is net one. if within the six months period the defendant had, without the assistance of the revenue court, regained possession of the land, there can be no doubt that he would have held it under his original tenancy, which, in that case, would have undergone no legal determination or interruption. the pleader for the appellant contended that it is a general principle of law that in the absence of express words to the contrary a statute of limitation only bars the remedy and does not extinguish the right, and that, as the rent act contains no such express words, the defendant's title, notwithstanding the lapse of the prescribed period, still existed at the time when he regained possession.3. the nearest analogy available upon the question is afforded by the indian enactments relating to limitation prior to act no. ix of 1871, section 29 of which first introduced the rule now contained in section 28 of the present act. the old bengal regulations of limitation, iii of 1793 and 11 of 1805, in reference to suits for the recovery of immovable property, in terms limited the remedy only and did not on the lapse of the prescribed period expressly extinguish the title. again, section 1 of act. no. xiv of 1859 only provided that no suit should be maintained in any court of judicature unless the same were instituted within the period of limitation made applicable to a suit of that nature, and of such suits clause 12 of the section specified suits for the recovery of immovable property, or of any interest in immovable property. notwithstanding the terms of these enactments it was clearly settled that upon the expiry of the prescribed period for such a suit, not only was the claimant's remedy barred, but his title extinguished in favour of the party in possession, however wrongfully that possession might have originated see ganga gobind mundul v. the collector of the twenty-four pergunnahs (1867) 11 moo. i.a. 345, and the other cases mentioned by westropp, c.j., in sitaram vasudev v. khanderav balkrishna (1876) i.l.r. 1 bom. 286. in bindrabbn chunder roy v. tarachand bundopadhya (1873) 11 b.l.r. 237, decided under act no. xiv of 1859, mr. justice mahkby said that it was 'an accepted doctrine in our courts that if a party who has been twelve years out of possession and whoso suit is therefore barred should again get into possession, ha is not (to use an english phrase) remitted to his old title; our courts adopting, as pointed out by sir laweence peel in sibchunder doss v. sibkissen banerjee (1854) 1 boul. 70, the english rule that there is no remitter to a right for which the party had no remedy by action at all.' in the same case mr. justice birch said: 'i apprehend it to be now well established that, when his remedy is barred, the right and title of the claimant is extinguished and transferred to the person in possession.' the only authorities for the contrary view which have been cited to us are two madras cases, in one of which, doe d, kullammal v. kuppu pillai (1862) 1 mad. h.c. rep. 85, decided in 1862, it was held that 'the indian law of limitation bars the remedy only, but does not extinguish the right,' and in the other, govindan pillai v. chidambara pillai (1866) 3 mad. h.c. rep. 99, decided in 1862, it was held that section 12 of act no. xiv of 1859 did not extinguish the right at the lapse of the statutory period. both these cases, however, were decided before the decision of the privy council in the case reported in 11 moo. i.a. 345, upon which the bengal judgments were chiefly based. the later cases support, we think, the view expressed by mr. mitra that where a law of limitation regarding the possession and dispossession of immovable property in terms limits the suit only, its effect is nevertheless generally to extinguish the title, unless there co-exists with it a statute such as bombay regulation v of 1627, fixing a longer period for the acquisition of title by positive prescription: see mitra'a law of limitation and prescription in british india (3rd ed.), pp. 3, 13, 35, 36, 52, 325, and rambhat agnihotri v. the collector of puna i.l.r. 1 bom. 592 at p. 599. it is true that in all these cases there was no question of landholder and tenant. the question was not whether, under a special law prescribing a period of limitation, a tenant's right was extinguished in favour of a landholder wrongfully dispossessing him, but whether, under the general limitation law, an original owner's right was extinguished in favour of a wrongful occupant holding adversely for the prescribed period. the cases, however, so far assist us that they establish, first, that a provision as to limitation which in terms merely bars the remedy may have the further effect of extinguishing the right, and, secondly, that as regards the possession and dispossession of immovable property or an interest therein, the latter effect generally follows. if this view is correct, the presumption appears to be that, on the lapse of the six months' period prescribed by section 96 (e) of the rent act, the defendant's right to the occupancy of the land in suit was extinguished, and that the possession which he afterwards forcibly obtained was not that of a tenant who could only be ejected through a revenue court, but that of a trespasser who might be ejected through a civil court. (sic) on the other hand, this view is not correct, the result would seem to be that there is no limit of time within which the defendant might not forcibly re-occupy the land and assert the continuance of his tenancy. such a state of things would lead to great insecurity in the occupancy of land by tenants holding under the landholder in good faith and in ignorance of the dispossessed tenant' s claim, and to the substitution of irregular and violent methods of recovering possession for the methods which the legislature has provided for a dispossessed tenant's benefit. we do not think that a construction of section 96(e) of the rent act which involves these consequences can be correct. we think that the lower appellate court and mr. justice blair have rightly construed the section, and we dismis9 this appeal with costs.