Emperor Vs. Babu Ram - Court Judgment

Excerpt:
criminal procedure code, section 537 - two false suits filed by same plaintiff--order directing prosecution ambiguous as to whether it referred to both suits or only one, but construed by trying magistrate as referring to both--convictions upheld. - cantonments act[c.a. no. 41/2006]. section 346 & cantonment fund (servants rules, 1937, rules 13, 14 & 15: [h.l. gokhale, ag. cj, p.v. hardas, naresh h. patil, r.m. borde & r.m. savant, jj] jurisdiction of school tribunal constituted under maharashtra employees of private schools (conditions of service) regulations act, (3 of 1978) held, school run by the cantonment board is a primary school and it is not a school recognised by any such board comparable to the divisional board or the state board. the school tribunal constituted under section 8 of the maharashtra act cannot entertain appeals filed under section 9 by the employees working in schools which are established and administered by the cantonment board. teacher employed in the school run by cantonment board being covered under rule 2 (f) of the cantonment fund servants rules, 1937 can file appeal under rules 13, 14 and 15 to authorities provided therein against any order imposing any penalties etc. [deolali cantonment board v usha devidas dongre, 1993 mah. lj 74; 1993 lab ic 1858 overruled]. -- maharashtra employees of private schools (conditions of service) regulations act, 1978 [act no. 3/1978]. sections 9 & 2(21): jurisdiction of school tribunal whether a school run by cantonment board is not a recognised school within the meaning of section 2(21)? - held, the act is enacted to regulate recruitments and conditions of employees in certain private schools and provisions of the act shall apply to all private schools in the state whether receiving any grant-in-aid from the state government or not. private school is defined in section 2(2) of the act as a recognised school established or administered by a management other than the government or a local authority. recognised means recognised by director, the divisional board or state board. thus as far as the first part of the definition of being recognised is concerned, it includes, as stated above, four directors, the divisional boards and four state boards. the second part of this definition which comes after the comma refers to any officer authorised by director or by any of such boards. the question to be examined is whether school run by the cantonment board could be said to be one run by any such boards. a private school has to be recognised by the state or the divisional board or by any officer authorised in that behalf. when this phrase namely: recognised by any officer authorised by the director or by any such boards, is included in the latter part of section 2(21), such boards will be of the level of the state board or the divisional board. the boards referred to in the definition of the word recognised means the boards which deal with education at levels other than that of the level at which primary schools are operating. thus for being recognised, the school has to be recognised by the board and therefore, it has to be operating at a higher level i.e., secondary level. section 2(21) of the act defines the term recognised. the last clause therein is by any of such boards. the term such is defined in oxford dictionary as of the kind or degree indicated or implied by the context. therefore, the term such board will have to mean a divisional board of or the level of divisional board or the state board. the divisional board holds the examination and issues certificates after 10th and 12th standard examinations. the state board advises the state government on policy matters, ensures uniform pattern of secondary and higher secondary education, lays down principles for determining syllabi, prescribes text books, etc. the cantonment board does not discharge any of such duties nor is there any other board or body under the cantonments act discharging any such duties. the duties of the cantonment board are laid down in section 62 and amongst others, clause (xiv) lays down the duties of establishing and maintaining or assisting primary schools only. the cantonment board is not required to enter into the area of secondary education. therefore, school run by the cantonment board is a primary school and it is not a school recognised by any such board comparable to the divisional board or the state board. that being the position, it is not possible to accept it to be a recognised school for being a private school under the act. for the reasons state above, the school tribunal constituted under section 8 of the act cannot entertain appeals filed under section 9 by the employees working in schools which are established and administered by the cantonment board. [deolali cantonment board v usha devidas dongre, 1993 mah.lj 74; 1993 lab ic 1858 overruled]. - it was made a part, of musammat ganga dei's defence in the suit before the learned subordinate judge that the preferring of this false claim against her was part of a conspiracy, another step in which had been the filing of a false claim against badri prasad in the city munsif's court, and if in consequence the learned subordinate judge sent for and examined the record of the trial in the city munsif's court, and if in fact the question of the false claim preferred against badri prasad was brought to his notice in the course of a judicial proceeding, that is to say, in the course of his trial of the claim brought against musammat ganga dei, then he had jurisdiction to direct the prosecution of babu ram for having preferred a false claim against badri prasad in the city munsif's court as well as for having preferred a false claim against musammat ganga dei in his own court. if these were the only points to be determined on this application, i should be perfectly justified holding that the order passed by the learned subordinate judge under section 476 of the code criminal procedure must be presumed to be a good and valid order, unless and until the applicant can satisfy this court to the contrary. i take it that the magistrate who tried babu ram on these two charges had before him an ambiguously worded order, as to which it can fairly be contended that it does not make it clear whether the prosecution of babu ram in respect of the claim preferred in the city munsif's court is or is not ordered, i take it that the magistrate in all good faith believed that the order of the 1st) of june, 1918, directed babu ram's prosecution in respect of both offences. ' the present seems to be precisely such a case. i am satisfied that in no event could it be said that babu ram was prejudiced by the procedure adopted, it was an essential part of the case tot the/prosecution that two false claims had been brought by babu ram, on one and the same date, in two different courts, in pursuance of the same vengeful purpose, and that the bringing of those two false claims constituted two acts so connected together as to form part of one and the same transaction.piggott, j.1. this application in revision arises out of the following facts. on the 6th of april, 1918, the applicant babu ram instituted two civil suits in two different courts against two different persons. in one case he claimed a sum of rs. 33-10-0 from one badri prasad. this suit was instituted in the court of the city munsif of bareilly, was tried on the small cause court side, and was dismissed on the 23rd day of april, 1918. in the other suit babu ram claimed a sum of rs. 140 from one musammat ganga dei in the court of the subordinate judge of bareilly. this suit also was tried on the small cause court side, and was also dismissed. the learned subordinate judge then took proceedings under section 476 of the code of criminal procedure against babu ram and against certain persons who had appeared as witnesses before his court in support of babu ram's claim against musammat ganga dei. in the course of those proceedings he sent for and examined the file of the suit against badri prasad in the city munsif's court. on the 1st of june, 1918, he recorded an order directing the prosecution of babu ram under section 209 of the indian penal code and of three other persons under section 193 of the same code. the magistrate who took cognizance of the matter inquired into the conduct of babu ram inrespect of both the suits filed by, him. he framed charges alleging against babu ram that he had fraudulently or dishonestly, or with intent to injure badri prasad and musammat ganga dei, made against each of them, on one and the same day, a claim in two different courts of justice which ho knew to be false. after the charges had been framed babu ram entered on his defence. the prosecution witnesses were re-called and cross-examined and witnesses for the defence were heard on three subsequent dates, last of which one month and eleven days after the framing of the charges. it is quite clear that in the magistrate's court no objection was taken as to the jurisdiction of the court to take cognizance of both offences, or as to the validity of the procedure adopted in trying both these charges at one and the same trial. it was an essential part of the case for the prosecution that these two false claims had been preferred by babu ram out of enmity against badri prasad, his reason for proceeding against musammat ganga dei being that that lady is related to badri prasad and lives in one and the same house with him. so far, therefore, as concerns the trial of these two charges together, the procedure adopted is not merely warranted by section 234 of the code of criminal procedure, but the case actually falls within the purview of section 235 (1) of the same code, the case for the prosecution being that the bringing of two false claims against badri prasad and musammat ganga dei respectively formed part of the same transaction. the trying magistrate, and also the sessions judge on appeal, have found that the case for the prosecution was fully made out on the facts, that the two claims preferred by babu ram were false to his knowledge, and were preferred dishonestly and with intent to injure badri prasad and musammat ganga dei. in his memorandum of appeal to the sessions court babu ram protested against the joinder of the two charges, and also against the action of the magistrate in taking cognizance of the offence alleged to have been committed by the filing of the false claim against badri prasad in the court of the city munsif. he has stated in the said petition of the appeal that he was taken by surprise by the course adopted by the magistrate, that he believed himself to be on his trial only in respect of the claim brought against musammat ganga dei and that he was greatly prejudiced in his defence by this belief. an examination of the record shows that these assertions are absolutely false. babu ram had fair warning that he was charged in respect of both offences, he did in fact defend himself in respect of the both charges. he had abundant opportunity of doing so, and he never in the magistrate's court challenged the legality or propriety of the procedure adopted. the learned sessions judge, concurring with the view taken of the facts by the magistrate, has declined to interfere on any legal ground, holding that the joinder of the charges was justified; that, if any error was committed in respect of the magistrate's taking cognizance of the offence alleged to have been committed in respect of the filing of the suit in the city munsifs court, the accused had not been prejudiced thereby, and that the provisions of section 537 (b) of the code of criminal procedure, more particularly when considered in connection with the explanation appended to the aforesaid section, forbid interference on appeal or revision on the mere ground of want of sanction in respect of this particular offence, or of irregularity in the proceedings taken under section 476 by the learned subordinate judge.2. in the petition of revision to this court these points are again raised. i have to consider, first of all, whether the learned subordinate judge had jurisdiction to take proceedings in respect of the false claim alleged to have been preferred in the city munsifs court. my answer on this point is that on the materials at present available i am unable to answer this question positively other in the affirmative or in the negative. it was made a part, of musammat ganga dei's defence in the suit before the learned subordinate judge that the preferring of this false claim against her was part of a conspiracy, another step in which had been the filing of a false claim against badri prasad in the city munsif's court, and if in consequence the learned subordinate judge sent for and examined the record of the trial in the city munsif's court, and if in fact the question of the false claim preferred against badri prasad was brought to his notice in the course of a judicial proceeding, that is to say, in the course of his trial of the claim brought against musammat ganga dei, then he had jurisdiction to direct the prosecution of babu ram for having preferred a false claim against badri prasad in the city munsif's court as well as for having preferred a false claim against musammat ganga dei in his own court. if i thought it essential in the interests of justice to do so, i should adjourn the present proceedings in order to call for the record of the suit no. 320 of 1918 on the small cause court side, in the court of the subordinate judge of bareilly in order to inquire further into these matters. for reasons which will become sufficiently obvious in the course of this order, i do not think this necessary. if these were the only points to be determined on this application, i should be perfectly justified holding that the order passed by the learned subordinate judge under section 476 of the code criminal procedure must be presumed to be a good and valid order, unless and until the applicant can satisfy this court to the contrary. a more serious difficulty has, however, been raised in respect of the same order. it is, undoubtedly, ambiguous in its terms, and lays itself open to the contention that the learned subordinate judge, although he had examined the file of the suit in the city munsif's court in order to form a sound opinion regarding the transaction as a whole, did not as a matter of the fact intend to direct the prosecution of babu ram in respect of the claim preferred in the city munsif's court, but only in respect of the claim preferred against musammat ganga dei in his own court. i am not prepared to go further than to say that the order of the learned subordinate judge of the 1st of june, 1918, is ambiguous, and does not make it as clear as it should do whether he intended to direct the prosecution of babu ram in respect of two offences under section 209 of the indian penal code, or of one only. now i am content to deal with matter upon this basis. i take it that the magistrate who tried babu ram on these two charges had before him an ambiguously worded order, as to which it can fairly be contended that it does not make it clear whether the prosecution of babu ram in respect of the claim preferred in the city munsif's court is or is not ordered, i take it that the magistrate in all good faith believed that the order of the 1st) of june, 1918, directed babu ram's prosecution in respect of both offences. he acted upon that belief, and the accused, who had every opportunity' of doing so, and who had full warning from the date on which the charge was framed of the fact that he was being put upon his trial in support of both offences, acquiesced in the view taken by the magistrate and never at any stage of the trial in that court raised the question of the court's want of jurisdiction in respect of the offence alleged to have been committed in the city munsif's court. on this state of facts, i am prepared to hold that the case is covered by the provisions of section 537 (b) of the code of criminal procedure. when all is said and done, the words which occur in that sub-section, ' the want of any sanction required by section 195 or any irregularity in proceedings taken under section 476,' must have some meaning; it is contrary to the canons of sound interpretation to press the words, 'passed by a court of competent jurisdiction,' in the first part of the said section so as to make it impossible for the words quoted from this sub-section (b) to have any meaning at all, that is to say, to be applicable in any possible' case. i have before me a ruling of this court on which i desire to found myself. it is the case of emperor v. zahir singh (1915) i.l.r. 37 all. 283, decided by mr. justice tudball. with regard to section 537 of the code of criminal procedure, the learned judge remarks, ' the section was intended to prevent a mere technicality from interfering with the course of justice, the error, omission etc., being one which had escaped all parties at the beginning of the proceeding.' the present seems to be precisely such a case. the error, if it was an error, committed by the magistrate in the present case, was in interpreting the subordinate judge's order of the 1st of june, 1918, as covering both the offences under section 209 of the indian penal code to which reference is made, in the course of the said order. the error, if it was one, certainly escaped observation, not merely at the beginning of the proceedings in the magistrate's court but throughout the entire trial in that court. i am satisfied that in no event could it be said that babu ram was prejudiced by the procedure adopted, it was an essential part of the case tot the/prosecution that two false claims had been brought by babu ram, on one and the same date, in two different courts, in pursuance of the same vengeful purpose, and that the bringing of those two false claims constituted two acts so connected together as to form part of one and the same transaction. even if babu ram had been on his trial only in respect of the false claim preferred against musammat ganga dei, the evidence given by badri prasad would have been relevant under more than one section of the indian evidence act.