Syeda Bibi and anr. Vs. Mughal Jan and ors. - Court Judgment

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muhammadan law - shias--waqf--invalid woaqf--condition suspending operation of waqf-namah--condition that waqf-namah should not take effect until registration. - cantonments act[c.a. no. 41/2006]. section 346 & cantonment fund (servants rules, 1937, rules 13, 14 & 15: [h.l. gokhale, ag. cj, p.v. hardas, naresh h. patil, r.m. borde & r.m. savant, jj] jurisdiction of school tribunal constituted under maharashtra employees of private schools (conditions of service) regulations act, (3 of 1978) held, school run by the cantonment board is a primary school and it is not a school recognised by any such board comparable to the divisional board or the state board. the school tribunal constituted under section 8 of the maharashtra act cannot entertain appeals filed under section 9 by the employees working in schools which are established and administered by the cantonment board. teacher employed in the school run by cantonment board being covered under rule 2 (f) of the cantonment fund servants rules, 1937 can file appeal under rules 13, 14 and 15 to authorities provided therein against any order imposing any penalties etc. [deolali cantonment board v usha devidas dongre, 1993 mah. lj 74; 1993 lab ic 1858 overruled]. -- maharashtra employees of private schools (conditions of service) regulations act, 1978 [act no. 3/1978]. sections 9 & 2(21): jurisdiction of school tribunal whether a school run by cantonment board is not a recognised school within the meaning of section 2(21)? - held, the act is enacted to regulate recruitments and conditions of employees in certain private schools and provisions of the act shall apply to all private schools in the state whether receiving any grant-in-aid from the state government or not. private school is defined in section 2(2) of the act as a recognised school established or administered by a management other than the government or a local authority. recognised means recognised by director, the divisional board or state board. thus as far as the first part of the definition of being recognised is concerned, it includes, as stated above, four directors, the divisional boards and four state boards. the second part of this definition which comes after the comma refers to any officer authorised by director or by any of such boards. the question to be examined is whether school run by the cantonment board could be said to be one run by any such boards. a private school has to be recognised by the state or the divisional board or by any officer authorised in that behalf. when this phrase namely: recognised by any officer authorised by the director or by any such boards, is included in the latter part of section 2(21), such boards will be of the level of the state board or the divisional board. the boards referred to in the definition of the word recognised means the boards which deal with education at levels other than that of the level at which primary schools are operating. thus for being recognised, the school has to be recognised by the board and therefore, it has to be operating at a higher level i.e., secondary level. section 2(21) of the act defines the term recognised. the last clause therein is by any of such boards. the term such is defined in oxford dictionary as of the kind or degree indicated or implied by the context. therefore, the term such board will have to mean a divisional board of or the level of divisional board or the state board. the divisional board holds the examination and issues certificates after 10th and 12th standard examinations. the state board advises the state government on policy matters, ensures uniform pattern of secondary and higher secondary education, lays down principles for determining syllabi, prescribes text books, etc. the cantonment board does not discharge any of such duties nor is there any other board or body under the cantonments act discharging any such duties. the duties of the cantonment board are laid down in section 62 and amongst others, clause (xiv) lays down the duties of establishing and maintaining or assisting primary schools only. the cantonment board is not required to enter into the area of secondary education. therefore, school run by the cantonment board is a primary school and it is not a school recognised by any such board comparable to the divisional board or the state board. that being the position, it is not possible to accept it to be a recognised school for being a private school under the act. for the reasons state above, the school tribunal constituted under section 8 of the act cannot entertain appeals filed under section 9 by the employees working in schools which are established and administered by the cantonment board. [deolali cantonment board v usha devidas dongre, 1993 mah.lj 74; 1993 lab ic 1858 overruled]. - , of the waqf properties, and (3) that after her syed aulad husain, syed sarfaraz husain and syed asghar husain, his nephews, shall receive the profits after deduction of expenses, and that when any of these persons or their male descendants how low so ever, are no longer in existence, the entire profits from the endowed property shall be spent in good deeds and proper charities. (3) the expense of constructing a well. (5) the expenses upon his death of holding majlis, recitation of quran and feeding poor persons. first, it is said that the waqf is illusory, that the object of it was merely to benefit the widow and the nephews of the waqif, and the male descendants of the nephews for all time, and that it was only after the extinction of male descendants of the nephews that any substantial portion of the property was made available for good deeds and charities; in the first place, this statement is not strictly accurate, inasmuch as the waqf-namah purports to deal with movable as well as immovable property, and as regards movable property it would operate as from its date without registration.john stanley, c.j. and burkitt, j.1. this is an appeal from a decree of the subordinate judge of jaunpur in a suit brought by the plaintiff for the recovery of the property of the late syed hasan ali by right of inheritance, and for a declaration that a waqf-namah of the 27th of august, 1886, was invalid, and in-effectual according to shia law.2. syed hasan ali, who belonged to the shia sect of muhammadans, on the 27th of august, 1886, executed the deed which has given rise to this litigation. in it, after a recital of the uncertainty of life, the executant, 'with a view to earn merit in the next world and to benefit the persons mentioned in this document,' made a perpetual waqf 'for charitable purposes, and to benefit the persons mentioned' in the document according to the muhammadan law of the imamia sect of the whole of his movable and immovable property, with the exception of some small portions of property which he specified, subject to the conditions and details which follow.3. the deed then provides in paragraph 1 that from the date of its execution his wife, the defendant mughal jan, shall be mutawalli, and that after her death certain members of the family expressly mentioned, and after them the eldest member of the family from generation to generation should be mutawallis. in paragraph 2 there is a declaration that mughal jan shall receive during her life the profits of the properties, after deducting the expenses mentioned in paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, and other expenses, connected with the management, &c.;, of the waqf properties, and (3) that after her syed aulad husain, syed sarfaraz husain and syed asghar husain, his nephews, shall receive the profits after deduction of expenses, and that when any of these persons or their male descendants how low so ever, are no longer in existence, the entire profits from the endowed property shall be spent in good deeds and proper charities. then in paragraphs 3, 4, 5, and 8, provision is made for defraying out of the income of the property the following expenses, viz.-(1)the expenses of majlis as the appropriator used to do.(2) the expenses of a mosque situate near his house.(3) the expense of constructing a well.(4) the feeding of travellers.(5) the expenses upon his death of holding majlis, recitation of quran and feeding poor persons.4. in paragraph 11 is the following important direction, namely: 'this deed of waqf shall come into force from the date of its registration; no one shall be at liberty to take any objection, &c.;' part of the property of syed hasan ali consisted of mortgage securities, which are not the proper subject-matter of a waqf. the subordinate judge held that, save and except in respect of the mortgage securities, the property was validly dedicated and created a waqf, and he dismissed the claim of the plaintiffs save in regard to the mortgaged property. hence this appeal. three grounds of objection to the deed have been pressed in argument before us on behalf of the appellants. first, it is said that the waqf is illusory, that the object of it was merely to benefit the widow and the nephews of the waqif, and the male descendants of the nephews for all time, and that it was only after the extinction of male descendants of the nephews that any substantial portion of the property was made available for good deeds and charities; secondly, it was contended that according to shia law, acceptance of the waqf by the beneficiary must be proved by substantive evidence, that acceptance cannot be a matter of inference merely, and that substantive evidence of the fact was not adduced; and thirdly, it is said that the direction in the deed that the waqf shall only come into force from the date of registration of the deed is fatal to the validity of it, inasmuch as under the shia law, the operation of a waqf cannot be suspended or made to depend upon some future event. from the view which we hold as regards this last question, it is unnecessary for us to determine the earlier questions which have been discussed.5. amongst the conditions which relate to a valid waqf is the condition 'that it must be entirely taken out of the waqif or appropriator himself, so that if the appropriation is restricted to a particular time or made dependent on some quality of future occurrence, it is void' (baillie's imamia law, page 218). quoting from mafateh, mr. shama churun sircar in the annotations to his tagore lectures of 1874, writes at page 471 as follows: 'without difference of opinion waqf should be made at once; it cannot be made to depend on the occurrence of an event (in future) unless the same be quite certain and positive.' and again at page 472 of the same lectures, he gives the following illustration of the rule: 'if one should say 'i have appropriated when the beginning of the month should come, or if zayid will arrive, the appropriation would not be valid.'' in this he refers to sharaya-ul-islam, pp. 236 and 237.5. mr, justice mahmood elaborately reviewed the various texts on this subject in his judgment in the case of agha ali khan v. altaf hasan khan (1892) i.l.r. 14 all. 429 and, amongst other quotations, gives at, p. 466 an extract from the sharah lamah damishkia, which is as follows: 'besides above mentioned matters tanjiz is one of its (waqf's) conditions. therefore if he (the waqif) has suspended it upon any contingency or quality it is void, except in cases when the contingency already exists, and the waqif (appropriator) is aware of its existence, such as his saying 'i have made this waqf if to-day is friday,' such as is the rule in regard to other contracts.' the learned judge then observes that 'it is clear from these texts that the doctrine of tanjiz, which is unanimously approved by the highest authorities of the shia law, requires as one of the essential conditions precedent to the validity of a waqf that it should not be rendered contingent upon any future event, whether such event is likely or possible to occur, or even when it is certain to occur, such as the beginning of the next month or the occurrence of the death of the waqif, i.e. the appropriator.'6. in the present case the appropriator made the waqf to depend upon the happening of a future event, that is, upon the registration of the waqf-namah. one of the conditions of the instrument was that it should only come into force on the date of its registration, that is, that it should have no force or validity unless and until the document was registered. as a matter of fact, the registration was not effected until a week after the execution of the deed had elapsed, so that for one week the operation of the waqf was suspended. there was no obligation on the part of the executant to have the deed registered at all; if he had chosen not to register it during his lifetime, the dedication would have remained incomplete, and the waqf-namah been suspended or left in abeyance. it has been argued by mr. conlan on behalf of the respondents that there was no suspension of the waqf created by the deed, that the direction that the deed should come into force from the date of its registration was only declaratory of the law, inasmuch as the deed could not take effect before registration by reason of the provision of the registration act that no document shall affect any immovable property unless it has been registered (section 49, indian registration act). there are two answers to this argument. in the first place, this statement is not strictly accurate, inasmuch as the waqf-namah purports to deal with movable as well as immovable property, and as regards movable property it would operate as from its date without registration. in the second place, as regards immovable property the deed, when registered, would operate from the time from which it would have commenced to operate if no registration had been required, and not from the time of registration (section 47, registration act). so that, but for the condition that the deed should only come into force on the date of registration, it would on registration operate as from the day of its execution.7. there being this precise direction by the waqif that the endowment is to become effectual only on the happening of an uncertain event, there is nothing in the registration act which would make it to operate from the date of execution. if there had been no such direction by the waqif, then according to the registration act the deed on registration would have effect from the date of its execution; but such is not the case when, as here, an executant fixes time from which the deed is to come into force.8. but it is further argued that the condition contained in paragraph 11 is repugnant to the direction contained in paragraph 1, namely, the direction that from the date of the execution of the deed mughal jan shall be mutawalli of the endowed property, and that there being a repugnancy in the two paragraphs, the first in the case of a deed must prevail. we do not think that there is any such repugnancy as renders it necessary for us to apply the rule of construction which is relied on. the executant by the deed no doubt declares that mughal jan shall be the mutawalli from the date of execution, that is, her appointment as such dates from execution; but by the subsequent provision in paragraph 11, her powers and duties are suspended so as to spring into existence only upon registration. her appointment nominally made on the day of execution, is in effect post-dated by the subsequent direction in the deed.9. reading the deed then in its entirety, it appears to us to be manifest that the executants intended that the deed should take effect and operate only in case and when it was registered.10. for these reasons we think that the alleged waqf is invalid, and not binding on the plaintiffs. we therefore allow the appeal, set aside the decree of the lower court, so far as the claim of the plaintiffs was partly dismissed, and we declare that the deed of the 27th of august, 1886, in the pleadings mentioned, was ineffectual to create a valid waqf of the property of the late syed hasan ali, and in modification of the decree of the lower court we give a decree as claimed with future mesne profits and also costs in both courts.