Jyothi Chellaram Vs. Commissioner of Income-tax - Court Judgment

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direct taxation - cash payment - section 40a (3) of income tax act, 1961 - claim for deduction on expenses incurred in madras denied on account of cash payment - assessee claimed such cash payment made out of unavoidable necessity - nothing to prove such recipient insisted on cash payment - assessee not denied existence of bank account to such recipient - held, in such circumstances assessee not entitled to deduct such expenses as it failed to corroborate that such payment made out of unavoidable necessity at the instance of recipient. head note: income tax business disallowance under s. 40a(3)--cash payments exceeding rs. 2,500--insistence of cash payment and unwillingness to render services otherwise held: the assessee is not new either to the business or to the provisions of the it act. it is not possible to accept that the assessee accepted the risk and responsibility to make payments in cash by contravening the provisions. the revenue cannot be found fault with for insisting on the strict compliance with a requirement directed to check tax evasion. in the circumstances, no case is made out for excepting these payments under r. 6dd(j). income tax act 1961 s.40a(3) - - the commissioner referred to the assessee's explanation that the payments were made due to exceptional or unavoidable circumstances or because the payment by crossed cheque or crossed demand draft was not practicable or would have caused genuine difficulty to the payee. the learned commissioner referred to rule 6dd of the income-tax rules, 1962, which prescribed the circumstances in which a payment by cash could still be allowed as deduction the assessee was relying on clause (j) of rule 6dd to claim that the payments in question should be allowed because they were made under exceptional or unavoidable circumstances or payment by crossed cheques or crossed demand drafts was not practicable and would have caused genuine difficulty. while accepting fairly that the amounts in question were paid by bearer cheques, learned counsel heavily relied upon clause (j) of rule 6dd which provided that where payments were in cash under exceptional or unavoidable circumstances or because the payment in the manner required by section 40a(3) was not practicable or would have caused genuine difficulty to the payee, the payments could be allowed as deduction, especially in view of the fact that the evidence led by the assessee satisfied the authorities regarding the genuineness of the payments and the identity of the payee. under these exceptional and unavoidable circumstances, jaypee electronics made the payments through bearer cheques. in the present case, the payments made are fairly considerable the assessee is not new either to the business or to the provisions of the income-tax act, it is not possible to accept that an assessee like the one in the present case accepted the risk and responsibility to make payments in cash by contravening the provisions contained in the income-tax act that payments in excess of rs.y.v. anjaneyulu, j. 1. this reference relates to the income-tax assessment years 1977-78 and 1978-79. the reference is made at the instance of the assessee by the income-tax appellate tribunal under section 256(1) of the income-tax act, 1961. the assessee was the sole distributor of bush radios for the states of andhra pradesh and tamil nadu. in the income-tax returns for the assessment years 1977-78 and 1978-79, the assessee claimed deduction of certain payments made to its constituents at madras. during the previous year relevant to the assessment year 1977-78, payments were made to different parties aggregating in all to rs. 1,48,472 in the previous year relevant to the assessment year 1978-79, payments were made to third parties aggregating to rs. 1,82,515. these payments represented publicity and advertisement charges and packing charges. during the course of the examination of the accounts, the income-tax officer called upon the assessee to prove the genuineness of the payments as all these payments were made in cash. the assessee produced receipts and other available evidence the income-tax officer investigated into the matter, contacted the parties concerned and elicited that the payments in question were not genuinely made but were accommodation payments. without going into further details, it may be mentioned that eventually the income-tax officer disallowed the expenses on two grounds, namely, that the expenses incurred were not proved to be genuine and that, in any event, the payments were made in cash in contravention of the provisions contained in section 40a(3) of the income-tax act. 2. the assessee was aggrieved by the disallowance of the expenses for the two assessment years and filed appeals before the commissioner of income-tax (appeals). before the commissioner of income-tax (appeals), the assessee made a two-pronged endeavour to secure deduction of the expenses. firstly, he tried to prove the genuineness of the payments. the learned commissioner had gone into the question in great detail and eventually accepted a part of the payments made to be genuine. even so, the question still remained for consideration whether, in the absence of payments by crossed cheques as required by section 40a(3), the payments could be allowed by way of deduction in computing the total income. the assessee explained that in response to an enquiry made by the income-tax officer on february 20, 1980, he filed a reply on march 6, 1980, setting out the circumstances in which cash payments were made. the commissioner referred to the assessee's explanation that the payments were made due to exceptional or unavoidable circumstances or because the payment by crossed cheque or crossed demand draft was not practicable or would have caused genuine difficulty to the payee. the learned commissioner referred to rule 6dd of the income-tax rules, 1962, which prescribed the circumstances in which a payment by cash could still be allowed as deduction the assessee was relying on clause (j) of rule 6dd to claim that the payments in question should be allowed because they were made under exceptional or unavoidable circumstances or payment by crossed cheques or crossed demand drafts was not practicable and would have caused genuine difficulty. the learned commissioner, after scrutiny of the assessee's explanation, accepted some payments as falling within clause (j) of rule 6dd; but eventually held that payments to the extent of rs. 1,01,180 for the assessment year 1977-78 and rs. 1,12,915 for the assessment year 1978-79 could not be allowed. 3. aggrieved by the order of the commissioner, the assessee filed further appeal to the tribunal and reiterated the plea that, in the facts and circumstances, the commissioner should have allowed the remaining payments to the extent of rs. 1,01,180 and rs. 1,12,915, respectively, for the assessment years 1977-78 and 1978-79. before the tribunal, the question of genuineness had been further gone into and after an elaborate discussion, the tribunal held that the department was unable to establish that the payments were not genuine. at the same time, however, the tribunal upheld the decision of the commissioner that the payments could not be allowed as deduction in view of the contravention of the provisions contained in section 40a(3) of the act. the assessee applied for and obtained the present reference under section 256(1). the tribunal referred the following question of law for the consideration of this court : 'whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case the income-tax appellate tribunal was justified in confirming the disallowance of the publicity charges paid to m/s. pani publicities and m/s. sell sign, madras, amounting to rs. 59,925 and rs. 25,325 for the assessment year 1977-78, respectively, and to m/s. sell sign amounting to rs. 88,700 for the assessment year 1978-79 and to m/s. a. jacquiline towards packing charges amounting to rs. 15,930 and rs. 24,215, respectively, for the assessment years 1977-78 and 1978-79 on the ground that they were hit by the provisions of section 40a(3) of the income-tax act, 1961 ?' 4. learned counsel for the assessee, sri s. parvatha rao, contends that eventually, after the matter was considered by the tribunal, the genuineness of the payments was accepted and the identity of the parties who received the amounts was also established. the disallowance was made only on the technical plea that the payments in question were made in cash in contravention of the provisions contained in section 40a(3) which required that payments in excess of rs. 2,500 should be made either by crossed cheques or by crossed demand drafts, unless such payments could be excepted by any of the provisions contained in rule 6dd. while accepting fairly that the amounts in question were paid by bearer cheques, learned counsel heavily relied upon clause (j) of rule 6dd which provided that where payments were in cash under exceptional or unavoidable circumstances or because the payment in the manner required by section 40a(3) was not practicable or would have caused genuine difficulty to the payee, the payments could be allowed as deduction, especially in view of the fact that the evidence led by the assessee satisfied the authorities regarding the genuineness of the payments and the identity of the payee. learned counsel made a grievance that the tribunal omitted to consider the explanation given by the assessee in his letter dated march 4, 1980, filed on march 6, 1980. the tribunal was carried away by the finding recorded by the commissioner of income-tax without applying its mind as to whether, on the facts and circumstances, the assessee was able to make out a case for the purpose of excepting these payments in clause (j). the letter filed on march 6, 1980, which was referred to by the learned commissioner in his order was not made part of the record and we required learned counsel to place that letter before us so that we can see the nature of the explanation offered by the assessee. learned counsel placed that letter before us. this is what the assessee had stated in the letter : '... in the above cases, the parties have insisted on payments in cash. they have also expressed that unless the payment is made in cash, the services cannot be extended to jaypee electronics. under these exceptional and unavoidable circumstances, jaypee electronics made the payments through bearer cheques. the payments are genuine and the department had identified the parties. therefore, the case also falls under rule 6dd(j) (l) and (2) and no disallowance under section 40a(3) can be made.' 5. shri s. parvatha rao refers to the above explanation and states that the assessee's explanation, that the parties insisted on payment in cash and it was not possible to finalise the transaction otherwise, should have been accepted as there was nothing on the record to show that the position is really to the contrary. 6. having given our anxious consideration to the matter, we regret we cannot subscribe to the view canvassed by shri s. parvatha rao. the explanation that the parties had insisted on payment in cash and that they expressed unwillingness to render services otherwise was merely a unilateral statement of the assessee. no evidence to corroborate this explanation had been placed before the tax authorities. it is ascertained from the record that the payments in question were made by the assessee in madras by means of bearer cheques drawn on a madras bank. it is stated that the assessee maintained accounts with banks at madras also for business operations and the recipients also were at madras. if the assessee issued cheques at madras in favour of the madras parties, those cheques will be cleared in a day's time. there is no corroborative material placed on the record to show that the parties insisted on cash payments. it is not denied that the recipient parties also have bank accounts at madras and the bank transactions would have been far more expedient and convenient in the circumstances. in the absence of any corroborative evidence, it is not possible to say that the tax authorities were in error in drawing an adverse inference. it should be borne in mind that the object of enacting section 40a(3) is to ensure that payments in respect of which deductions are claimed by the taxpayers are genuinely made and accommodation payments are not claimed as deductions. in the present case, the payments made are fairly considerable the assessee is not new either to the business or to the provisions of the income-tax act, it is not possible to accept that an assessee like the one in the present case accepted the risk and responsibility to make payments in cash by contravening the provisions contained in the income-tax act that payments in excess of rs. 2,500 ought to be made by crossed cheques or crossed demand drafts. the revenue cannot be found fault with for insisting on the strict compliance with a requirement directed to check tax evasion. in the circumstances, we feel that even on the basis of the assessee's explanation filed on march 6, 1980, no case is made out for excepting these payments under rule 6dd(j) of the act. we hold that the tax authorities were justified in disallowing the expenses in computing the income for the assessment years 1977-78 and 1978-79. 7. our answer to the question referred is, therefore, in the affirmative, i.e., in favour of the revenue and against the assessee. there shall be no order as to costs.